Single Carrier FDMA

May 18, 2008

Hyung G. Myung (hgmyung@ieee.org)

Outline

Introduction and Background

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

Summary and Conclusions

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 1

 Introduction and Background

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

Summary and Conclusions

Introduction and Background

3GPP Evolution

LTE R8

HSPA+ R7

HSUPA R6

HSDPA R5

UMTS/WCDMA R99

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 3

Introduction and Background

Key Features of LTE

• Multiple access scheme
– DL: OFDMA with CP.
– UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP.

• Adaptive modulation and coding

– DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
– UL modulations: QPSK and 16QAM
– Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state constituent
encoders, and a contention-free internal interleaver.

• Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing techniques

– (2 or 4)x(2 or 4) downlink and uplink supported.
• Multi-layer transmission with up to four streams.
– Multi-user MIMO also supported.

• ARQ within RLC sublayer and Hybrid ARQ within MAC sublayer.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 4

Introduction and Background

Broadband Multipath Channel

• Demand for higher data rate is leading to utilization of wider

transmission bandwidth.

Standard Transmission bandwidth

GSM 200 kHz

2G
IS-95 (CDMA) 1.25 MHz

WCDMA 5 MHz
3G
cdma2000 5 MHz

3.5~4G LTE, UMB, WiMAX Up to 20 MHz

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 5

Introduction and Background

Broadband Multipath Channel

- cont.

• Multi-path channel causes:

– Inter-symbol interference (ISI) and fading in the time domain.
– Frequency-selectivity in the frequency domain.
3GPP 6-Tap Typical Urban (TU6) Channel Delay Profile Frequency Response of 3GPP TU6 Channel in 5MHz Band
2.5

2
0.8

Channel Gain [linear]

Amplitude [linear]

1.5
0.6

1
0.4

0.2 0.5

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time [µsec] Frequency [MHz]

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 6

Introduction and Background

Frequency Domain Equalization

• For broadband multi-path channels, conventional time

domain equalizers are impractical because of complexity.
– Very long channel impulse response in the time domain.
– Prohibitively large tap size for time domain filter.

• Using discrete Fourier transform (DFT), equalization can be

done in the frequency domain.

• Because the DFT size does not grow linearly with the length of
the channel response, the complexity of FDE is lower than that
of the equivalent time domain equalizer for broadband
channel.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 7

Introduction and Background

FDE
- cont.

Time domain y = h∗ x
Channel ∴ x = h −1 * y
Fourier
x h y transform

Y =H⋅X
−1
Frequency domain ∴ X = H ⋅Y

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 8

Introduction and Background

FDE
- cont.

• In DFT, frequency domain multiplication is equivalent to time domain

circular convolution.

• Cyclic prefix (CP) longer than the channel response length is

needed to convert linear convolution to circular convolution.

CP Symbols

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 9

Introduction and Background

FDE
- cont.

• Most of the time domain equalization techniques can be

implemented in the frequency domain.
– MMSE equalizer, DFE, turbo equalizer, and so on.

• References
– M. V. Clark, “Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and
Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications,”
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, Oct. 1998
– M. Tüchler et al., “Linear Time and Frequency Domain Turbo
Equalization,” Proc. IEEE 53rd Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), vol. 2,
May 2001
– F. Pancaldi et al., “Block Channel Equalization in the Frequency
Domain,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, no. 3, Mar. 2005

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 10

Introduction and Background

Single Carrier with FDE

SC/FDE
Add N- N-
{ xn } CP/ Channel
Remove
CP
point Equalization point Detect
PS DFT IDFT

OFDM
{ xn }
N- Add N-
Remove
point CP/ Channel point Equalization Detect
CP
IDFT PS DFT

* CP: Cyclic Prefix, PS: Pulse Shaping

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 11

Introduction and Background

SC/FDE
- cont.

• SC/FDE delivers performance similar to OFDM with essentially

the same overall complexity, even for long channel delay.

• SC/FDE has advantage over OFDM in terms of:

– Low PAPR.
– Robustness to spectral null.
– Less sensitivity to carrier frequency offset.

