Foreword

We express our thanks to Mam Sana Javaid

for entrusting us a challenging assignment related to a very pertinent issue of corruption, which is indeed not only a social evil but has become Cancer of the society, also causing immense drain to the feeble economy of the Country.

What is Corruption?
The word corruption means the destruction, ruining or the spoiling of a society or a nation. A corrupt society stops valuing integrity, virtue or moral principles. It changes for the worse. Such a society begins to decay and sets itself on the road to self destruction. Corruption is an age old phenomena. Selfishness and greed are the two main causes of corruption. Political corruption is the abuse of their powers by state officials for their unlawful private gain. Over 1500 years ago the mighty Roman Empire disintegrated when its rulers became corrupt and selfish. Nations having a tyrannical powerful ruling elite that refuses to punish the corrupt within it, face the menace of corruption. A corrupt society is characterized by immorality and lack of fear and respect for the law. The general objective of this report is to measure the nature & extent of corruption being faced by consumers of the following seven Public sector departments in Pakistan;

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Education Health Power Taxation Police Judiciary

International Corruption Survey over the past Three years of decrease, increase or retaining the Corruption situations.
Country/Territory Total Asia Pacific Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Cambodia China Fiji Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Korea, Rep. Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Singapore Solomon Islands Taiwan Thailand Vanuatu Vietnam EU+ Austria Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Latin America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia El Salvador Mexico Peru Venezuela Middle East and North Africa Iraq Israel Lebanon Morocco Palestine ..decreased 14% 15% 16% 5% 36% 30% 25% 53% 32% 10% 27% 14% 24% 19% 4% 6% 7% 6% 28% 16% 23% 39% 13% 18% 3% 9% 28% 14% 2% 7% 7% 6% 5% 4% 15% 10% 5% 9% 8% 13% 6% 6% 26% 3% 2% 5% 3% 6% 3% 11% 8% 20% 9% 9% 20% 18% 7% 9% 7% 16% 4% 4% 6% 11% 59% ..stayed the same 30% 38% 24% 42% 18% 27% 29% 11% 35% 16% 30% 40% 44% 35% 24% 16% 8% 25% 33% 18% 35% 32% 23% 19% 24% 45% 42% 42% 69% 43% 28% 24% 20% 20% 32% 24% 30% 36% 29% 43% 43% 34% 45% 13% 11% 22% 24% 41% 30% 37% 30% 34% 27% 39% 24% 34% 18% 12% 7% 27% 19% 20% 12% 77% 19% ..increased 56% 47% 60% 54% 46% 43% 46% 36% 33% 74% 43% 46% 32% 46% 73% 77% 85% 69% 38% 66% 42% 29% 64% 63% 73% 46% 30% 44% 29% 50% 66% 70% 75% 76% 53% 66% 65% 55% 63% 44% 51% 61% 29% 83% 87% 73% 73% 53% 67% 51% 62% 46% 64% 53% 56% 48% 75% 79% 86% 57% 77% 76% 82% 13% 22%

Source: Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2010. Figures are weighted.

COUNTRY PROFILE

THE UNIVERSE
Pakistan, as an independent state, had come on the world map on August 14th, 1947. Its total area is 7,96,096 sq.kilometers. The country comprises of four provinces namely Punjab, Sindh, Pakhtunkhua and Balochistan. Its capital is at Islamabad. Each province is divided into administrative divisions, each division into districts, tehsils/ talukas, villages and union councils, there are 26 divisions, 106 districts, 376 tehsils/ taukas, 46144 villages and 4147 union councils in the country.

POPULATION
Pakistan with population of 170.2 millions in 2008 stands seventh amongst the ten most populated countries of the world. The current crude birth rate, the crude death rate and the infant mortality rates are 32.70, 9.10 and 85 per thousands population respectively. Annual growth rate of population is 2.21%. The male population was 49% ,Females 51% according to 2005 census.

URBAN POPULATION
The urban population is increasing very rapidly and the number of large cities is also growing very fast. The urban population was only 18% in 1951, which has increased today by 33%. In 1951 there were only seven cities having a population of one lack and above. In 2008 their number was 42.

PROVINCIAL BREAKUP
Punjab accommodated 55.65 of total population followed by Sindh 23%, Pakhtunkhua 13.4% and Balochistan 5%, the sequence has been changed in the case of urban population. Amongst the provinces Sindh is the most urbanized 48.9% followed by Punjab 31.3%, Balochistan 23.3% and Pakhtunkhua 16.9%.

CITIES
KARACHI
The largest city of Pakistan with a population of 9.3 million in 1998 census. But now it has crossed the mark of 15.2 million. It is the capital of Sindh province as well as nerve centre of business, commerce and industry of the country. It contains two major seaports and an international airport.

LAHORE
The second largest city of Pakistan has a population of 9.1 million according to 2008 census and the capital of Punjab province. It is also a historical and cultural city.

MULTAN
It is the sixth largest city of Pakistan with a population Of 2.7 million. It is an old historical city.

