PREDICTING SETTLEMENT IN CONSIDERATION OF THE REBOUNDING EFFECT FOR BUILDINGS WITH MAT FOUNDATIONS Kazuo Murai’ , Ke INTRODUCTION In this paper, a method of settlement analysis for buildings with a mat foundation is described by considering the rebound of the ground. When a building is constructed on soft ground, pile foundations are used to avoid the undesirable effects of ground settlement. In this case, however, a building may become detached from the ground. Various problems caused by this phenomenon have been reported. AS a result, ‘mat foundation has recently been employed for construction in consideration of these effects. A building with mat foundation, however, is greatly influenced by settlement. To counteract this, a method is being employed in which a large amount of earth is excavated from the building site of a structure in order to reduce the extent of settlement caused by its weight. Generally the ground rebound and the settlement are caused by the excavation and the weight of a structure, respectively. To estimate their effects, itis necessary to investigate how the excess pore water pressure in the clay layer varies with the time and to analyze the interaction between the ground and structure. We present the correlation between the mean consolidated pressure, and the coefficient of volume compressibility, mv , and the coefficient of consolidation, ev ,based on the results of the cyclic consolidation test. And we have calculated the rebound and the settlement of buildings with a mat foundation from the excess pore water pressure obtained from mv and cv. From these results, we obtained that the properties of the ground settlement were changed from excavation period and starting time of the construction of the building and affected largely by the ground rebound. CYCLIC CONSOLIDATION CHARACTERISTICES OF DILUVIAL CLAY We presented cyclic consolidation characteristics of alluvial clay in a previous report ". In this report we describe cyclic consolidation tests conducted on two specimens sampled from a relatively shallow layer of diluvial clay (37.0 to 85.0 m below ground level) in the Osaka plains. The loading method of the consolidation test complying with JSF T 411 * is a commonly practiced method. In this method, the load increase rate is expressed as [*p, (= p,- Pi..) (Pi. = 1 ]* Consolidation characteristics obtained by this ‘method are limited since «p, becomes great with diluvial clay whose consolidation load is high. Therefore, we used a method complying with JSF 'T 412. to obtain a lot of data Table 1 Soil materials of the specimens Soil materials of the test specimens are v shown in Table 1. The test specimens as a whole consist of clay and silt. The proportion of clay to silt is approximately 55:45. The process. of cyclic consolidation pressures is shown in Table 2. The starting pressure of the first removal of load is 1.23 MPa. The starting pressure of re-consolidation is 0.16 MPa. The starting pressure of the second and third removal of load is 248 MPa, while the second re- consolidation started Kazuo Murai, Engineering Dept, Osaka Main Office, Takenaka Corporation '4+1+3 Honmachi Chuouku Osakasi Japan Postal-code : 541-0083 Kelichi Nakakta, Prof, Dept, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki Univ, 3¥41 Kowakae Higasiosakasi Osakafu Japan Postal-code : 77-0818 ‘natefrom 0.33 MPa, The results of the cyclic consolidation tests and relational expressions are described below. Relationships between the Mean Consolidation Pressure and the Coefficient of Volume Compressibility Fig. | shows the relationship, in the virginal loading range, between the mean consolidation pressure, p, and the coefficient of volume compressibility, m,. The coefficient m, decreases linearly with increasing p on logarithmic scale above the consolidation yield stress, p... This relationship is approximated by equation (. : m,=0.128% p™ — (mm'/N) (1) Fig. 2 shows the relationship, at the beginning of the load removal and during the load removal process, between mean consolidation pressures (.p. and p,) and = coefficients of volume compressibility (.m,, and m,). The coefficient ,1m,., varies with ,p. at the beginning of oor the load removal,. On a logarithmic scale, my. on A 10 increases linearly with decreasing .p,. After the Mess consolidation essere p/n’) beginning of load removal, m,, during the load removal Fig. | Relationship between P and m, process increases with the decreasing p, on logarithmic paper. The characteristics of this are dependent also on .p... These tendencies are the same as in the case of alluvial clay. Relationships between ,p, and ,m, and between p, and m,, are approximated by equations (2) and (3), respectively. y= 6.610% 2°" emm*INe (2) my, = 6.6 10"%,0." 