• Disadvantage to OFDM is that channel-adaptive subcarrier bit

and power loading is not possible.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 12

Introduction and Background

SC/FDE
- cont.

• References
– H. Sari et al., “Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV
Broadcasting,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, no. 2, Feb. 1995, pp.
100-109.
– D. Falconer et al., “Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-
Carrier Broadband Wireless Systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40,
no. 4, Apr. 2002, pp. 58-66.

• Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is an extension of SC/FDE to

accommodate multiple-user access.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 13

Introduction and Background

CDMA with FDE

• Instead of a RAKE receiver, use frequency domain

equalization for channel equalization.

• Reference
– F. Adachi et al., “Broadband CDMA Techniques,” IEEE Wireless
Comm., vol. 12, no. 2, Apr. 2005, pp. 8-18.

Add M- M-
{ xn } Spreading CP/ Channel
Remove
CP
point Equalization point
De-
spreading
Detect
PS DFT IDFT

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 14

 Introduction and Background

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

Summary and Conclusions

Overview of SC-FDMA

Single Carrier FDMA

• SC-FDMA is a new multiple access technique.

– Utilizes single carrier modulation, DFT-spread orthogonal
frequency multiplexing, and frequency domain equalization.

• It has similar structure and performance to OFDMA.

• SC-FDMA is currently adopted as the uplink multiple access

scheme in 3GPP LTE.
– A variant of SC-FDMA using code spreading is used in 3GPP2
UMB uplink.
– 802.16m also considering it for uplink.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 16

Overview of SC-FDMA

TX & RX Structure of SC-

SC-FDMA

N- M-

P-to-S
S-to-P

Subcarrier Add CP DAC

point point
Mapping / PS / RF
DFT IDFT

Channel

N- Subcarrier M-

S-to-P
P-to-S

Remove RF
Detect point De-mapping/ point
CP / ADC
IDFT Equalization DFT

*N<M
SC-FDMA: +
* S-to-P: Serial-to-Parallel
* P-to-S: Parallel-to-Serial OFDMA:

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 17

Overview of SC-FDMA

Why “Single
Single Carrier” FDMA”?
FDMA ?
Carrier “FDMA

“Single : Sequential transmission of the

Carrier” symbols over a single frequency carrier.

Time Frequency Time

domain domain domain

N- M-

P-to-S
Subcarrier Add CP DAC
point point
Mapping / PS / RF
DFT IDFT

“FDMA” : User multiplexing in the frequency domain.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 18

Overview of SC-FDMA

Subcarrier Mapping

• Two ways to map subcarriers; distributed and localized.

• Distributed mapping scheme for (total # of subcarriers) =

(data block size) × (bandwidth spreading factor) is called
Interleaved FDMA (IFDMA).

X0 Xɶ 0 Xɶ 0
Zeros
Zeros X0
X1 X1
Zeros
X2
X N −1

X N −1 Zeros
Zeros
Xɶ M −1 Xɶ M −1
Distributed Localized
Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 19
Overview of SC-FDMA

Subcarrier Mapping
- cont.

• Data block size (N) = 4, Number of users (Q) = 3, Number of

subcarriers (M) = 12.

Terminal 1

Terminal 2

Terminal 3
subcarriers subcarriers

Distributed Mode Localized Mode

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 20

Overview of SC-FDMA

Subcarrier Mapping
- cont.

{ xn } : x0 x1 x2 x3
2π
 N −1 − j nk 
DFT  X k = ∑ xn e N , N = 4
 n =0 
{X k } : X0 X1 X2 X3

{~
X l , IFDMA } X0 0 0 X1 0 0 X2 0 0 X3 0 0

{X~ l , DFDMA } X0 0 X1 0 X2 0 X3 0 0 0 0 0

{X }
Current
~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 implementation
X0 X1 X2 X3
l , LFDMA in 3GPP LTE

frequency

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 21

Overview of SC-FDMA

Time Domain Representation

{ xn } x0 x1 x2 x3

{Q ⋅ xɶ m, IFDMA } x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3

{Q ⋅ xɶ m , LFDMA } x0 * * x1 * * x2 * * x3 * *

{Q ⋅ xɶm , DFDMA } x0 * * x2 * * x0 * * x2 * *
time
3
* = ∑ ck ,m ⋅ xk , ck ,m : complex weight
k =0

