Set 1

STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMS

Structure of the atoms & Chemical Equation Perfect Score F4

2010

1.

Matter is anything that . and has .

2.

The particle theory of matter state that matter is ..

3.

Type of particle
Example

4.
Property
Diagrammatic
representation of
the particles in
each of the
physical states
Arrangement of
particles.

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Forces of
attraction
between particles
Movement of
particles
Energy content

5.

Subatomic particles in an atom.

Subatomic particle

6.

Symbol

Isotope are atoms with the same

Relative mass

Charge

but different

.
7.

The isotopes of an element have same ... but different

because they have .

8.

Compare and contrast the atoms below.

12

14

C
6

C
6

1
Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Set 1

Set 1
9.

Structure of the atoms & Chemical Equation Perfect Score F4

2010
Complete the table below.

Isotope
Carbon-14

Uses

Cobalt-60
Sodium-24

PAPER 2 : STRUCTURE
1.
(a)

Diagram 1.1 shows the results of an experiment to investigate the movement of bromine particles
in air.

Air

Gar jar
Cover

Bromine
vapour

Diagram 1.1

Reddish brown
vapour spreads
throughout both
gas jars within 10
minutes

Cover
removed

(i)

State the name of the process involved in this experiment.

(ii)

......
[1 mark]
State the type of particles present in bromine gas.
.....
[1 mark]

(iii)

Explain the observation in this experiment based on the kinetic theory of matter.
....
....
....
[3 marks]

2
Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Set 1

Temperature

83
Diagram 1.2

Time, s
(b)

Diagram 1.2 shows a graph of temperature against time when solid X is

heated? (i)
State the melting point of X.
...
[1 mark]
What happens to the temperature while the substance changes state? Explain.

(ii)

......
......
......
[2 marks]
(iii)

Explain the movement of particles X between R and T during heating.

...
...
[2 marks]

Glass wool soaked in concentrated

hydrochloric acid

Glass wool soaked in concentrated

ammonia solution

Diagram 2
2.

Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the reaction between concentrated hydrochloric
acid and concentrated ammonia solution to form substance X. Based on the information, answer the
following questions.
(a)

(i)

What is the observation in the glass tube?

...
[1 mark]

(ii)

Name substance X
.....
[1 mark]

(iii)

Name the process occurs in the glass tube.

.....
[1 mark]

(b)

Which gas diffused faster? Why?

......
......
[2 marks]

(c)

Write the chemical equation for the reaction in the experiment.

.....
[1 mark]

3.

Table 3 shows proton number and nucleon number for atom W, X and
Y.
Atom

Proton number

Nucleon number

11

23

17

35

17

37

Table 3
(a)

(b)

(i)

What is meant by proton number?

(ii)

....................................................................................................
[1 mark]
What is the number of neutron in atom W ?

......................................................................................
[1 mark]
Which atoms are isotopes? Explain why.
............................................................................................................................................................

(c)

...........................................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
Write the electron arrangement of atom X .
.......................... ...................................................................................................................................
[1mark]

(d)

(i)

Draw the electron arrangement of atom Y. In your diagram , show the number
of proton and the number of neutron in the nucleus.

[2 marks]
(ii)

What is the number of valence electron of atom Y?

.....................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(iii) Write the formula of ion Y.
.....................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(e)

Write the symbol of atom X in the form of

A
Z

X.

..............................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
4.

(a)

Diagram 4.1 shows the set-up of an experiment to determine the melting point
of solid X.

Thermometer

Water

Diagram 4.1
The temperature of X is recorded at 30 seconds intervals as shown below.
Time/second

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

70

77

80

80

80

82

85

95

Temperature/ C
(i)

Plot the graph of temperature against time for the heating of X on the
graph paper.
[3 marks]

Graph temperature against time

(ii)
X.

On the graph that you have drawn in (a), label the melting point of substance

(iii)

Explain why the temperature remains constant from 60 s to 120 s?

[1 mark]

.......................................................................................................................

