AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS IN SHORT CONVERSATION HEALTH PROBLEM

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Name

: YUNIARTI

Student Number: 29 002 120 Class :6B

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY SARJANAWIYATA TAMANSISWA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2012 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter's focus is on the language's effect on the society. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics. It is historically closely related to Linguistic Anthropology and the distinction between the two fields has even been questioned recently. Sociolinguists have been using discourse analysis to understand the meaning of stretches of spoken or written language beyond an utterance or a sentence level. Holmes (2008) points out that: Discourse analysis provides a tool to identify the norms of talk among different social group and cultural group in different conversational and institutional contexts and to describe the discursive resources people use in constructing different social identities in interaction. The analysis can be conducted with different kinds of approaches. One of them is ethnography of speaking.

Dell Hymes is considered by many to be the founder of the area known as Ethnography of Communication. In 1962 he proposed "ethnography of speaking" as a way to study how people talked. Later the name was changed to include other symbolic means of expression and called ethnography of communication. The writer designs the paper to analyze the Ethnography of Communication is a short conversation Health Problem in www.audioenglish.net. It helps to writer to identify describing the social aspect of language used. Ethnography of Communication is a study of language using and language behavior. In Ethnography of Communication, the problem which is explained is the elements in the language behavior and its relationship with the form and election of language variety (Nababan, 1993). The writer chooses the social interaction and analyzes the language used between the speakers by using speech act and the brief definition of sociolinguistic. A speech act which is performed indirectly is sometimes knows an indirect speech act, such as the speech act of requesting, which is sometimes felt more polite. The study is expected to help the students in studying sociolinguistic and give the explanation about ethnography of communication. The result of sociolinguistics research has made the teachers became more careful in choosing one of language forms, because they know that language does not have only one form (monolithic) and in communication, language is homogeny because of the variation based on the region, social grade and occupation of the speakers. It is also helped the planning of language and language teaching especially and generally for the education. Besides, sociolinguistics became a variable between the grammar competence and communicative competence for it can generate the change of syllabus and serving method in teaching.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND The writer gives some related theory about the topic starting from theory of language, theory of sociolinguistics, theory of Ethnography of Communication, theory of Speech Act and theory of Hymes SPEAKING Mnemonic. A. Language Sapir (1921) in Akmajian (1934) defines that language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. The actual form of individual speakers speech

should be used as the basis for constructing language, idiolect and dialect. Chomsky gives two terminological distinctions in language and those are competence and performance. Competence is the implicit system of rules that constitutes a persons knowledge of a language. This refers to s concept of a persons ability to create and understand sentences, including sentences they have never heard before, knowledge of what are and what are not sentences of a particular language and ability to recognize ambiguous sentences. Moreover, performance is a persons actual use of language, and the manner or quality of producing and understanding sentences.

B. Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is an applied linguistics specifically dealing with the study of language in relation to social factors that are social class, educational level and type of education, age, sex and ethnic origins. It discusses how language structure and functions change in response to those social factors. Sociolinguistics studies the way in which language interacts with society. It is the study of the way in which language structure change in response to its different social functions (Ghozali, 2012). There is an informal definition of sociolinguistics that is who can say what how using what means to whom when and why. 1. Who = who are involved in the event 2. What = the kind of language she or he uses 3. How = in what manner 4. Means = tools or channels used in communication

5. To whom = see who 6. When = at what particular situation 7. Why = what are reasons and purposes of the use of kind of language in that context. According to Chaika (1982), sociolinguistics is a study of ways people use the language in social interaction. Fishman as cited in Ika Tri Susilowati (2007) comments that sociolinguistics is studying the relationship between speaker and addressee or audience and language variety which is used in certain time along with the thing which is discussed in the social interaction.

C. Speech Act Theory Speech act theory deals with the idea that words have meaning. The theory was first proposed by a philosopher Jane Austin in 1962 and also further developed by Searle in 1981. In brief, the theory says that utterances have two kinds of meaning, propositional meaning (locutionary meaning) and illocutionary meaning (illocutionary force). The first refers to the basic literal meaning of the utterances which is conveyed by the particular words to structure that the utterances contains. Whereas, the last is the real meaning the speaker intends to express. Based on Searle, there are five kinds of speech act classifications: 1) Commissive, a speech act that commits the speaker to do something in the future. For example: If police are around, well be safe. Ill get lunch after the work is completed.

