Curso 5 - Nuevas Tecnologías en Comunicaciones Móviles Celulares - Sesion3

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA
Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones
Nuevas Tecnologas en Comunicaciones Mviles Celulares

Programa de Ingeniera de Comunicaciones Inalmbricas
Msc. Ing. Henry A. Vsquez
Nuevas Tecnologas en Comunicaciones Mviles Celulares

Temario: Sistemas GSM Evolucin histrica de GSM Conceptos bsicos de GSM Arquitectura de GSM y principales Interfaces. Interfaz de Aire Codificacin del canal de voz Estructura de los canales de trfico y de control. Identidades empleadas en GSM Ejemplos de Trafico Sistemas GPRS Principio Componentes Aplicaciones
Sistemas CDMA
Conceptos bsicos de CDMA Arquitectura del sistema Repaso de ensanchamiento espectral Cdigos utilizados en CDMA Codificacin del canal de voz. Control de potencia Sealizacin digital. Handoffs en CDMA Tipos de canales en CDMA 1x. Sistemas de 3G Visin General de la Industria Desarrollo de la Tercera Generacin IMT-2000. Requerimientos UMTS. Descripcin y funcionamiento . CDMA-2000. UMTS. Descripcin y funcionamiento.
Sistemas CDMA
CDMA is a "spread spectrum" technology, allowing many users to occupy the same time and frequency allocations in a given band/space. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) assigns unique codes to each communication to differentiate it from others in the same spectrum. In a world of finite spectrum resources, CDMA enables many more people to share the airwaves at the same time than do alternative technologies.
CDMA Technology
The CDMA air interface is used in both 2G and 3G networks. 2G CDMA standards are branded cdmaOne and include IS-95A and IS-95B. CDMA is the foundation for 3G services: the two dominant IMT-2000 standards, CDMA2000 and WCDMA, are based on CDMA.
CDMA Technology - CDMA2000

CDMA2000 represents a family of IMT-2000 (3G) standards providing high-quality voice and broadband data services over wireless networks. CDMA2000 builds on the inherent advantages of CDMA technologies and introduces other enhancements, such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), advanced control and signaling mechanisms, improved interference management techniques, end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS), and new antenna techniques such as Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO) and beamforming to increase data throughput rates and quality of service, while significantly improving network capacity and reducing delivery cost.

Currently, CDMA2000 includes CDMA2000 1X (1X) and CDMA2000 EV-DO (EV-DO) standards. CDMA2000 1X (IS-2000) supports circuit-switched voice up to and beyond 35 simultaneous call per sector and high-speed data of up to 153 kbps in both directions. It was recognized by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as an IMT-2000 standard in November 1999. CDMA2000 EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) introduces new high-speed packet-switched transmission techniques that are specifically designed and optimized for a datacentric broadband network that can deliver peak data rates beyond 3 Mbps in a mobile environment. CDMA2000 EV-DO was approved as an IMT-2000 standard (cdma2000 High Rate packet Data Air Interface, IS-856) in 2001.

Built on the principle of backwards compatibility, the CDMA2000 evolution path has provided operators favorable economics and a significant time-to-market advantage in introducing new value-added services. CDMA2000 1X was deployed in 2000, as the first IMT-2000 standard to be commercially available, and today, along with EV-DO, it is the leading 3G technology serving around a half billion users worldwide. CDMA2000 systems provide a family of related services including cellular, PCS, WLL and fixed wireless.
CDMA Technology -Spectrum

CDMA2000 operates in a relatively small amount of spectrum, 1.25 MHz, in most of the frequency bands designated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the IMT-2000 systems. The smaller 1.25 MHz channel size enables greater spectrum assignment flexibility to (a) incrementally assign channels as the demand for capacity increases, and (b) to facilitate in-band migration deployments which require the clearing of spectrum. CDMA2000 1X, EV-DO Rel. 0 and Rev. A operate in a paired 2 x 1.25 MHz FDD channel - compared to other 3G technologies which require a much larger 2 x 5 MHz channel. By using a narrower radio channel, operators benefit from greater flexibility and improved cost efficiencies in managing their scarce spectrum resources. EV-DO Rev. B enables operators to aggregate multiple 1.25 MHz channels, up to 15 channels in 20 MHz of spectrum, to deliver the next-generation multi-mega-bits-per-second data connectivity and bandwidth intensive applications more economically. Currently, CDMA2000 network infrastructure and user devices are available in most of the IMT-2000 frequency bands designated by the ITU, including the 450 MHz, 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1900 MHz, AWS and 2100 MHz bands.
CDMA Technology -Spectrum
1Includes
IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced at WRC-07 3Includes: 698-862 MHz band in Region 2 (Americas) 790-862 MHz band in Region 1 (Europe, Middle East, Africa, Russia and CIS) 790-960 MHz identified for IMT in Region 3 (Asia-Pacific)
2Identified
Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones CDMA Technology -Spectrum