(iv)

..................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
o
Draw the arrangement of particles in X at 85 C

[ 1 mark ]
(b)

(c)

Why has the solid X in the boiling tube be stirred constantly with the thermometer during
the experiment?
....................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Why solid X is not directly heated without using water bath?
.......................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

5.

Table 5 shows four substances and their respective formulae.

Substance
Iodine
Copper
Ethanol
Potassium chloride

Chemical formula
I2
Cu
C2H5OH
KCl
Table 5

(a)

State 2 substances that consist of molecules.

(b)

....................................................................................................................
. [2
marks]
Which of the following substances has a highest melting point?

(c)

...............................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
State the substance that can conduct electricity in the solid state.

(d)

...............................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Name the particles present in potassium chloride.
...............................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

PAPER 2 : ESSAY
6.

Diagram 6.1 shows an atom of an element based on the model by James Chadwick.

Electron
Proton
Neutron
Diagram 6.1
(a)

Compare the relative mass and the charge of two of the subatomic particles in diagram 6.1.
[4 marks]

7p
7n

Diagram 6.2
Diagram 6.2 shows an atom of element
X. (b)
(i)
Describe fully the atomic structure shown in diagram
7.2.
(ii)

Write a symbol for the element in the form of

A
Z

(c)

[4 marks]

[2 marks]

Graph 6.3 shows the heating curve of element Y.

o

Temperature / C

Melting point

Graph 6.3
to

t1

t2

t3

Time, minutes

Describe the graph in term of states of matter, particles arrangements and changes in energy.
[10 marks]

(a)

What is meant by melting point?

During the melting of naphthalene, the temperature remains constant even though
heat is applied. Explain why.
[4 marks]
Condensation is the process where a gas changes to its
liquid state at a certain temperature and pressure when it is
cooled.

(b)

Describe the change of the kinetic energy, arrangement and the forces of attraction between
the particles at the following states:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(c)

Before condensation
During condensation
After condensation
[10 marks]

3+

Diagram 7 shows the electron arrangement of ion Y .

e
e

ee
e
14 n
e
ee

3+
e
e

n neutron
e electron
Diagram 7

(i) Calculate the nucleon number of atom Y.

[2 marks]

(ii) Y reacts with oxygen to form oxide Y, with the formula

Y2O3.
The chemical equation for reaction Y with oxygen is show as:
4Y + 3O2 2Y2O3.
Given that the relative atomic mass of Y = 27 and O = 16.
Calculate the mass of oxide Y, Y2O3 formed when 10.8 g Y is completely burnt
in oxygen.
[4 marks]
PAPER 3 : STRUCTURE
Gas jar
cover

Jelly
Water

Gas jar
Bromine
vapour

Potassium
manganate(VII)

Diagram 8

8.

A group of students set up the apparatus for an experiment as shown in diagram 8. The result is obtained
by the students are shown in table 8.
Experiment
A
B
C
(a)

Observation
After a few minutes the gar jar was filled with a reddish brown gas.
After a few hours, the water turns purple.
After a few days, the jelly turns purple.

State the aim of the experiments carried out.

..............................................................................................................................

.. (b)

State the hypothesis of the experiments.

...............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................

.. (c)

State
(i)
The manipulated variable.
. (ii)

....................................................................................................................
The responding variable.
....................................................................................................................

. (iii)

The fixed variable of the experiments.

.....................................................................................................................

(d)

. (e)
the

Based on the observation, arrange the three states of mater in a sequence to show their speed
in increasing order.
.............................................................................................................................
Based on the rate of the movement of the particles, describe the arrangement of the particles in
three states of matter.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................

. (f)

Give the daily application of the process in one of the above experiment.
..............................................................................................................................

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION

1.

Write the chemical formula of the compound in the table below.

Ion
Sodium

Chloride

Nitrate

Hydroxide

Sulphate

Carbonate

oxide

Magnesium
Lead(II)
Copper (II)
Iron (II)
Iron (III)
Aluminium
2.