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 22

Overview of SC-FDMA

Amplitude of SC-
SC-FDMA Symbols

0.5
IFDMA
LFDMA
0.4 DFDMA
Amplitude [linear]

0.3

0.2

0.1

QPSK
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Symbol

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 23

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-
SC-FDMA and OFDMA

• Similarities
– Block-based modulation and use of CP.
– Divides the transmission bandwidth into smaller subcarriers.
– Channel inversion/equalization is done in the frequency domain.
– SC-FDMA is regarded as DFT-precoded or DFT-spread OFDMA.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 24

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-
SC-FDMA and OFDMA
- cont.

• Difference in time domain signal

Input data symbols

OFDMA symbol

SC-FDMA symbols*
time
* Bandwidth spreading factor : 4

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 25

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-
SC-FDMA and OFDMA
- cont.

• Different equalization/detection aspects

Equalizer Detect
Subcarrier Equalizer Detect
OFDMA DFT De-
mapping
Equalizer Detect

Subcarrier
SC-FDMA DFT De- Equalizer IDFT Detect
mapping

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 26

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-
SC-FDMA and DS-
DS-CDMA

• In terms of bandwidth expansion, SC-FDMA is very similar to

DS-CDMA system using orthogonal spreading codes.
– Both spread narrowband data into broader band.
– Time symbols are compressed into “chips” after modulation.
– Spreading gain (processing gain) is achieved.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 27

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-
SC-FDMA and DS-
DS-CDMA
- cont.

• Conventional spreading

x0 x1 x2 x3

Data Sequence
×
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Signature Sequence

x0 x0 x0 x0 x1 x1 x1 x1 x2 x2 x2 x2 x3 x3 x3 x3

time

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 28

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-
SC-FDMA and DS-
DS-CDMA
- cont.

• Exchanged spreading

1 1 1 1
Signature Sequence
×
x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3

Data Sequence
IFDMA
x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3

time
*C. Chang, and K. Chen, “Frequency-Domain Approach to Multiuser Detection over Frequency-Selective Slowly Fading
Channels,” IEEE PIMRC 2002, Lisboa, Portugal, Sep., 2002, pp. 1280-1284
Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 29
Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-
SC-FDMA and Other Schemes

* Subcarrier mapping: * SC transmission:

Frequency-selective
scheduling
SC-FDMA Low PAPR
* Time-compressed
“chip” symbols
* Time-domain
detection

DS-CDMA
* DFT-based FDE
* Block-based
OFDMA /FDE
processing & CP

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 30

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-
SC-FDMA with Code Spreading

N- M- Add
Subcarrier
point point CP/
Mapping
DFT IDFT PS

De-
Spreading SC-FDMA Modulation Channel SC-FDMA Demodulation Detect
spreading

M- Subcarrier De- N-
Remove
point mapping/ point
CP
DFT Equalization IDFT

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 31

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-
SC-FDMA MIMO

N-point Subcarrier M-point Add CP / DAC

DFT Mapping IDFT PS / RF

Spatial Mapping

N-point Subcarrier M-point Add CP / DAC

DFT Mapping IDFT PS / RF

MIMO
Channel

N-point Subcarrier M-point Remove RF

Detect
Spatial Combining

IDFT De-mapping DFT CP / ADC

/ Equalization

N-point Subcarrier M-point Remove RF

Detect
IDFT De-mapping DFT CP / ADC

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 32

 Introduction and Background

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

Summary and Conclusions

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

LTE Frame Structure

• Two radio frame structures defined.

– Frame structure type 1 (FS1): FDD.
– Frame structure type 2 (FS2): TDD.

• A radio frame has duration of 10 ms.