In many cases, the frequency assignment is as important as the broadband technology selection. Using the lower frequency bands is preferable for broadband-intensive network deployments. The propagation characteristics of the lower (warmer) frequency bands enable RF transmissions to travel greater distances. The increased range provides larger coverage areas. Fewer cell sites require fewer backhaul connections, which leads to lower costs. The lower frequency bands also enable better in-building penetration, better mobile performance, less power consumption and higher average data throughputs in a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environment. This is becoming progressively more important as the bandwidth for the backhaul connections must increase to keep up with the growing demand for mobile broadband services.
CDMA2000 1X
CDMA2000 1X (IS-2000) is an IMT-2000 (3G) technology, designed to deliver high-quality voice and high-speed data. It is an efficient wireless technology for circuit-switched voice communications and it supports packet data speeds of up to 153.6 kbps in a single 1.25 MHz radio channel. CDMA2000 1X was the first 3G (IMT-2000) technology deployed, in October 2000. Key features of CDMA2000 1X: - Voice Capacity: Today, CDMA2000 1X supports 33-40 simultaneous voice calls per sector in a single 1.25 MHz FDD channel. Using a new codec (EVRC-B), additional Walsh codes and handset interference cancellation, it can handle up to 55 simultaneous voice calls. With further receiver enhancements and minor changes to the radio configuration, 1X Advanced (1X Rev. E) will quadruple the voice capacity of CDMA2000 1X systems. - High-Speed Data: Supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to 153.6 kbps, delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbps in commercial networks using a 1.25 MHz FDD channel.
CDMA2000 1X
- Spectral Efficiency: Up to 0.180 bit/sec/MHz over a 5 MHz FDD channel. - Average Latency: 250 msec node-to-node ping, RTT. - Applications: Supports circuit-switched voice, short messaging service (SMS), ringtone downloads, multimedia messaging service (MMS), games, GPS-based location services, music and video downloads. - Backwards Compatibility: CDMA2000 1X is backwards compatible with 2G cdmaOne (IS-95A/B) systems and handsets.
CDMA2000 1X Interface
The following fundamental CDMA air interface techniques are incorporated into CDMA2000 1X and backward compatible with cdmaOne:
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Multiple Access: to improve spectral efficiency (system capacity) Orthogonal Code Channelization: for user separation on the downlink (mitigates interference) Random Access: to efficiently share radio access resources among all users Fast Uplink Power Control: to resolve the near-far field effect (reduce interference) Rake Receivers: to resolve and benefit from multipath interference and support soft handoffs Soft Handoff: to handoff users between base stations Softer Handoff: to handoff users between base station sectors Soft Handoff (SHO) Active Set: to provide seamless service with increased spectral efficiency Single Frequency Re-use: to increase overall network capacity Downlink Slotted Paging: to extend the battery life of mobile devices Blind Rate Detection: to enable variable rate decoding without additional overhead Downlink Reference Channel: to share a common pilot to increase capacity Downlink Channel Structure: to simplify system implementation and efficiency by separating channels with Walsh codes Scrambling: to provide communications privacy Speech Regulated Vocoders: to reduce interference and increase system capacity
Espectro Ensanchado ( Spread Spectrum )
Sistema en el que se usa mas ancho de banda que el requerido por la tasa efectiva de datos Ej. 13 Kbps tomara 13 kHz de ancho de banda. En un sistema Spread Spectrum tomara mas de 13 KHz. Ganancia de proceso: G p= Bw / R Beneficio contra interferencia Tcnicas Spread Spectrum: Frequency Hopping, Direct Sequence
Espectro Ensanchado: Gp = BW / R Spread Spectrum: Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping
Secuencias de ensanchamiento
Principios de CDMA
CDMA combina 3 secuencias de ensanchamiento para crear un cdigo nico. En el receptor las secuencias se utilizan en el orden inverso que en el emisor Las 3 secuencias son generadas en ambos extremos y necesariamente no son utilizadas simultaneamente
Principios de CDMA
Secuencias de ensanchamiento
Walsh Codes: (64 disponibles)
64 chips de longitud dura 1/19200 Seg Ortogonales mutuamente
PN Short codes: Se usa por pares (I + Q)