Write balanced chemical equation for the following chemical

reactions. (a)
Heat solid of copper (II) carbonate
(b)

.
Nitric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide

(c)

.
Hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc metal

(d)

.
Copper(II)nitrate reacts with magnesium

(e)

.
Chlorine gas reacts with lithium hydroxide

(f)

.
Hydrogen gas reacts with lead(II) oxide
.

3.

Avogadro constant, NA is defined as the number of particles in one mole of a substance

23
[1 Mol any substance consist of 6.02 X 10 particles]. Calculate the number of particles
in: (a)
0.1 mol of calcium
(b)

1.5 mol of iron

(c)

2.0 mol of oxygen gas

(d)

1.5 mol of helium

(e)

2.0 mol hydrogen chloride

4.

5.

Calculate the number of moles of the following

23
substances. (a)
6.0 x 10 aluminium
21

(b)

1.8 x 10 argon

(c)

1.2 x 10 bromine gas

(d)

2.4 x 10 carbon dioxide

(e)

3.0 x 10 ammonia

23

20

23

Calculate the mass of following substances.

a) 1.5 mol of chlorine gas

b) 2.5 moles of oxygen gas

c) 2.0 moles of sulphuric acid

d) 0.5 moles of ammonia, NH3

e) 2.5 moles of lead (II) carbonate

f) 0.5 moles copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2

Molar volume: The volume of one mole of the gas

3
-1
[22.4 dm mol at STP, standard temperature and
3
-1
pressure] [24 dm mol at Room condition]
6.

Calculate the volume of gases

below. (a)

0.5 mol of chlorine at

STP.
(b)

0.2 mol of carbon dioxide at Room condition.

(c)

1.5 mol of methane at room condition.

(d)

0.5 mol of helium at room condition.

(e)

2.5 mol of ammonia at STP

7.

Calculate the number of moles of the gases below.

3
(a) 250 cm of carbon dioxide in room temperature.
3

(b) 500 cm of hydrogen sulfide at STP.

3

(c) 200 cm of hydrogen chloride in room

3

temperature. (d) 750 cm of neon in room

temperature.
3

(e) 300 cm of ammonia at STP.

8.

Magnesium powder reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce salt and hydrogen
gas. (a)
Write the balance chemical equation for this reaction.
(b)

.
If 2.4 g of magnesium powder is added into excess hydrochloric acid, calculate,
(i) The mass of salt formed.

(ii) The volume of hydrogen gas liberated at room temperature.

9.

Lead is extracted according to the following equation.

C

PbO

CO2

Pb

(a)

Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

(b)

Determine the number of moles of lead extracted from 0.5 mole of lead (II) oxide.

(c)

Calculate the number of moles of carbon required to extracts 0.5 mole

of lead(II) oxide.

(d)

What is the mass of lead are produced if 44.6 g of lead (II) oxide is heated
with excess carbon.
[ RAM : Pb = 207, O = 16, C = 12 ]

10.

-3

Excess sodium carbonates is added into 50 cm of 0.5 mol dm copper(II) chloride.

The chemical equation for the reaction is as follows:
CuCl2 +
(a)

Na2CO3

NaCl

CuCO3

Balance the chemical equation for the

reaction. (b)

Calculate the mass of

copper(II)carbonate.

11.

5g of calcium carbonate is added to excess hydrochloric

acid. (a)
Write balanced chemical equation for the
reaction.
..
(b) Determine the volume of carbon dioxide gas evolved at room temperature

12.

When sodium bicarbonate is heated, it decomposed to sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide

and water.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of sodium bicarbonate on heating.
...
(b) If 8.4 g of sodium bicarbonate decomposes, calculate
(i) The volume of carbon dioxide gas evolved at room temperature.

(ii) The mass of sodium carbonate formed.

Concentration of acids and alkalis (STOICHEIOMETRY)

The concentration of a solution is the mass (in gram) or the number of mole of solute dissolved in a
3
solvent to form 1.00 dm of solution.
Concentration, g dm

-3

Mass of solute, g
3
Volume of solution , dm
Number of mole of solute, mol
3
Volume of solution , dm

-3

Concentration, mol dm /
molarity

Titration
Formula

Ma
Va
a

MaV2 = a
MbVb
b

= Concentration of the acid,

= Volume of used acid,
= the number of mole of acid,

Mb
Vb
b

= Concentration of the alkali

= Volume of used alkali
= the number of mole of alkali

Dilution
M1V1 = M2V2
3

-3

13.