PESHAWAR
Peshawar, the city of Khyber Pakhtunkhua had a population of about Three million during the 2008 census. It has been one of the most famous cross-road cities of the central Asia. The historical Khyber Pass is situated 17 kilometers from Peshawar.

QUETTA
At the mouth of Bolan Pass lies the city of Quetta, the capital of the province of Balochistan. During 2008 census its population was around One n halfa-million.

RELIGION
Islam is major religion of the country. Christians, Hindus, Sikhs and Parsees are also living in the country.

HOUSING
According to 2008 population and housing census, there were 25.3 million housing units in the country. The average household size for Pakistan as a whole is 6.8 persons. The household size has been rising among all administrative units of Pakistan. The highest household size is 9.3 in FATA following by 8.0 in Pakhtunkha & 6.9 in Punjab. The household size in Balochistan & Sindh Province is 6.7 & 6.0 respectively.

AGE DISTRIBUTION
The age distribution of Pakistan's population reveals a relatively young population as seen in the following table; Years
Less then 1 Less then 5 Less then 10 Less then 15 18 & above 21 & above 15 - 49 65 & above

AGE GROUP Both sex

2.32 14.80 30.45 43.40 51.25 43.27 45.69 3.50

Male
2.28 14.52 30.24 43.49 51.10 43.61 45.19 3.68

Female
2.36 15.10 30.67 42.29 51.42 42.91 46.23 3.31

LITERACY AND ENROLMENT

Literacy rate at present is estimated at 49% (61.3% for male and 36.8% for women). About 30% children of primary school age are out of school. The drop out rate is very high. Recently the net enrolment in primary school increased but that of government school declined. The number of school with secondary level of education is 12,852 and the number of college is1083. There are 42 universities in Pakistan, including 29 in public sector.

LITERATES
According to 2008 census the number of literate (10 years and above) by sex and educational attainment are as follows.
No In Thousand

Ed. Attainment Below primary Primary Middle Matric Inter Mediate Graduate Post graduate Diploma/Certificate

TOTAL No. % 7097 18.30 11,825 30.14 8,469 20.89 7042 17.29 2,585 6.56 1,687 4.38 590 1.58 159 0.41

MALE No. % 4,358 17.35 7,315 28.62 5,898 22.05 4,929 18.20 1,700 6.55 1,137 4.50 432 1.78 134 0.50

FEMALE No. % 2,739 20.07 4,510 33.00 2,571 18.73 2,113 15.58 885 6.59 550 4.16 158 1.20 25 0.19

Net Work Of Health Services In Public Sector, 2008.

Particular
Hospital Dispensaries Basic Health Units Maternity & Child Health Centers Rural Health Centers T.B Centers Total Beds Population per Bed Registered Doctors Registered Dentist Registered Nurses Population per Doctor Population per Dentist Population per Nurses

Number
872 4451 5155 852 514 263 90659 1450 82682 3444 32938 1590 38185 3992

LABOUR FORCE
On the bases of estimated population of 170.2 million for mid year 2008 and participation rate of 29.4%, the total labour force comes to around 58.6 million, out of which 38.4 million and 17.8 million in urban area about 2.4 million persons in the labour force were unemployed in 2008.

Percentage of Population By Economic Categories, 2008

All Areas

Economic Category
Labour Force Not in Labour Force Child Below 10 Years Domestic Workers Students All Others Labour Force Participation Rate (Refined) UN-Employment Rate

Both Sexes
22.24 77.76 30.45 33.00 8.07 6.24 31.96 19.68

Male
41.32 58.68 30.25 2.11 14.63 11.69 59.24 20.19

Female
1.54 98.46 30.67 66.52 0.94 0.32 2.23 5.05

In Pakistan villages the big Landlord or Wadera or Sardar is also a Lambordar (collector of land revenue on behalf of the provincial government and depositor to the treasury). He has the power, influence and authority. Customarily it is a hereditary part. He controls not his own tenants and farm workers, but also village menial, artisans, land less laborers and small self-cultivators. He has close relations with the lower and medium officials of the concerned departments. Not a sheaf can be moved in the village without his knowledge or permission. He himself is a exploiter as well of a third party in the rural corruption, yet in some cases plays the catalyst agent and even at times negate the operation of the grieved party related to his family, farm or caste. Feudal and rural attitudes play a determining role in identifying the scope and mode of corruption in rural areas, for instance most of the landlords are not interested in opening schools in their villages. At times they pressurize teachers to discourage admission in the school and in return offer them free accommodation, free food, free milk etc. or a simple-minded villager bribes the vaccinator for not vaccine his young children against small pox, thinking it will harm their children.

