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Analyse information to evaluate the reliability of the results of the above investigation and to propose solutions to problems encountered in the procedure The fertiliser was dissolved in nitric acid so that all particles do dissolve and all sulfate are released into the solution Insoluble impurities are filter off so that they do not affect the precipitate Excess barium solution is added so that all possible precipitation forms Filter paper is weighed rather than removing filtrate from paper then weigh separately, because the precipitate is very fine, grainy powder which is very likely to get stuck in the pores of the filter paper. It is hence more accurate to weigh the precipitate with the filter paper Filtrate is weighed several times to ensure all water actually evaporates, leaving only the precipitate. If the precipitate remains slightly damp, the mass of the precipitate will be affected by water molecules Calculations are based on Guy Lussacs law of equal molar ratio (1 mole of Barium Sulfate is equivalent to 1 mole of sulfate as equation is in 1:1 molar ratio) Gather, process and present information to interpret secondary data from AAS measurements and evaluate the effectiveness of this pollution control The study of the concentration of pollutants in our environment has been greatly enhanced and is more accurate and reliable since the development of AAS by Alan Walsh (Australian CSIRO Scientist) The AAS method is a quick, easy, accurate and highly sensitive means of determining the concentration of over 65 elements AAS allows the detection of very small concentrations from samples of air, water or food The absorbance values obtained using solutions of known concentration will allow the generation of the calibration graph This allows the reading of specific absorbance date to find the concentration of the sample Example of AAS Monitoring: Arsenic poisoning is quite dangerous as it can cause multiple organ failures, leading even to death Arsenic-rich ground water is a serious threat to 20 million people in Bangladesh However because it is found in small concentration, we can only monitor it effectively using AAS
Identify the origins of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons in the atmosphere CFCs are found in aerosol cans, production of plastics, refrigeration, solvents, cleaning agents, air conditioners, dry cleaning and fire extinguishers Halons are any compound containing a carbon chain surrounded by any halogen atom. Halogen atoms are those in group VII. CFC is an example of a halon Identify and name examples of isomers (excluding geometrical and optical) of haloalkanes up to eight carbon atoms Isomers are molecules/compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structure Isomers are name through the following steps: Name the main carbon chain Name the halogen Bromo, Chloro, Fluoro, Iodo- (In alphabetical order) Indicate how many in each functional group (di, tri, tetra) Indicate the position by putting numbers with commas separating each number Discuss the problems associated with the use of CFCs and assess the effectiveness of steps taken to alleviate these problems CFC are very inert in the troposphere, however as it diffuses in the stratosphere, it will come into contact with UV radiation, which is powerful enough to break the CFC forming chlorine radicals The chlorine radicals will then react with ozone Noticing the problem, the Montreal Protocol (1987) was signed to limit the production of CFC and by 1996, to phase out the production of CFC HCFC was initially developed to replace CFC, however as it still contain chlorine atoms (although less), it will still cause damage to the ozone Eventually HFC were developed, as it does not contain any chlorine atoms, they do not destroy the ozone, thus it is safe to use However HFC are still a problem to the environment because it is a greenhouse gas, thus it will contribute to global warming Currently, CFC are banned from production Analyse the information available that indicates changes in atmospheric ozone concentrations, describe the changes observed and explain how this information was obtained Information was obtained by ground-based UV spectrometers (Ozone Monitoring InstrumentOMI) which is used to produce high resolution graph of the concentration of ozone. It works by measuring the intensity of sunlight at two wavelengths that can be absorbed by the ozone and two wavelengths that cant be absorbed by ozone. The two are then compared Ozone concentrations above Antarctica are less than other places on Earth, due to polar regions favourable conditions for ozone-destroying reactions The ozone hole each spring is still getting bigger, however its size does fluctuate from year to year and between spring and the rest of the year Due to long atmospheric lifetime of ozone-depleting chemicals in the upper atmosphere, ozone level are not expected to show sign of recovery until 2030 despite the decreased use of ozonedepleting chemicals
Present information from secondary sources to identify alternative chemicals used to replace CFCs and evaluate the effectiveness of their use as a replacement for CFCs Alternative chemicals used to replace CFC includes HCFC (hydro-chloro-fluoro-carbon) and HFC (hydro-fluoro-carbon) HCFC was the initial replacement of CFC as it contains a hydrogen atom thus limiting the chlorine atom in the carbon chain. However, as it also contains chlorine atoms, thus it will still cause damage to the ozone thus a new replacement was made HFC was later developed to completely phase out the production of CFC and HCFC as it does not contain any chlorine atoms thus it is safe to use However HFC still caused a problem to the environment as it is a greenhouse gas thus it can trap heat and eventually worsen global warming
Context Point 5 5.1 Concentrations of common ions: Ions are found in waterways due to both natural and man-made causes Common ions include sodium, chlorine, magnesium, carbonate, phosphate and sulfate Water with high concentration of ions is called saline Changes in ion concentration affects aquatic ecosystems Highly saline water are not suitable for use in irrigation and farming Total Dissolved Solids Total amount of solids dissolved in water includes common ions but also non-ionic substances like large molecular substances Changes in concentration of TDS affects aquatic ecosystems Water with TDS>500ppm are not suitable for drinking Turbidity The degree of transparency of water. It is determined by the amount of solids in the water such as soil, algae, bacteria, clay etc. High turbidity will lead to water having less sunlight penetration, thus less photosynthesis, less production of oxygen and ultimately less life Drinking water must have turbidity of <5NTU Hardness Water that does not lather easily with soap High concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in the water Hard water does not have direct impact on health As hard water is difficult to lather, thus water appliances may be damage due to calcium/magnesium precipitates Acidity Amount of hydrogen ions in water Caused by acid rain, pollution, fertilisers and industrial waste Adverse impact on aquatic ecosystems, limits domestic and industrial usage of water
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