100cm of HCl 2.0 mol dm reacts completely with excessive zinc powder. Calculate the
3
volume of gas released at room temperature? (Molar volume = 24 dm at room
temperature).

14.

5 g of Calcium carbonates dissolves in 100 cm of nitric acid 0.5 mol dm

salt, carbon dioxide gas and water.
(i) Write out the equation.

-3

to produce

..
(ii) Calculate the moles of calcium carbonates used. (RAM Ca =40, C = 12, O = 16).

(iii) Calculate the moles of acid.

(iv) Calculate the volume of gas produced.

15
Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Set 1

15.

X g sodium carbonate reacts completely with 100 cm hydrochloric acid

-3
1.0 moldm to produce sodium chloride, carbon dioxide and water. Find
X. (relative atomic mass: Na =23, C = 12, O = 16)

16.

10 g of copper(II) oxide reacts completely with 100 cm hydrochloric acid to

form copper(II) chloride and water. Calculate the molarity of acid used.
(JAR Cu =64, O = 16 )

17.

The concentration of sodium hydroxide solution is 8.0 g dm

3
. (a) What is the molarity of the solution?

(b) What is the molarity of the solution produced when 100 cm of distilled water is added to 50 cm
of this solution?

18.

-3

In the titration experiment, 25.0 cm of 2.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution is titrated with
3
sulphuric acid from a burette. 18.50 cm of sulphuric acid is needed for complete neutralization.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the neutralization.

(b) Calculate the number of mole of sodium hydroxide used in this experiment.

(c) Calculate the number of moles of sulfphuric acid needed to exactly neutralize 25.0 cm of 2.0 mol dm
3
sodium hydroxide.

(d) Calculate the molarity of sulphuric acid.

19.

-3

-3

1.25 mol dm hydrochloric acid reacts completely with 25.0 cm of 1.0 mol dm sodium
carbonate. (a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

(b) Calculate the number of mole of sodium carbonate used in this experiment.
3

(c) Calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid needed to exactly neutralize 25.0 cm of 1.0 mol dm
sodium carbonate.

-3

16
Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Set 1

Set 1

Structure of the atoms & Chemical Equation Perfect Score F4

2010

PAPER 2: STRUCTURE
1.

Diagram 1 shows the set-up of the apparatus for an experiment to determine

the empirical formula of an oxide of copper.

Oxide of copper

Dry hydrogen
gas

Heat
Diagram 1
Table 1 shows the results of an experiment after heating, cooling and weighing
are repeated until a constant weight is obtained.
Substance
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + oxide of copper
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper

Mass(g)
18.75 g
20.75 g
20.35 g

Table 1
(a) What is meant by empirical
formula?

(b)

...
[1 mark]
Based on Table 5 results,
(i) Calculate the mass of copper and the mass of oxygen used in the experiment.

[2 marks]
(ii)

Calculate the mole ratio of copper atoms to oxygen atoms.

Given that the relative atomic mass of Cu, 64; O ,16.

[2 marks]
(iii) State the empirical formula of this oxide of
copper.
.
[1 mark]
(iv) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in this experiment.

17
Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Set 1

Set 1

Structure of the atoms & Chemical Equation Perfect Score F4

...
2010
[1 mark]

18
Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Set 1

(c)

Describe the steps that should be taken to ensure that all the air in the
combustion tube has been expelled , before any heating is carried out.
....
. .
...
[3 marks]

2.

(a)

Culculate the relative molecular or formula masses of the following

substances. (i) Ethanol, C2H5OH.
Given that relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12, O = 16.
[1 mark]
(ii) Zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2
Given that relative atomic mass of O = 16 , N = 14, Zn = 65 .

