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simply-support
both-end fixed
cantilever
- bending about one axis - bending about both axes (bi-axial bending)
roof purlin
crane beam
solid-web section
(normal / light gauged)
castellated beam
composite beam
fy
y
2
2 = fy 2 < y 2 = y
2 > y
1 > y
M x M ex
Mx fd Wxn
A
x
y y+
y
1 = fy
A+
2 = fy
N =0
A+ f y A f y = 0
A+ = A
shape factor
The plastic neutral axis divides the cross section into two equal areas, and it may not coincide with the centroidal axis
xWxn
M px = A+ f y y + + A f y y = ( A+ y + + A y ) f y
M px = Wpx f y
shape factor
Mx My + fd Wxn W yn
yWyn
fd
= =
Vy S x I xt Vy
(for I-shape or channel shape only)
approximate value:
Az
15t w 15t w
c =
; shear resistance
F fd A z tw
f vd
Note: gross section or net section?
place, thickness and width of stiffeners strength and stability of stiffeners and web around
max
max
; illustration of hy
; practical design equation 1 = 1 Criteria of elasticity zs 1 f d 1 > 1 Criteria of partially plastic adaptation
; Ascertain the computing point ; Calculate the sectional properties ; Calculate the nominal stress and equivalent stress ; Strength check
Mz = Vybh btf h 2I x 2
e= b 2 h 2t f 4I x
M z = Vy e
M k = GI t '
open-section closed-section
r
0
Mt = z It
It = 1 n 3 biti 3 i =1
r
0T
Mz 2 A0t
It =
4 A02 ds t
u = 0 .5h
y = u ' ' = 0 . 5h ' '
M y = EI y u '' = 0 .5 EI y h '' B = M y h = 0.5 EI y h 2 ''
y
Mx x
u'
v u M xu' Mx
Mx
I = 0 .5 I y h 2 b 3tf h 2 / 24
EI x v '' + M x = 0
tf
y u b
EI y u + M x = 0
EI ''' GI t ' + M x u ' = 0
''
M + Mk = MT
EI x v '' + Nv Nx 0 = 0 EI y u '' + Nu Ny0 = 0 EI ''' GI t ' Nx0v ' + Ny0u ' + ( Nr 02 R ) ' = 0
2 EI y
A
2
I GI A 2 (1 + 2 t ) Iy EI
EI IV GI t '' ( M x2 / EI y ) = 0
boundary conditions: Substituting Equ.(a) into Equ.(6-47), we get
Assume web thickness is small but have enough stiffness to keep its shape, then we have the same eqution of critical bending moment Flange width, height, thickness of flange and web for I-shape
b, h, tf , tw
N1
M crx
EI n ( 4 A
Then we have
GI t n + A2
crx
2 x
N1
(b)
2 M crx EI y = h A2
I GI A 2 (1 + 2 t ) I yh 2 EI
G 0.039, 2E
2 EI
A2
I GI A 2 (1 + 2 t ) Iy EI
(6-48)
if
tf2 A2 1 b2 h 2
N 1 0 .64
2 EI y
A
2
> 0 .5
EI y
A2
2 EI
( yA)
y 2
2 GI t ( y A ) 2 I y [ 2 + ] I y 2 EI
y ,
Table 6-2 in pp.163
M crx = 1
[ 2 a + 3 By +
( 2 a + 3 By ) 2 +
I GI A 2 (1 + 2 t ) ] Iy EI
M crx = 1 M ocrx
Mocrx : critical bending moment for beam under uniform bending
1 = 1.0
1 = 1.13
1 = 1.35
1 = 2.65
2 EI
( yA)
2
y 2
2 GI t ( y A ) 2 I y [ 2 + ] I y 2 EI
2 EI y
A
2
M crx = 1
EI y
A2
[ 2a + 3By +
( 2a + 3By )2 +
I GI A (1 + 2 t ) ] Iy EI
I GI A 2 (1 + 2 t ) Iy EI
rigidity of section distance of lateral supports section types (width of compressive flange) loading pattern (bending moment) loading point boundary conditions How about the initial imperfection?
M crx =
2 ( EI y )t
A
2
( EI )t [(GI t )t + K ]A 2 {1 + } ( EI y) t 2 ( EI )t
Mx
M crx
u ,
bW x
Mx
fd
2E t2 12(1 2 ) b 2
2.
min ; critical local buckling stress of plate simply supported at 4 edges 2E t2 cr = k 2 2 12 (1 ) b 0 2/3 k = 4 /(1 0.5 ) cr : max. compressive stress k = 4.1 /(1 0.474 ) 2 / 3 < 1 .4 ( max ) while plate buckles 1 .4 < 4 k = 6 2 min b, t : height and thickness of = max
plate (web) hw , t w
= 2, k = 24 , =1.61
max
A min A max
cr = k 2E t2 12 (1 2 ) b 2
hw
cr = k
2E t2 12 (1 2 ) A 2 min
4 ( A max / A min ) 2
a
t 2E ( w )2 12 (1 2 ) hw
k = 5 . 34 +
=1.24
k = 5 . 34 + 4 ( h w / a ) 2 k = 5 . 34 ( h w / a ) + 4
2
while while
hw / a 1 hw / a > 1
+ c + ( )2 1 cr c,cr cr + ( c )2 + ( )2 1 cr c,cr cr
Equ.(6-68) Equ.(6-68a)
cr >
Discussion: which criteria is the severest for local buckling prevention?
b k 2 E t 12(1 2 ) 0.95 f y
consider the residual stress and initial imperfection, plus partial plasticity
k 2 E b 0.425 2 0.25 2.06 105 235 = 13 t 12(1 2 ) f y 12(1 0.32 ) f y fy
hw 235 174 tw fy
hw 235 80 tw fy
O.K.
Q/A: how about for the unsymmetric I-section with larger compressive flange?
a / h=2.0
2
hw 235 104 tw fy
c, cr
tw = 166 100 h fy w
hw 235 84 tw fy
hw 235 170(150) tw fy
MethodEqu.(6-76)-(6.86)
2 ) + ( )2 + c 1 cr cr c, cr
+ ( )2 + ( c )2 1 cr cr c,cr
5. design of stiffeners
dimension, requirement of strength, rigidity and stability
deflection of beams
calculation of elastic deflection and rigidity ; uniformly-distributed-load (UDL)
q
5 qL4 = 384 EI
Mx
M x / M px
1
deflection of beams
concept of deflection capacity
Mx
M x / M px
1
; concentrated load at mid-span (CL) ; multiple concentrated load (MCL) ; requirement of rigidity
[ ], [ ] = L / 1200 ~ L / 150
FL 48 EI
nF
ML 2 10 EI
1
/p
/p
; Calculation of deflection