Longitud de 215 --- dura 26mS aprox
Se genera en registro de desplazamiento (15 bits)
PN Long Code: 1 disponible

Longitud de 242 --- se repita cada 40 dias
Se genera en un registro de desplazamiento (42 bits)
Principios de CDMA
Funciones Walsh
En CDMA cada smbolo es expandido con los 64 chips de los cdigo de Walsh Luego, por cada bit de data se tendrn 64 chips de salida.
Principios de CDMA
Cdigos Offset de Pseudo Ruido (PN Offset)
Son secuencias binarias con caractersticas aleatorias. Si un mismo cdigo PN es cambiado en el tiempo (time offset), se obtienen dos cdigos que son casi ortogonales. Para agregar el offset a un cdigo PN y crear secuencias cuasi ortogonales, se usa un sistema enmascaramiento. Con diferentes time offsets, se lograrn tener varias secuencias cuasi ortogonales.
Autocorrelacin
Generacin de cdigos de pseudo rudo
Seq A: 0010 1011 0011 011 Seq A: 1011 0011 0110 010 4 chips offset

Principios de CDMA

Cdigos Offset de Pseudo Ruido (PN Offset) Se usan tres cdigos PN en CDMA: 2 Cdigos Cortos y 1 Cdigo largo La secuencia corta PN sequence posee 32,768 bits, utiliza offset de 64 bits y un total de 512 time offsets, La transmisin toma 26.667 ms por cada ciclo. PN offset se utiliza para identificar las celdas y sectores
Receptor / Correlador CDMA
Principios de CDMA
Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones Principios de CDMA Code Channels CDMA: Forward Channels
Existen 64 canales de cdigo, en cada canal CDMA de 1.2288-MHz, de stos se distinguen 3 canales principales: Canal Piloto: Siempre mantiene el Cdigo de Walsh 0 Canales de Paging : Walsh Code 1 (W1), puede ser asignado hasta Walsh Code 7 (W7). Asignacion de canal de trfico. Busqueda de moviles. SMS Canal de Sincrona (Sync Channel): Walsh Code 32 (W32). El resto son canales de trfico La data expandida es ingresada en los canales (I,Q), donde se expanden nuevamente ( Short Sequence PN). El Offset del cdigo PN se da de acuerdo al sector transmitido.
Estructura del Enlace Forward PN Offset para identificar sectores y celdas
Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones Principios de CDMA
Forward Channels: Canal Piloto

Sirve como referencia de sincronismo. No lleva informacin, simplemente transmite los cdigos PN con su respectivos offset. Es usado por el mvil para identificar las celdas sectores y comparar potencias para el proceso de hand off. El canal piloto contiene alrededor del 20% de la potencia de radiacin. Se repite cada 26.67 mseg.
Estructura del Canal Piloto
Forward Channels: Canal Sincrona

Usa Cdigo de Walsh 32. Se compone de una supertrama de 80-ms, dividida en tres tramas de 26.667-ms. Transmite la siguiente informacin: - System time - System ID - Long-Code State 320 ms into the future, - Pilot PN de la BTS, - Network ID - System Time, Local Time De los 3 canales principales, es el que posee menor potencia. El equipo mvil primero sintoniza el canal piloto y luego se engancha al canal de sincrona (W32) para leer la informacin de la red y sincronizarse
Estructura del Canal Sync|
Forward Channels: Canal Paging
Similar al DCCH en TDMA. Utiliza W1-W7

Informacin de paging, red, cdigos PN vecinos, canales vecinos y asignacin de mviles a canales de trfico.
El canal de paging se divide en 2,048 slots, de 80 ms. Ciclo total de 163.84 seconds. Sleep mode se establece para slots especficos. Cada mvil escucha un slot distinto Un canal paging puede manejar hasta 32 canales de trfico. Antes del Cdigo de Walsh, la data es expandida con un cdigo de secuencia larga. La mscara de este cdigo est basada en el nmero del canal de paging y el offset PN del sector correspondiente. Es un nivel de seguridad adicional
Estructura del Canal Paging
Forward Channels: Canal Trfico