Corruption Description
Definition: - It can be defined as weakening or failure of system which brings a system to become poor to deliver the required or almost failure to required deliverance. Or simply Weakening or failure of system to deliver i.e. it is simply sickness of the system to deliver the required to different levels of failure Main Causes of Corruption 1. Injustice 2. Insecurity 3. Fear of survival 4. Illogical system 5. Unnecessary and over expanded Government machinery 6. Under paid manpower in public and private sector 7. Non existence of accountability 8. Lacking of social and Moral Values 9. Escalation in prices of goods in market 10.Money devaluation 11.Greed Main Forms of Corruption 1. Injustice 2. Placing of incompetent, characterless and ineligible persons in public and private sectors i.e. without comprehensive checks and merit according to laws and rules 3. Undue pressures to influence for wrong by the authoritative people 4. Misuse of powers 5. Mala fide intentions 6. Theft through white collar crime (Forgery, fudge and false) 7. Lack of scrutiny 8. Imitation 9. Difficulties and obstacles to seek easy, comprehensive, true and timely justice with due respect and comfort 10.Torture 11.Bribery Bribery against wrong Bribery against right Impacts of injustice 1. Injustice is the basic key which spoils the whole system and results in a corrupt and spoiled society 2. It spoils the ideology of any society resulting sick and criminal behaviours of people
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3. Basic cause of insecurity which promotes people to gain any kind of powers to survive by any means and to seek strength of protection for them selves, for their dependents and loved ones because of defective, illogical, unjust, inhuman and unethical society. As availability of material resources is the first easy source of strength in any sick society like our society of Pakistan without comprehensive social justice and without being a comprehensive welfare society Few important forms of comprehensive injustices 1. Social injustice 2. Financial injustice 3. Moral injustice 4. Physical injustice 5. Illogical systems of government machinery 6. Non-existence of writ of law 7. Non-existence of fair accountability Solutions to resolve the issues of corruption in society 1. Better System of Government and leadership 2. Writ of law 3. Reduction in unnecessary government machinery 4. Capacity building of system and human resource 5. Rational and good remunerations to government employees 6. Reliance to national resources 7. Boost to private and local enterprises 8. Whole system of government including laws and rules of country needs to be reviewed by competent, well paid, positive and patriot, law knowing people who should be well educated and experts of laws and rules to revalidate and improve the laws, rules and procedures in totality. All sick laws, rules and procedures need to be improved, changed or destroyed as per need. The rules and laws should be easy to understand, logical and comfortable to implement 9. Fair, open and speedy trials and disposals of issues and cases according to law, along with accountability (But the accountability should be from top to bottom and not from bottom to top) 10.No innocent should ever suffer to any limit or be punished in any case. If by mistake it happens that must be compensated to satisfaction of sufferer. 11.Focus to law of tort should be brought in practice to improve the norms of society as in Europe 12.Proper and thorough monitoring towards implementation which can only be possible to small sized government machinery and not to over expanded government machinery Better System of Government There is no any system of government which fails if not based on injustice and discrimination. Suggestions about the system of government required for Pakistan are as follows
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 Elected Presidential form of Government as per USA but modified according to requirement of our country prepared by the best experts of law having undoubtful credibility and integrity and should not have any concern with Government or to any political party. As USA constitution and system of Government has close resemblance to System of Government in ancient Islamic States Reduction in Government and system of government Effective implementation of merit and justice in government machinery The three important tiers of government i.e. Legislative Body, Judiciary and Executive should be independent and power full but must have counter checks on each other to be devised in constitution for smooth system of government as well as accountable to each other. Islam has about four main fundamental concepts for the formulation of government 1. Rule of divines law given by Allah in Quran and further illustrated by Sunnah 2. Only one competent elected/selected Muslim (Having Education of Highest Level concerning to System of Government i.e must at least possess a valid degree of Law) should be the head of state as in elected Presidential form of Government and not a group as it happens in parliamentary form of Governments. Important Portfolios and Ministries should be separate from Legislative bodies to keep the legislation impartial, neat and clean 3. The people who have to elect rulers must be educated to some specific level i.e. the voters must be educated to some level. It may be a minimum of matriculate or more. As the Khalifas (Islamic Rulers) were elected or selected by the Shuraas consisting of scholars of the time and not by general public. So only well aware people should play role to elect/select people to form government 4. The rulers should not have any exemption before the law. The qualities required by the leadership to come forward The leaders to come forward must have following set of concepts and slogan 1. Fear of Allah 2. Vision 3. Automated and fair comprehensive justice without any discrimination and without any effort to seek (i.e. At door step on merit without any effort) 4. Truth 5. Value of time 6. Value of competence 7. Value of hard work 8. Having concept to boost local and private enterprises 9. Reliance to national resources 10.Honest

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Corruption can never be reduced without comprehensive justice nor without qualitative leadership to come or brought forward Humble submission to address corruption and to curtail it gradually the whole system of Pakistan needs review in totality i.e. all the laws, rules and system needs reviewing and all the flaws and defective rules and laws need to be destroyed. All the system needs to be revised and reviewed according to true massage of Islam mainly given in Quran, along with all of system needs to be based on comprehensive justice, reduction in government machinery at every level according to right sizing, the whole system should be based on logic, human nature, rationalism, justice, humanity, love, truth, humbled, vision and support. The report titled the National Corruption Perception Survey 2010 showed a high rise incorruption from 195 billion rupees in the year 2009 to 223 billion rupees in the year 2010.