• A resource block (RB) spans 12 subcarriers over a slot duration

of 0.5 ms. One subcarrier has bandwidth of 15 kHz, thus 180
kHz per RB.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 34

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

LTE Frame Structure Type 1

• FDD frame structure

One radio frame = 10 ms

One slot = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe = TTI (Transmission Time Interval)

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 35

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

LTE Frame Structure Type 2

• TDD frame structure

One radio frame = 10 ms

One half-frame = 5 ms

One subframe = 1 ms

One slot = 0.5 ms

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 36

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

LTE Resource Grid

One radio frame

Slot #0 #19

N symb

Resource block
= N symb × N scRB resource elements
Subcarrier (frequency)

N RB × N scRB N scRB Resource element

= 12

OFDM/SC-FDMA symbol (time)

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 37

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

Length of CP

Configuration Nsymb
Normal CP 7
Extended CP 6
Extended CP (∆f = 7.5 kHz)† 3

Configuration CP length NCP,l [samples]

160 (≈ 5.21 µs) for l = 0
Normal CP
144 (≈ 4.69 µs) for l = 1, 2, …, 6
Extended CP 512 (≈ 16.67 µs) for l = 0, 1, …, 5
Extended CP (∆f = 7.5 kHz) † 1024 (≈ 33.33 µs) for l = 0, 1, 2

† Only in downlink

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 38

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

LTE Bandwidth/Resource Configuration

Channel
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
bandwidth [MHz]

Number of
6 15 25 50 75 100
resource blocks (NRB)

Number of
72 180 300 600 900 1200
occupied subcarriers

IDFT(Tx)/DFT(Rx)
128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
size

Sample rate [MHz] 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72

Samples per slot 960 1920 3840 7680 11520 15360

*3GPP TS 36.104

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 39

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

LTE Bandwidth Configuration

1 slot

Zeros
DL or UL symbol

Resource
block
frequency

N scRB N RB × N scRB M
= 12 = 300 = 512
(180 kHz) (4.5 MHz) (7.68 MHz)

Zeros
* 5 MHz system with
frame structure type 1
time
Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 40
SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

UL Overview

• UL physical channels
– Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
– Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
– Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

• UL physical signals
– Reference signal (RS)

• Available modulation for data channel

– QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM

• Single user MIMO not supported in current release.

– But it will be addressed in the future release.
– Multi-user collaborative MIMO supported.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 41

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

UL Resource Block
*PUSCH with normal CP

Resource Reference
block (RB) symbols (RS)
Frequency

Subcarrier

1 slot (0.5 ms) One SC-FDMA symbol

Time

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 42

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

UL Physical Channel Processing

Scrambling

Modulation mapping

Transform precoding DFT-precoding

SC-FDMA
Resource element mapping
modulation

SC-FDMA signal generation IDFT operation

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 43

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

SC-
SC-FDMA Modulation in LTE UL

Localized mapping
Subcarrier with an option of
Mapping adaptive scheduling
or random hopping.

M-1
Zeros

subcarrier
Serial- Parallel
{ x0 , x1 … , xN −1} to-
N- M-
-to- { xɶ0 , xɶ1 … , xɶM −1}
DFT IDFT
Parallel Serial
One SC-FDMA
symbol
Zeros
0

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 44

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

UL Reference Signal

• Two types of UL RS
– Demodulation (DM) RS ⇒ Narrowband.
– Sounding RS: Used for UL resource scheduling ⇒ Broadband.

• RS based on Zadoff-Chu CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero

Auto-Correlation) polyphase sequence
– CAZAC sequence: Constant amplitude, zero circular auto-
correlation, flat frequency response, and low circular cross-
correlation between two different sequences.

 − j 2π r  k 2 +qk  , k =0,1,2,⋯, L −1; for L even * r is any integer relatively prime
 e L 2  with L and q is any integer.

ak = 
r  k ( k +1) 
 − j 2π 
L 2
+ qk 

, k = 0,1,2,⋯, L −1; for L odd
e
B. M. Popovic, “Generalized Chirp-like Polyphase Sequences with Optimal Correlation Properties,”
IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 38, Jul. 1992, pp. 1406-1409.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 45

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

UL RS Multiplexing

User 1

User 2

User 3

subcarriers subcarriers

FDM Pilots CDM Pilots

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 46

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

UL RS Multiplexing
- cont.