2) Declarative, speech act which changes the state of affairs in the world. For example during the wedding ceremony or in the court the act of marriage or sentence are performed: I now pronounce you man and wife. Youre fired. 3) Directive, a speech act that has the function of getting the listener to do something such as suggesting, a request or a command. For example: Turn on the AC, please! Why dont we can lunch now? 4) Expressive, a speech act in which the speaker expresses the feeling and attitudes about something such as apology, a complaint, to thank someone or to congratulate someone. For example: Honda is fuel efficient, right. The movie is moving. 5) Representative, a speech act which describe the state or event in the world, such as an assertion, claim and a report. For example: Yogyakarta is my home town. I got C for intro to Linguistics.

D. Discourse Analysis In Ghozali (2012), Discourse analysis refers to attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause. Discourse analysis can foreground language use as social action, language use as situated

performance, language use as tied to social relations and identities, power, inequality and social struggle, language use as essentially a matter of practices rather than just structure. Michael Stubbs (1983:1) defines discourse analysis concerned with the following: a) Language use beyond the boundaries of a sentence or utterance. b) The interrelationships between language and society. c) The interactive or dialogic properties of everyday communication. In Ghozali (2012), Conversation analysis focuses on the organization of conversation. Analysis can be in the form of focusing on the following: a) Turn taking, it takes two turns to have a conversation. b) Adjacency pair is the turns minimally come in pairs and the first of a pair creates certain expectation which constrain the possibilities for a second. c) Topic control refers to the flow of topics during the interaction. In Ghozali (2012), Maxim of conversation based on the assumption that language users tacitly agree to cooperate by making their contributions to the talk as is required by the current stage of the talk or the direction into which it develops. a) Quality, make your contribution truthful and sincere. b) Quantity, provide sufficient information. c) Manner, make your contribution brief, present it in an orderly fashion and avoid ambiguities.

d) Relation, make your contribution a relevant one.

E. Hymes SPEAKING Mnemonic Hymes developed a valuable model to assist the identification and labeling of components of linguistic interaction that was driven by his view that, in order to speak a language correctly, one needs not only to learn its vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used. Hymes constructed Mnemonic SPEAKING. The detailed model is as follows: S Situation setting Concrete physical circumstances of a communicative event, including time and place. scene Abstract psychological setting, culturally defined. P Participants Speaker Addressee Addressor Audience Person who conveys message. Person to whom message is sent. Person who originates message, the source People present when message is communicated but who are not directly addressed. E Ends Outcome Purpose The purpose of the event from a cultural or societal point of view. The purposes of the individual participants.

Act Sequence

Content Form

Topic or subject Description of the sequence or order of the communicative acts.

Key

Tone, manner, spirit in which a speech act is carried out, includes certain kinds of behavior, gesture, posture, deportment.

Instrumentalities

Channel

The way a message travels ( oral, written, telegraph, semaphore, smoke signals, drums)

Code N Norms Interaction Interpretation

Language, dialects, varieties, registers Proprieties, speech rules. Belief systems that underlie what is in the actual words used.

Genre

A recognized communicative event with a shared public purpose and with aims mutually understood by the participants within that event.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Variables involved in the study B. The source of the data C. Who are involved in the study D. Time and Place of the Study The writer begins the research on June 2012. The second week of June 2012 is used to state the topic and the problem. The third week of June 2012 is used to find the short conversation browsing in the internet. The fourth week of June 2012 is used to analyze the data. Moreover, the last week of June 2012 is used to finish the paper. E. Data Collecting Techniques and Procedures

In collecting the data, the writer uses the internet to find the data. After browsing, the writer finds the short conversation. The writer also finds some information in the library to complete the data. F. Data of the Study Data are the rough materials that the writer collected from the world under the study. They are particulars that form the basis of analysis. They includes material where people can do the study actively from a note or a recording, such as interview transcripts and participants observers field notes, written materials, namely newspaper or articles. The data of the study is short conversation from www.audioenglish.net. The title of the data or short conversation is Health Problem. The writer chooses the short conversation because the writer thinks the conversation is interesting to analyze. G. Data Analysis Techniques The writer is categorized in qualitative research and the writer uses the descriptive analysis to analyze the data. The first step is the writer reads the short conversation or dialogue. Then, the writer analyzes the data using the Speech Act Theory (Locutionary meaning and Illocutionary meaning), Maxim of Conversation (maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevant and maxim of manner), and Conversation Analysis. The last step is the writer discusses the analysis and gives the conclusion for the data.