Corruption Causes:
According to a research whose figures are shown below that in Pakistan main causes of corruption in the seven public sector area under study were: Lack of Accountability Low Salaries Monopoly of Power 31.68 % 16.54 % 16.43 %

Lack of accountability-nobody to answer to Monopoly power-lack of choice/option Low salaries Discretionary power-free to take any decision Lack of transparency-inadequate information Power of influential people Red-tapism Shortages demand and supply

29.73 14.76 23.40 14.04 7.92 4.32 3.82 1.08

34.31 9.80 24.67 9.64 8.66 5.07 3.10 2.61

31.34 16.90 14.96 11.80 12.32 3.87 6.69 0.35

31.36 32.77 7.91 10.17 5.65 1.41 4.52 3.95

32.20 12.07 16.41 11.76 10.22 5.57 0.93 5.26

30.26 16.12 13.49 13.16 11.51 4.93 6.25 1.64

32.56 12.56 7.91 17.67 13.49 6.98 4.65 0.93

Judiciary

Health

Power

Police

Causes of corruption

Land Admn

Education

Average In %

Tax

31.68 16.43 15.54 12.61 9.97 4.59 4.28 2.26

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Others No answer
Read All Values in Percentage

0.79 0.14

0.65 1.47

1.58 0.18

0.28 1.98

4.95 0.62

2.30 0.33

3.26 0.00

1.97 0.67 100.00

TOTAL

Bribery Expenditure
Sectors Police Power Tax Department Health Education Land Admn Judiciary
TOTAL

No. of Respondents
614 296 256 227 132 151 108 1784

Amount in Rs.
1430975 321765 987695 176476
3% 18% 6% 26%

Average in Rs.
2331 1087 3858 777
8% 4%

14% 3%

635023
12%

4811
17%

907921
16%

6013
21%

1044368
19%

9670
34%

5,504,223

28,547

Rs. 3085 per Consumer

We can see in the figures that how much amount is spender or Extracted from the consumers who were included in Research as Affected

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30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Police Pow er Tax Department 6% 26% 19% 16% 12% 3% Health Education Land Admn Judiciary

18%

Expenditures of Consumers by Sector ( Accumulated)

Actors of Corruption:
Department Police Power Tax Health Education Land Administration Judiciary Most Frequently Interacted Duty Police Officer Meter Reader Tax Inspector Hospital Staff Teachers & Management Committee Members. Surveyor Court Employees such as Clerical Staff

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Six most corrupted Sectors in Pakistan are:

1)Police:
With the dwindling Law & order situation in the country & mounting crime rate in all the four Provinces especially dacoity, thefts, kidnapping, target killing etc. On one side dependence of an ordinary citizen is increasing on the Police, especially at the Thana level on the other hand atrocities of the Police force is also increasing, making the maximum out of the situation. In the opinion of the few respondents "whom do you encounter first thing after leaving the house, is a Traffic Police Constable & if you are on a two wheel vehicle you have had it." Many of our respondents said that they kept Rs. 10 to Rs. 30 ready daily in their pocket for palm greasing. Respondents belonging to business sector also complained about daily BHATTA demanded by the Police. The most frequent reason given for contacting the Police was "To make complaint i.e. FIR or Parchee", followed closely by "Violation of traffic rules & laws" & "To get release from false arrest". Within the last one-year, all those respondents who have had contact with the Police department were faced by some sort of corruption also. Reasons given for corruption in the Police department were lack of accountability 29.73%, Low salaries 23.40%, Monopoly of Power 14.76% if this is combined with Discretionary Powers 14.04%, it comes to about 28% most of the respondent were of the opinion that POLICE is the only depart of the Govt, which is suppose to provide protection & to maintain law & order in the society. This monopolistic role has made them despotic. The importance of this department cannot be denied. The recent reforms measures taken by the Government, may ease the situation. In the opinion of the people the main cause of corruption in the Police department was "Lack of Accountability" . Most of the corruption occurs at the Thana level, the common feeling is that illicit money is collected at Thana level & shared till the top tier, therefore there is a deliberate attitude of non-strict governance, in fact sub-ordinates especially SHO's are protected by the Seniors.