• DM RS
– For SIMO: FDM between different users.
– For SU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna
– For MU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna

• Sounding RS
– CDM when there is only one sounding bandwidth.
– CDM/FDM when there are multiple sounding bandwidths.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 47

 Introduction and Background

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

Summary and Conclusions

Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

PAPR Characteristics

CCDF of PAPR: QPSK, Rolloff = 0.22, N = 512, N = 128 CCDF of PAPR: 16-QAM, Rolloff = 0.22, N = 512, N = 128
fft occupied fft occupied
0 0
10 10
OFDMA OFDMA

-1 -1
10 10
Pr(PAPR>PAPR0)

Pr(PAPR>PAPR0)
-2 IFDMA -2 IFDMA
10 10
DFDMA DFDMA

-3 -3
LFDMA
10 10
Dotted lines: no PS Dotted lines: no PS
Dashed lines: RRC PS Dashed lines: RRC PS
Solid lines: RC PS LFDMA Solid lines: RC PS
-4 -4
10 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
PAPR [dB] PAPR [dB]
0 0

(a) QPSK (b) 16-QAM

* Monte Carlo simulations (Number of iterations: > 104)
* Time domain pulse shaping with 8-times oversampling
* Nfft: number of total subcarriers = FFT size
* Noccupied: number of occupied subcarriers = data block size
* RC: raised-cosine, RRC: root raised-cosine
* Rolloff factor of 0.22
*H. G. Myung, J. Lim, and D. J. Goodman, "Peak-to-
Average Power Ratio of Single Carrier FDMA Signals with
Pulse Shaping," IEEE PIMRC ’06, Helsinki, Finland, Sep.
2006

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 49

Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

PAPR Characteristics
- cont.

• PAPR and different rolloff factors

CCDF of PAPR: QPSK, N = 256, N = 64
fft occupied
0
10
IFDMA LFDMA
-1
10
Pr(PAPR>PAPR )
0

-2
10
α=1

α=0.8 α=0.2
α=0.6
-3
10 α=0.4 α=0
Solid lines: without pulse shaping
-4 Dotted lines: with pulse shaping
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
PAPR [dB]
0
*H. G. Myung, J. Lim, and D. J. Goodman, "Peak-to-
*α: rolloff factor of raised cosine pulse shaping filter Average Power Ratio of Single Carrier FDMA Signals with
Pulse Shaping," IEEE PIMRC ’06, Helsinki, Finland, Sep.
2006

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 50

Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

PAPR of SC-
SC-FDMA MIMO
0
10
TxBF
SM (no avr. & no quant.)
-1
10
Pr(PAPR>PAPR )
0

-2
10
SFBC (QPSK)
SFBC (16-QAM)
-3
10

-4 TxBF
10
(avr. & quant.)

4 6 8 10 12
PAPR [dB]
0
*H. G. Myung, J.-L. Pan, R. Olesen, and D. Grieco, "Peak Power Characteristics of Single Carrier FDMA MIMO
Precoding System", IEEE VTC 2007 Fall, Baltimore, USA, Oct. 2007
Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 51
 Introduction and Background

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

Summary and Conclusions

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

Channel-
Channel-Dependent Scheduling (CDS)

Channel gain

• Channel-dependent scheduling
User 2
– Assign subcarriers to a user in
excellent channel condition.

• Two subcarrier mapping User 1

schemes have advantages over
Frequency
each other.
– Distributed: Frequency diversity.
– Localized: Frequency selective
gain with CDS.
Subcarriers

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 53

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

CDS
- cont.

Utility: sum of user throughput Utility: sum of logarithm of user throughput

45 45
R-LFDMA R-LFDMA
40 S-LFDMA 40 S-LFDMA
R-IFDMA R-IFDMA
Aggre gate thr oughput [Mbps]

Agg regate throughput [Mbps]

35 S-IFDMA 35 S-IFDMA

30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5
4 8 16 32 64 128 4 8 16 32 64 128
Number of users Number of users

*J. Lim, H. G. Myung, K. Oh, and D. J. Goodman, "Proportional Fair Scheduling of Uplink Single-Carrier FDMA
Systems", IEEE PIMRC 2006, Helsinki, Finland, Sep. 2006

* Capacity based on Shannon’s upper bound.