87 smmiNe 3) ‘The relationships, at the beginning of reloading and during the reloading process, between mean consolidation pressures (pp and p,) and coefficients of volume compressibility (,m,y and m9) are shown in Fig. 0.001 3. The coefficient mo, at the beginning of reloading . varies with .p» at the beginning of reloading. On a Mean consoldation presse pp (Ni') logarithmic “scale, my, decreases linearly with increasing .p,. After the beginning of reloading, the coefficient .m,,, shows linear, slight increases with increasing p, on a logarithmic scale. Relationships between spp and sm,» and between pp and m,» are approximated by equations (4) and (5), respectively. This approximation is poor at the beginning of reloading and in thevicinity of virginal loading. Measurements of «in and myp are smaller than calculated values at the beginning of reloading, but, on the other hand, they are on greater in the vicinity of virginal loading. The possible reason for these tendencies lies in that, while a constant strain velocity is a condition of consolidation testing, the strain rate is not constant at the beginning of reloading and in the vicinity of virginal loading. Fig. 2 Relationship between.p., pe and a, th samy = 5.26010 (emiNe (4) Ip = 5265105 . 87 sateen seat nm OF on soln pry Relationships between the Mean Consolidation Pressure and the Coefficient of Consolidation Fig. 4 shows the relationship, in the virginal loading range, between the mean consolidation pressure, p, and the coefficient of consolidation, c,. The coefficient of consolidation, c,, is nearly constant above the consolidation yield stress, p., and this relationship is approximated by equation (6).500 emm*daye © Fig. 5 shows the relationship, at the beginning of removal of load and during the load removal process, between mean consolidation pressures (.p, and p,) and coefficients of consolidation (cy and c.). The coefficient cx, during the load removal process although it ‘deflects greatly in the vicinity of the beginning of load removal where the rate of strain velocity is not constant. But c,; decreases linearly on fa logarithmic scale in the range where the strain velocity is approximately constant during the load ig. 4 Kelationsmp between p and c, removal process. The coefficient, ¢., also varies with Ps. The relationships between ,p, and ,¢y, and between P; and cy, are approximated by equations (7) and (8), respectively ue =88710% p77 (em*iday) (7) eur =8.87%10 xp . (cmilday) (8) ‘The relationships, at the beginning of reloading and . during the reloading process, between mean Mon commotion resem) consolidation pressures (pp and py) and coefficients of consolidation (and cq) are shown in Fig. 6, The Fig. $ Relationship between. p, pand ew. Cy coefficient cy» during the reloading process decreases linearly with increasing p, on a logarithmic scale in the range where the strain rate is approximately constant. The coefficient c,, also varies with ,p,. However, it decreases sharply as p, approaches the virginal loading range. The coefficient ,Cyy fluctuates greatly since it is difficult to meet the constant strain rate condition at the beginning of reloading. However, the ,cyy obtained inversely by the following formula for calculating the reconsolidation process is approximately constant irrespective of py. The relationships between .p, and .¢,y and between p, and ¢,y are approximated by equations (9) and (10), respectively. ; sy 2.010" (mméiday) (9) a 1 vo €g=2.0%10° * ,p,." p,""(mm*/day) (10) Fig, 6 Relationship between .Py. Ppnd Cy « Cyp PREDICTION OF GROUND SETTLEMENT AND INFLUENCES ON A STRUCTURE. When a structure is built on ground subject to the removal of load, such as through excavation, the ground is influenced by both load removal and loading, over time. Additional factors influencing the ground are loads (excavation, raised ground level, surrounding buildings, etc.) applied from around the structure, shifting foundation load of the structure due to differential settlement, and the like. ‘These loads have influences at different times on rebounding and settlement. Under these conditions, rebounding and. settlement occur with time and subsequent stresses are applied to the structure. To predict these factors, it is necessary to analyze the settlement of the ground and structure as a whole over time while taking into account the influence of the rebound, Prediction of Rebound and Settlement It is assumed that the ground is a semi-infinite elastic body and that rebounding and settlement occur