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Why people interact with Police:

To make complaint Violation for traffic law To get release from false arrest Verification for passport As accused Normal security reasons Character certificate for Immigration Verification for job

2) Power Sector
The World Bank presents an extremely gloomy picture of Pakistans power sector that is marred by corruption and inefficiency but sells electricity to the public for a price that is 60 per cent higher than that of India and 40 per cent more than that of Bangladesh. Because of strong lobbies there have been frequent changes in energy policy of Pakistan; during the nineties, new policies have been announced in 1991, 1994 and1997. Moreover, the governments have not been faithfully following their own policies. Similarly, Task Force on Energy in 1994 recommended power purchase at 6.5 Cents per Kilowatt hour but only 2500 MW. However, contrary to recommendations of the Task Force, licenses were issued to private sector for more than 6000 MW. How were these rates determined and on what basis suggests massive corruption. Why so many guarantees were issued by the Government of Pakistan when it was supposed to be an investment and not loan? Why the agreements were signed in which the loss would accrue to the government of Pakistan and only benefits will be reaped by the investors? And finally, why these projects were not approved by ECC or other fora and why WAPDA and KESC,

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who were to make the payments, were not involved in the discussion on the power rates? The preceding discussion indicates that the various functionaries and fora are being misused in Pakistan. However, this is not just restricted to Pakistan. Infact corruption and especially political corruption or grand corruption is a worldwide phenomena is proven empirically. Following Mauros evidence on the link between corruption and economic growth (1995, 1997), Tanzi (1997) argues that in the presence of corruption capital budget is highly distorted and some projects that are completed in fact are never used, while others are of so poor quality that there are continuous repairs. Tanzi points out that: a) b) Corruption tends to increase public investment and as such productivity levels fall; When project is completed, it is not accompanied with adequate O&M expenditure but wages and salaries are protected, where most of the corruption takes place; Corruption can reduce growth by reducing the quality of the existing infrastructure. A deteriorating infrastructure increases the cost of doing business for both government and private sector (e.g., congestion, delays, breakdowns of machineries, etc) and thus leads to lower output and growth. Corruption can reduce growth by lowering government revenue needed to finance productive spending.

c)

d)

The chairman and members are reportedly paid perks and benefits of Rs 10 million each per year. The authority is also building a huge office complex worth Rs 500 million. It is surprising that such a huge investment is being made to house about 25 officers. The Nepra has reportedly an average five-member staff for every officer. These staff, from drivers to Qasids, are usually seen at duty at the residences of certain members.

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Types of corruption in Power sector Money had to be paid for reducing electricity Bill For over billing Extra money had to be paid to receive a proper electricity supply (Electricity was not properly supplied) Money had to be paid to stop the disconnection of the line (due to default bill) For illegal connect Not Applicable connections

Causes of corruption in Power Sector.

Lack of accountability-nobody to answer to Low salaries Monopoly power-lack of choice/option Discretionary power-free to take any decision Lack of transparency-inadequate information Power of influential people Shortages demand and supply

3) Tax Department:
Types of Taxes that we pay are: Income Tax Vehicle Tax Municipal Tax Holding Tax Custom Duty Value Added Tax

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4) Health Sector
The health sector in Pakistan is replete with multifarious problems. It is not responding to the needs of the masses in a way that would provide highquality care to all in need. Despite the announcements our governments make about health care each year, it limits peoples life chances. That international financial institutions claim that state subsidies to health care create undesirable market distortions that benefit the rich is another contradiction faced by the health sector. In the name of greater equity and efficiency, they argue that users of primary health care services should pay user fees, even if they are from the impoverished class. These institutions have provided structural adjustment loans to remove shortterm problems. This lending has not contributed to the improvement of health facilities. The state has significantly withdrawn itself from health matters: it only spent 0.7 % of GDP in 2000. According to the 1995-96 PIHS the private sector controls 80% of the health care provisions in Pakistan. Ongoing privatization of hospitals is likely to strengthen the private sector further. In sum, the neo li1. Basic health care can be relatively low cost. For instance in Pakistan, it was observed in the 1980s that it was feasible and possible to carry out an entire nation-wide immunization programmed from the savings that resulted from not constructing one expensive urban hospital. Further, if large hospitals were themselves to consciously adopt more cost effective methods and systems, the savings from this would be of a considerable magnitude. Resources could thereby be freed for the provision of basic health services. The need of the hour is hence to make services more cost effective by restructuring health services, which will lead to ensuring the care of a healthy population. 2. The quality of a health program can improve by leaps and bounds by focusing on the basic components of child survival and development. The widespread introduction of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) is a case in point.

3. Non Government Organizations and political leadership can mobilise the population to participate in health programs. beral medicine is not having the desired effect on the health status of the population

Types of corruption in Health sector

Extra money had to be paid for getting allocated medicine Extra money had to be paid for getting bed Extra money had to be paid for X-ray

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Extra money had to be given to get proper medical supplies(because medicine was not supplied properly) Others Medicine to be bought from designated pharmacy Extra money had to be paid for blood Extra money had to be paid for operation Extra money had to be paid for pathological test Pathological test had to be done from designated center Extra money/influence had be used to have proper food supply(because food was not supplied properly)

5) Education
The Government of Pakistan, in a White Paper intended to stimulate discussion of major policy issues concerning Education Sector in Pakistan, admits that it is an obligation of the State to provide equal opportunity to all citizens for improving their status in life. In education, the basic objective should be access to quality education for all, irrespective of family income, geographic reach, gender, religion and ethnicity. This would mean that not only all children of a school-going age have schools physically available to them but that there are no cultural and economic factors hindering their pursuit of education.