(b)

[1 mark]

A closed glass bottle contains 4 mol molecules of oxygen, O2.

(i)

What is the number of oxygen molecules in the

bottle?

[1 mark]
(ii)
How many oxygen atoms are there in the
bottle?
[1 mark]
(c)

20

Find the number of moles of atoms in a sample containing 9.03 10 atoms

of copper.
[1 mark]

(d)
Calculate the mass, in gram, of 3.5 moles of copper(II) carbonate,
CuCO3.
Given that relative formula mass of CuCO3 = 124

(e)

When silver carbonate, Ag2CO3 is heated, it will decompose to produce

silver metal, carbon dioxide gas and oxygen gas as shown in the equation

b
e
l

ow.

[1 mark]
2Ag2CO3(s)

4Ag(s) + 2CO2(g) +

O2(g)

A student heats 8.28 g silver carbonate. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2
collected at room temperature.
Given that relative atomic mass of C = 12, O =16, Ag = 108,

[3 marks]
3.

Diagram 3 shows 3.1 g of copper (II) carbonate being heated strongly in attest tube. The
gas given out is passed into limewater in a test tube through a delivery tube.

Copper(II)
carbonate
Heat
strongly

Lime water

Diagram 3
(a)

State the observation made when copper(II)carbonate powder is heated until

the reaction is complete.

(b)

[1 mark]
Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction that takes place.

(c)

.
[1 mark]
Calculate the number of moles of copper(II)oxide produced.

[2 marks]
(d)

Calculate the volume of gas produced at STP.

[2 marks]
(e)
gas?

(i)

What can be observed if the product is heated in a stream of hydrogen

(ii)

..
[1 mark]
Calculate the mass of the substance produced.

[2 marks]

19
Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2010 Set 1

PAPER 2 : ESSAY
4.
(a)

(b)

The information below is regarding substance X

Carbon 85.70%

Hydrogen 14.30%

Relative molecular mass = 56

(i)

Determine the empirical formula of substance X.

[Given that the relative atomic mass of C = 12 , H =
1]

(ii)

Determine the molecular formula of substance X.

(iii)

Based on the answers in (a)(i) and (a)(ii) , compare and

contrast the empirical formula and the molecular
formula.

[ 8 marks]

Magnesium can react actively with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.

Describe an activity that can be carried out in the laboratory to determine the empirical formula of
magnesium oxide.
Include the calculations involved in your answer.
Given that the relative atomic mass for O = 16, Mg = 24.
[11 marks]

PAPER 3 : STRUCTURE
5.

A student carried out an experiment to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
The steps and set-up of apparatus of the experiment are shown in Diagram 5.
1. The crucible and lid are weighed.
lid
crucible

123.3632g

digital balance

2. The crucible, lid and magnesium powder are weighed.

128.1580g

Magnesium
powder

3. The magnesium powder is heated until it reacts completely with oxygen.

white fumes

heat

4. The crucible, lid and magnesium oxide are weighed when cooled.

magnesium oxide
powder

131.3580g

Diagram 5

(a)

Complete the following table by stating the observations and related inferences
in the experiment.
Observations

Inferences

(i) ................................................

(i) ................................................................

....................................................

....................................................................

(ii) ...............................................

(ii) ...............................................................

....................................................

.....................................................................

(iii) ) ....................................................

(iii)
.................... ...............................................

....................................................
....................................................................
[6 marks]
(b) Round off the reading to two decimal places and record it in the table
below.
Description

Mass / g

The crucible and lid.

The crucible, lid and magnesium powder.
The crucible, lid and magenesium oxide.

(c)

(i)
(ii)

Calculate the mass of magnesium that has been used.

Calculate the mass of oxygen which reacted with

magnesium. (iii)

Determine the empirical formula of magnesium

oxide.
Use the information that the relative atomic mass, O = 16, Mg = 24

(d)

The student wants to determine the empirical formula of lead(II) oxide. He used the steps and setup of apparatus as the experiment before. Predict whether the empirical formula of lead(II) oxide

can be determined. Explain your answer.

...............................................................................................................................................................