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION A. Finding

After read the data repeatedly, the writer gets the data in the form of short conversation and the analysis in the form of table. Following is the short conversation: Health problem

Doctor

: Good morning (1.1). Please have a seat here (1.2). Whats the problem? (1.3)

Paul Ryefield : I have a terrible stomachache (2). Doctor : Do you have diarrhea? (3)

Paul Ryefield : Yes, I do (4). Doctor : Do you have any other symptoms? (5)

Paul Ryefield : Yes, I feel sick (6). Doctor : You mean you feel nauseous? (7)

Paul Ryefield : Thats right (8.1). I feel like vomiting (8.2). And right now I feel dizzy, too (8.3). Doctor : When did the symptoms start? (9)

Paul Ryefield : This morning (10.1). Yesterday evening I ate something raw (10.2). Doctor : All right (11.1). Please take off your clothes to the waist and lie down there (11.2). ... Just tell me if it hurts when I do this (11.3).

Paul Ryefield : It doesnt hurt (12.1). .... It hurts there (12.2). Doctor : Okay (13.1). Lets hope its just indigestion, but well need to run some diagnostic tests to be sure (13.2). Well run a blood test and we ll also need a urine sample (13.3).

Paul Ryefield : Can you give me something for the time being? (14) Doctor : Yes, Ill give you a prescription for indigestion tablets (15)

1. Speech Act Theory

No 1

Utterance 1.1 1.2 1.3

Locutionary Meaning

Illocutionary Meaning

Greeting Asking Asking question Statement

Greeting in the morning Asking to sit down Asking the problem Give information

3 4 5 6 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 9 10 10.1 10.2 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 12 12.1

Asking question Agree Asking question Agree Opinion Agree Opinion Opinion Asking question Statement Statement Agree Asking Asking Statement

Asking about ill Agreement Asking about ill Agreement Give opinion Agreement Give opinion Give opinion Asking the symptom Give information Give information Agreement Asking to take off his clothes Asking to tell if feel hurt Giving information

12.2 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 14 15

Statement Agree Advice Agree Asking question Statement

Giving information Agreement Give advice Agreement Asking something for the time being Give information

No

Utterance

Speech Act

Com 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 9 10 10.1 10.2 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 12 12.1 12.2 13 13.1 13.2 13.3

Dec -

Dir -

Exp -

Rep -

14 15

2. Maxim of Conversation No Utterance Quality 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 9 10 10.1 10.2 11 11.1 11.2 Maxim of Conversation Quantity Manner Relation -

11.3 12 12.1 12.2 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 14 15

3. CONVERSATION ANALYSIS Turn Taking: two turns Doctor and Paul Ryefield Adjacency Pair : Question/Answer Doctor problem? Paul Ryefield : Good morning. Please have a seat here. Whats the : I have a terrible stomachache.

Topic Control: Health Problem

4. Politeness Strategies

No

Utterance Bald on Record

Politeness Strategies Positive Politeness + + + + + + + Negative Politeness Off Record -

1.1 1.2 1.3

+ + + + + + + + +

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 9 10 10.1 10.2 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 12 12.1 12.2 13 13.1

+ + + + + -

13.2 13.3 14 15

+ -

+ + +

5. Brief Definition of Sociolinguistic: Language use: People are talking to in equal. 1. Who : Doctor and patient

Doctor asks to patient about what the problem with his health. And the patient has a terrible stomachache. Doctor Paul Ryefield 2. What 3. How : Good morning. Please have a seat here. Whats the problem? : I have a terrible stomachache. : in equal ( Doctor and patient) : asking about health problem.

Doctor asks to patient about what the problem with his health. Doctor Paul Ryefield 4. Means 5. To whom Doctor Paul Ryefield 6. When : Good morning. Please have a seat here. Whats the problem? : I have a terrible stomachache. : Direct : Doctor to patient. : When did the symptoms start? : This morning. Yesterday evening I ate something raw. : In the Hospital.

7. Why : Paul has been problem about his health, so he come to the doctor to diagnose his problem. Paul Ryefield Doctor Paul Ryefield : I have a terrible stomachache. : Do you have diarrhea? : Yes, I do.

B. Discussion