* Time synchronized uplink data transmission.
* Perfect channel knowledge.
* No feedback delay or error.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 54

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

Uplink SC-
SC-FDMA
with Adaptive Modulation and CDS
Mobile terminals Base station

User K

Channel K

User 2
User 1
ConstellationM

Channel 2
Subcarrier
Mapping
apping

CP /
DFT IDFT
PS
Channel 1 SC-FDMA Receiver

Resource Scheduler
Data flow
Control signal flow

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 55

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

Simulation Results

• Aggregate throughput vs. feedback delay

mobile speed = 3 km/h (f = 5.6 Hz) mobile speed = 60 km/h (f = 111 Hz)
D D
18 18
LFDMA: Static
16 LFDMA: Static 16 LFDMA: CDS
Agg regate throughpu t [Mbps]

Aggr egate throughput [Mb ps]

LFDMA: CDS
IFDMA: Static
14 IFDMA: Static 14
IFDMA: CDS
IFDMA: CDS
12 12

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Feedback delay [ms] Feedback delay [ms]

* Carrier frequency = 2 GHz

* K = 64 total number of users, N = 16 subcarriers
per chunk, Q = 16 total number of chunks
* Utility: sum of user throughput
*H. G. Myung, K. Oh, J. Lim, and D. J. Goodman, "Channel-
Dependent Scheduling of an Uplink SC-FDMA System with
Imperfect Channel Information," IEEE WCNC 2008, Las Vegas,
USA, Mar. 2008

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 56

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

Simulation Results
- cont.

• Aggregate throughput vs. mobile speed

Feedback delay = 3 ms
18
LFDMA: Static
16 LFDMA: CDS
Aggregate throughput [Mbps]

IFDMA: Static
14
IFDMA: CDS
12

10

2
0 20 (37) 40 (74) 60 (111) 80 (148)
Mobile speed [km/h] (Doppler [Hz])
*H. G. Myung, K. Oh, J. Lim, and D. J. Goodman, "Channel-Dependent Scheduling of an Uplink SC-FDMA System with
Imperfect Channel Information," IEEE WCNC 2008, Las Vegas, USA, Mar. 2008.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 57

 Introduction and Background

Overview of SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE

Peak Power Characteristics of SC-FDMA Signals

Uplink Resource Scheduling in SC-FDMA Systems

Summary and Conclusions

Summary and Conclusions

Summary and Conclusions

• SC-FDMA is a new single carrier multiple access technique

which has similar structure and performance to OFDMA.
– Currently adopted for uplink multiple access scheme for 3GPP
LTE.

• Two types of subcarrier mapping, distributed and localized,

give system design flexibility to accommodate either
frequency diversity or frequency selective gain.

• A salient advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDM/OFDMA is low

PAPR.
– Efficient transmitter and improved cell-edge performance.

• Pulse shaping as well as subcarrier mapping scheme has a

significant impact on PAPR.

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 59

Summary and Conclusions

References and Resources

• H. G. Myung, J. Lim, & D. J. Goodman, “Single Carrier FDMA

for Uplink Wireless Transmission,” IEEE Vehic. Tech. Mag., vol. 1,
no. 3, Sep. 2006
• H. Ekström et al., “Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term
Evolution,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 3, Mar. 2006
• D. Falconer et al., “Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-
Carrier Broadband Wireless Systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.
40, no. 4, Apr. 2002
• H. Sari et al., “Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV
Broadcasting,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, no. 2, Feb. 1995

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 60

Summary and Conclusions

References and Resources

- cont.

• LTE Spec
– http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm

• SC-FDMA resource page

– http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma

• Comprehensive list of SC-FDMA papers

– http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma2

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 61

Summary and Conclusions

Final Word

SC-FDMA
Low PAPR

Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 62

Thank you!

May 18, 2008

Hyung G. Myung (hgmyung@ieee.org)