Types of corruption in Education

Difficult to get good results or promotion to next class unless the teachers are engaged as private tutor Different kinds of irregular fees to be paid For taking different kinds of certificate Additional money to be paid for form fill up Management deduct money from the stipend awarded to the students Supply of quantity of food less than allotted amount from "Food for education program Management took money for inclusion in the Food for Education program Management took money for supplying Govt.'s goods like books ,pens papers from designated library Teacher referred to buy books, pen, papers from designated library

The government also admits that Pakistan continues to face a problem of access because of low levels of public spending, enrolments, acute regional and gender inequalities and inequalities in distribution of budgetary allocations to

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education. The main factors that keep children out of education are; poverty combined with education not perceived to provide economic gains, low quality of education, traditional style of teaching and corporal punishment, long distances to schools and high student-teacher ratio. Pakistan faces the problem of a large number of out-of-school children, both at primary and secondary levels, aside from a high number of dropouts. The population age group between 5-9 years is 19.634 million in the country. Out of these, 3.3 million children are out of school. The dropout rate is 31.3 percent at the primary level and 30 percent at the middle level. Given a population growth rate of 1.9 percent (official figures), attainment of Education for All (EFA) goals within the stipulated period would require huge investments. Even if resources could be mobilized towards this end, the capacity to build and operationalize such a large number of schools may not be easy. The failure of educational system in Pakistan is attributed to lack of will on the part of ruling elite and lack of clear vision to as what education is really all about and what are its primary objectives. Other factors which caused deterioration of education include absence of conceptual framework pertaining to educational policies, poor resources both in terms of public and private investments, unmotivated teaching community and poor quality of teaching, disoriented student community, lack of a comprehensive interface between educational institutions and the real world, non-existence of some constructive programs for graduates as life after college and poor job prospects, and presence of nepotism, lack of merit and corruption. Besides, the educational system fails to address the complex cultural, social and ethnic background of over 116 million people. Keeping in view the growth of population in the country, meager financial resources and rising demand of schools and higher educational institutions, it is quite obvious that private sector will remain involved in education. It is also evident from the above discussion that retreating state, bad governance and lack of effective monitoring system are the main factors behind declining standards of education and malfunctioning of both, public and private educational institutions. To improve the working of public and private educational institutions, the following measures are recommended: The welfare role of the state should be revived so that it may provide essential services to the citizens efficiently. State-owned agencies must be open to scrutiny and responsive to the needs of the publicthe owners. Participation and transparency must be central features of the governments at all levels, particularly at local government level. Citizens must be involved in different stages of policy-making, planning, implementation and monitoring.
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In order to work efficiently, private sector needs well-functioning state which is accountable to the public, which has strong anti-trust regulation, well-enforced laws and political freedom that guarantees access to, and flow of, information. The overall allocation of resources to education in general, and improving the conditions of schools in rural areas in particular, must be enhanced. Funding must be provided timely and its full utilization must be ensured for public sector. An efficient system of effecting monitoring and regulation of all schools must be evolved. It must be ensured that all private schools and other public educational institutions possess the necessary material and trained teachers to benefit the students. The standard should be the same for both public and private The teacher is the most important component of the education system but is at the bottom of the totem pole and frustrated in every way. The teacher must be well paid and is given due attention. The teachers must be involved in planning, implementation and monitoring of educational projects. All primary schools should be made co-educational and all new appointments of primary school teachers should be of female teachers only. In difficult areas where a matriculate girl is not available for appointment as primary school teacher, a middle pass female may be recruited with the condition that she would acquire matriculation qualification within three years.

7) Judiciary:
.

Structure of courts in Pakistan

Supreme Court of Pakistan (Apex court) Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan High Courts of Pakistan (one in each province and also in federal capital) District Courts of Pakistan (one in each district) Judicial Magistrate Courts (with power of Section 30 of Cr.PC only in criminal trials)[1] Judicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city) Executive Magistrate Courts (Summary trial court) Courts of Civil Judge (judges with power of 1st class and 2nd class cases)