Transmiten voz, datos y sealizacin durante una llamada. Se utiliza un long code con una mscara basada en el ESN de cada usuario. Walsh Code puede ser asignado en cualquiera de los 55 cdigos restantes Envo de mensajes como: Autenticacin, mensajes de alerta, handoff y medidas de seguridad (cambios en el long code) Se incluye el subcanal de control de potencia. Consiste de un bit por cada 125 mseg insertado en la data, para que el mvil pueda detectarlo y aumentar o disminuir su potencia en pasos de 1 dB.
Estructura del Canal Trfico

Forward Channels: Sincronizacin El mvil encuentra un canal piloto y se sincroniza con la secuencia PN ( 26.67 ms). El mvil lee el canal de sincrona ( 26.67 ms por trama) y queda sincronizado a la red. Monitorea el canal de paging y obtienen los parmetros del sistema. Si se da una llamada, el mvil se mueve hacia un canal de Walsh adecuado (canal de trfico activo) La recepcin posee un Rake Receiver. Este combina coherentemente los multitrayectos para crear una seal de banda base mas robusta. Luego la seal es procesada: descrambled, deinterleaved, y decodificada con Viterbi. El Receptor (The Rake receiver) es una nica parte del Sistema CDMA que permite buscar seales multitrayecto fuertes, de otras estaciones base y deslizar las seales en el tiempo para encontrar su cdigo. Una vez encontrado, el receptor puede demodular la seal, combinarla coherentemente para crear un receptor mejorado que pueda manejar handoffs sin rupturas. La mayora de mviles poseen tres elementos de recepcin (fingers). Las estaciones base poseen cuatro fingers
Simplified block diagram of the RAKE receiver

Principios de CDMA
CDMA: Control de Potencia

La estacin mvil emite rfagas de seal, para ahorro de batera y disminuir el ruido en la red La potencia de transmisin se va decrementando 3 dB de acuerdo a la degradacin del data rate La seal es enviada por rfagas (bursted) en Grupos de Control (Power Control Groups - PCGs) de 1.25-ms, luego existen 16 PCGs en cada trama de 20-ms El mvil enva un mensaje llamado access probe (en el canal de acceso), y espera una respuesta en el canal paging. Si no recibe respuesta espera un tiempo y luego incrementa su potencia e intenta nuevamente. Los parmetros de incrementos, tiempo e intentos son dados por la red
Power Control Groups

Principios de CDMA
Control de Potencia: Forward
La RB continuamente reduce la potencia de los usuarios en el Forward link Cuando el Mvil detecta errores en el forward link solicita mayor energa La BTS incrementa la potencia de ese usuario y luego comienza a disminuirla progresivamente de nuevo.
Control de Potencia: Reverse
Principios de CDMA
Lazo Abierto: Mvil ajusta la potencia basado en la potencia de la seal recibida de

la celda
Lazo Cerrado: la celda indica +- 1dB @ 800Hz basado en mediciones de potencia

en la celda
Lazo Externo: La controladora detecta gran cantidad de errores (FER) y setea el

punto mnimo de potencia

Principios de CDMA CDMA: Hand Off
Soft handoffs: El mvil realiza un nuevo enlace con otra estacin base antes de cortar la comunicacin con la anterior. El mvil constantemente busca PN offsets como posibles candidatos. El mvil puede solicitarlo Softer handoff: Involucra dos sectores de la misma BTS. Hard handoff: Involucra una completa desconexin de la celda original antes de pasar a otra celda. Idle Handoffs: Durante el estado IDLE, el mvil opera soft, softer, and hard handoffs segn lo requiera.
In addition to the above techniques shared with cdmaOne, CDMA2000 1X incorporates the following evolutionary air interface techniques that are crucial to enhancing the performance of the standard:
Variable Length Orthogonal Codes: to support variable data rates Uplink Complex Spreading: to increase data rates and network capacity Fast Downlink Power Control: to reduce transmit power usage and increase capacity Data Rate Configurable Channels: to support applications that use a variety of data rates Dual-Event Downlink Paging: to further extend the battery life of mobile devices Uplink Channel Structure: to multiplex control and data channels Reserve Mode Random Access: to access the network more efficiently Parallel Turbo Codes: to improve capacity through more efficient forward error correction Coherent Uplink Detection: to improve data rates and coverage Continuous Uplink Operation: to increase transmission range and capacity, while reducing interference to hearing aids and other devices.
CDMA2000 1X Advanced
1X Advanced includes a collection of enhancements that can theoretically increase voice capacity by up to 100 Erlangs, or a factor of four over legacy CDMA2000 1X networks. To put this into perspective, this industry-leading voice technology can support more than 80 times the number of calls than older analog networks. 1X Advanced allows an operator to tradeoff this capacity improvement to increase network coverage by up to seventy percent or triple 1X data network capacity.
CDMA2000 Evolution
CDMA2000 offers operators a robust, long-term evolution path that delivers the performance and economics to meet the rapidly evolving needs of the mobile market place over the long-term. The CDMA2000 evolution path is built on the principle of backward and forward compatibility, in-band migration, and support of heterogeneous networks. CDMA2000 offers some of the highest voice capacity and data rates, and lowest latencies among the leading wide area network technologies available today to deliver high-quality voice and broadband multimedia data services. Most of the technology enhancements are enabled through software upgrades.
CDMA2000 Evolution
CDMA2000 technologies will continue to interoperate and coexist with wider-bandwidth OFDM-based technologies such as 802.11n for wireless local area network (WLAN) connectivity and LTE.
CDMA2000 will offer global roaming, ubiquitous high-performance mobile broadband and voice services with a defined evolution path, while OFDMA solutions will augment CDMA2000 capacity by leveraging wider-bandwidths and MIMO antennas in densely populated hot-zones where the demand for broadband connectivity is extremely high.
CDMA Technology CDMA450