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Supreme Court Of Pakistan The Supreme Court (Urdu: ) is the apex court in Pakistan's judicial hierarchy, the final arbiter of legal and constitutional disputes. The Supreme Court is made up of 17 permanent judges, and has a permanent seat in Islamabad. Cases are also heard in its Branch Registries in the provincial capitals of Lahore, Peshawer, Quetta and Karachi. It has a number of de jure powers which are outlined in the Constitution, including appellate and constitutional jurisdiction, and suo moto power to try Human Rights matters. Through several periods of military rule and constitutional suspensions, the court has also established itself as a de facto check on military power. The Supreme Court Judges are supervised by theSupreme Judicial Council, which may hear complaints brought against any of them. Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan The Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan was established by presidential order in 1980 with the intent to scrutinised all laws in the country that are against Islamic values. This court has a remit to examine any law that may be repugnant to the "[i]njunctions of Islam, as laid down in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah." If a law is found to be 'repugnant', the Court is to provide notice to the level of government concerned specifying the reasons for its decision. The court also has jurisdiction to examine any decisions of any criminal court relating to the application of Islamic (hudud) penalties. The Supreme Court also has a Shariat Appellate Bench empowered to review the decisions of the Federal Shariat Court. The Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan consists of 8 muslim judges including the Chief Justice. These Judges are appointed by the President of Pakistan, after decision is made by the Judicial Committee consisting the Chief Justice of Pakistan (Federal Shariat Court) and the Chief Justice of Pakistan . They choose from amongst the serving or retired judges of the Supreme Courtor a High Court or from amongst persons possessing the qualifications of judges of a High Court. Presently Justice Agha Rafiq Ahmed Khan is the Chief Justice of FSC. Of the 8 judges, 3 are required to be Islamic Scolars/Ulema who are well versed in Islamic law. The judges hold office for a period of 3 years, which may eventually be extended by the President. The FSC, on its own motion or through petition by a citizen or a government (federal or provincial), has the power to examine and determine as to whether or not a certain provision of law is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam. Appealagainst its decisions lie to the Shariat Appellate Bench of the

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Supreme Court, consisting of 3 muslim judges of the Supreme Court and 2 Ulema, appointed by the President. If a certain provision of law is declared to be repugnant to the injunctions of Islam, the government is required to take necessary steps to amend the law so as to bring it in conformity with the injunctions of Islam. The court also exercises revisional jurisdiction over the criminal courts, deciding Hudood cases. The decisions of the court are binding on the High Courts as well as subordinate judiciary. The court appoints its own staff and frames its own rules of procedure. High Courts There is one High Court in each Province, and one in the federal capital, Islamabad, including:

Lahore High Court, Lahore, Punjab Sindh High Court, Karachi, Sindh Peshawar High Court, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Balochistan High Court, Quetta, Baluchistan Islamabad High Court, Islamabad, ICT

The High Courts are the appellate courts for all civil and criminal cases in each respective province. The High Courts' general authority is laid out in the Constitution of Pakistan, 1956, Article 170, which reads: "Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 22, each High Court shall have power throughout the territories in relation to which it exercise jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases any Government directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part II and for any other purpose. District & Sessions Courts District courts exist in every district of each province, and have civil and criminal jurisdiction. In each District Headquarters, there are numerous Additional District & Session Judges who usually preside the courts. District & Sessions Judge has executive and judicial power all over the district under his jurisdiction. The Sessions court is also a trial court for heinous offences such as Murder, Rape (Zina), Haraba offences (armed robbery where specific amount of gold and cash is involved), and is also appellate court for summary conviction offences and civil suits of lesser value. Each Town and
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city now has a court of Additional District & Sessions judge, which possess the equal authority over, under its jurisdiction. When hearing criminal cases, it is called the Sessions Court, and when it hears civil cases, the District Court. Executive matters are brought before the relevant District & Sessions Judge.

The High Court of each province has appellate jurisdiction over the lower courts. The Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction over disputes between and among provincial governments, and appellate jurisdiction over High Court decisions.

Types of corruption in Judiciary

Extra money had to be paid to the court official Extra money had to be paid to the Public Prosecutor Extra money had to be paid to the witness Extra money had to be paid to the magistrate Extra money had to be paid to opponent lawyer Extra money had to be paid to the judge

The menace of corruption has links to a multitude of vices. Its roots are linked to injustice, mistrust, suspicion, extremism and terrorist activities. It creates a sense of insecurity, exacerbates poverty and adds to the misfortune of the vulnerable segments of the society. It also instills a sense of hopelessness and despondency and threatens the strength of good values which have been established over centuries of civilized struggle. The word Corruption has its origin in a Latin verb corruptus meaning to break. Literally, it means a broken object. In simple words, corruption means the misuse of entrusted power for private benefit. Conceptually, corruption is a form of behaviour which departs from ethics, morality, tradition, law and civic virtue. The term corruption has various definitions. The United Nations Manual on AntiCorruption, the Transparency International, and the multilateral financial institutions like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank define corruption

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as, abuse of public office for private gains The National Anti Corruption Strategy (NACS) has defined corruption as a behaviour on the part of office holders in the public or private sector whereby they improperly and unlawfully enrich themselves and/or those close to them, or induce others to do so, by misusing the position in which they are placed. Section 9 of the National Accountability Ordinance 1999 has defined corruption and corrupt practices in a comprehensive manner. It has enlisted about twelve different shades of corruption. Illegal gratifications, bribery, extortion, abuse of office, fraud, cheating and criminal breach of trust are some of the corrupt practices mentioned in the NAO 1999 (Annex A). Starting with the Prevention of Corruption Act 1947, there are about sixty pieces of enactments and rules that deal with offences of corruption and corrupt practices in Pakistan (Annex B). The ultimate victim of corruption and poverty is the human dignity itself. Hence corruption causes breach in the social order and emerges as a potential threat to the prosperity, peace and stability of human civilization across the globe. Corruption in government spending leads to serious reduction in impact of development program and results in perpetual increase in cost of maintenance of public assets. The primary responsibility of ensuring the culture of sound management or what we generally call good governance lies directly on shoulders of the civil administration. In a democratic dispensation, the process of accountability starts at the first stage of the conversion process the elections, which is the connecting link between the rulers and the ruled. It is at this stage that the foundation of sound and transparent political culture could be laid. The electorate ought to carefully demonstrate their first choice (right to vote) of the process and to exercise their right only under the dictates of their conscience. In return, the rulers who are the custodians of the political environs ought to honour the trust reposed in them and to judiciously exercise the powers they derive from that trust. In order to ensure consistency and sustainability of an accountable, transparent and open political process, it is imperative to keep the connecting link intact. The corporate sector is also littered with failures due to corrupt practices. Scandals in the corporate sector are subjects of headlines in the media. Wrong practices seem too common, and unacceptable behaviour has become a normal practice. Corporate governance has been practiced only in form and not substance. Chairmen, chief executive officers and directors are appointed on the basis of political and personal clout. Merit is a less visible commodity. Thus politicization and inefficiency at the top management levels has resulted in steep decline in the quality of output. Illegal convergence of interest has encouraged insider trading which causes frustration and setback to the genuine investor. Real demand and supply factors have negligible role in shaping the market behaviour which is predominantly controlled by the middleman. Prices are determined by unscrupulous profiteers through the middleman mafia. Counterfeit products have

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flooded the markets. Consumers are left with no option but to live with inferior quality stuff. There is no effective consumer's rights protection regime. The monopoly control mechanism has turned out to be of least effect. The Monopoly Control Authority have to be improved to play an effective role in curbing the menace that has infected the corporate sector. Need and greed are cited as the reasons of corruption and corrupt practices. Need as a reason is applied to low paid employees specially those entrusted with service delivery powers and public contact. Corruption occurs out of compulsion, as those indulging in corruption are in need of the basic necessities and lack access to social entitlement. However, need very easily merges with greed once need is taken as a justification by those indulging in corruption and corrupt practices. It is because of this fact that corruption is linked to poverty which is termed as corruption of need. Absence of an ethical base in societal attitudes is also cited as one of the root causes of corruption. Corruption and corrupt practices are indicative of breaches in the governance edifice. They pose serious threats to the sanctity of ethical and democratic values and weaken administrative, political and social institutions. The issues of corruption, poverty and governance are cross cutting. These issues, put together, form an integral part of the development literature. Recently, the terms governance and good governance are being profusely used in such literature. Good governance remains at the forefront of every aspect of our life, be that political, social or economic. Governance has to be good in its manifestation, and if it is not so, it is certainly no governance at all. The mere suffix or prefix of the term 'good' does not serve the purpose. The essential components of good governance are the RULE OF LAW, accountability, transparency and predictability. The RULE OF LAW means equal application of law, equal protection by law and equality before law. In the absence of the RULE OF LAW, institutions get weak and become hatcheries for corrupt practices. The realization of the goals of good governance and prosperity becomes a myth.

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Suggestions:
Our Suggestions to Overcome the Corruption in All sectors of Pakistan by Eliminating the following Elements. a. Lack of effective Internal accountability mechanism b. Discretionary powers and their flagrant abuse by the public office holders c. Absence of and weakness of the watch-dog agencies d. Elected government's perpetual failure to develop proper ethical and business 1. standards for the public and private sector e. Political leaders' incompetence and betrayal of public trust with penchant for 2. self-enrichment f. Lack of transparency in the government's decision-making process g. Lengthy and cumbersome procedures in the executive system h. Weaknesses in the judicial system i. Illiterate, apathetic or ignorant populace with inadequate discernment of 3. political choices j. Power of influential people k. Inadequate wage envelop. Muslims of the Pakistan need Jihad of Good Governments & Governance, Comprehensive Justice, Education, Peace, Science & Technology, Boost to Economy, Self Reliance, Islamic & Moral values, Love, Humanity, Care, Prosperity, Quality of Life and Living Norms, Good relations with other nations based on Principles But not Jihad of wars, killings, weapons and hate to reach to a non corrupt and self relied just states and to become Darul Islam for Muslims and Non Muslims of the World and to prove glory of Islam and Islamisation. It will help our nation pure from Corruption and make this Holly Land a peaceful and far from injustice and inequality.

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References
http://www.nab.gov.pk/Downloads/Doc/NACS.pdf www.transparency.org/.../20299/282101/file/TIPakistan_national_corruption_perception_surve y_2006.pdf http://www.transparency.org.pk/news/NCPSNews.htm http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPUBLICSECTORANDGOVERNANCE/E XTANTICORRUPTION/0,,menuPK:384461~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:384455,00.html www.kamjadsaeed.edu.pk/articles/Corruptions.doc wikipedi.com wikileaks Transparency international.

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