CDMA450 represents a family of CDMA2000 technologies that operate across the 410-470 MHz band.1 It is the only 3G (IMT-2000) solution that is commercially available for deployment in this frequency band. CDMA450 systems support all CDMA2000 standards developed by 3GPP2 and published by the TIA as TIA-EIAIS-CDMA2000 (CDMA-MC) including: CDMA2000 1X, 1xEVDO Release 0, Revision A, and future enhancements to these technologies. These technologies are capable of delivering voice, Internet access, multicasting and broadband data services in both rural and urban settings using fixed, limited mobility and full mobility networks.

A significant competitive advantage of CDMA450 is that it can provide advanced telecommunication services over wide areas economically due to the enhanced propagation characteristics enabled by the low frequency band. By combining the expanded range of the 450 MHz frequency band with the benefits of CDMA2000s industry-leading spectral efficiency, superior voice capacity, greater broadband data speeds, lower latency and quality of services (QoS) features, CDMA450 presents a powerful value proposition for operators and customers alike.

Leading infrastructure vendors are playing an active role in deploying CDMA450 services worldwide. There is a broad range of commercially available CDMA450 devices that includes fixed wireless phones, desktop modems, machineto-machine modules, ultra low-cost handsets and USB thumb-drive modems. Multi-band (CDMA450/CDMA800) and multi-mode (CDMA450/GSM900) WorldModeTM devices allow customers to enjoy the benefits of broader international roaming services.

Due to its superior performance and economics, there is significant momentum behind the deployment of CDMA450 across Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. It is rapidly becoming the technology of choice for providing universal access to services that will help increase social and economic prosperity. Millions of people are using the technology in densely populated urban areas as well as sparselypopulated rural areas to communicate, connect to the Internet and benefit from innovative data solutions. With the identification of the 450 MHz band for IMT by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) at the 2007 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-07), regulators in many countries are in the process of allocating the band for 3G broadband services, creating new opportunities for CDMA450.
1. The 450 MHz band includes sub-bands in the frequency ranges of 410-430 MHz, 450-470
MHz and 470-490 MHz.
MUCHAS GRACIAS por su atencin
Av. San Luis 1771 San Borja, Lima Per Web : http://www.inictel-uni.edu.pe

Curso 5 - Nuevas Tecnologías en Comunicaciones Móviles Celulares - Sesion3

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

Nuevas Tecnologas en Comunicaciones Mviles Celulares

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

Nuevas Tecnologas en Comunicaciones Mviles Celulares

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

CDMA Technology - CDMA2000

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

CDMA Technology - CDMA2000

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

CDMA Technology - CDMA2000

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

CDMA Technology -Spectrum

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

CDMA Technology -Spectrum

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones CDMA Technology -Spectrum

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

Espectro Ensanchado: Gp = BW / R Spread Spectrum: Direct Sequence

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

PN Short codes: Se usa por pares (I + Q)

PN Long Code: 1 disponible

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

Receptor / Correlador CDMA

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones Principios de CDMA

Forward Channels: Canal Piloto

Estructura del Canal Piloto

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones Principios de CDMA

Forward Channels: Canal Sincrona

Estructura del Canal Sync|

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERA

Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Capacitacin de Telecomunicaciones Principios de CDMA

Forward Channels: Canal Paging