INTERNSHIP REPORT On SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SSRI) TANDOJAM

SUBMITTED TO:

SIR, SANAULLAH NOONARI Assistant Professor Department of Agricultural Economics

SUBMITTED BY:

WAJID ALI SHAHANI REG.NO: 2K8-SS-79 B.SC (AGRI) HONS PART- IV

DEPARTEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIAL SCIENCES SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDO JAM
2012-13

Table of Contents ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC FERTILIZER USE IN WHEAT CROP ........ Error! Bookmark not defined. D E D I C A T I O N ...................................................................................................... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDEMENTS .............................................................................................................. iii INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION .................................................................................... iv PARC Achievements and Future Plans (New Initiatives of PARC) .......................................... xviii INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF SOCIAL SECIENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, TANDO JAM .............................................................................................................................. xxv RESPONSIBILITIES OF STUDENT....................................................................................... xxvii Methodology ......................................................................................................................... xxvii ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC FERTILIZER USE IN WHEAT CROP ................. 1 Introduction of Wheat Crop ........................................................................................................ 1 Introduction of Fertilize............................................................................................................... 2 Objectives: ................................................................................................................................... 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................................................................................... 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 6 Figure 1: Education Level of Selected Respondents: .................................................................. 6 Table 1: Age of Respondent: ....................................................................................................... 6 Table 2: Tenancy Status: ............................................................................................................. 7 Table 3: Irrigation Method: ......................................................................................................... 7 Table 4: Wheat Area: .................................................................................................................. 7 Table 5: Tractor hours ................................................................................................................. 8 Table 6: Seed Used in per acre: ................................................................................................... 9 Table 7: Per Acre DAP Applied in the Study Area ................................................................... 11 Table 8: Per Acre Urea Applied in the Study Area ................................................................... 12 Table 9: Per Acre NP Applied in the Study Area...................................................................... 13 Table 10: Per Acre weeds Applied in the Study Area ............................................................... 14 Table 11: Harvesting Charges ................................................................................................... 15 Table 12: Threshing Charges .................................................................................................... 16 Table 13: Usage of irrigation..................................................................................................... 17 Table 14: Per acre yield / 40kg .................................................................................................. 18 Table 15: Per acre cost of production and share of inputs in rupees ......................................... 19 Table 16: Usage of fertilizer according to price change ........................................................... 21 Table 17: per acre comparative profitability of wheat crop ...................................................... 22 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 23 R E C O M M E N D A T I O N.................................................................................................... 24 REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................ 25

D E D I C A T I O N

THIS HUMBLE IS DEDICATED TO MY RESPECTED FATHER, MOTHER AND MY OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS

WHOS AFFECTION INSPIRED TO LOVE AND RESPECT MANKIND AND THEIR ADVICED UPLIFTED ME TO THE HIGH OF AN IDEAL LIFE

I DO NOT IGNORE MY RESPECTABLE TEACHERS WHO INSPIRED ME TO WORK FROM DOWN TO DUSK AND LET ME REACH TO HIGHTS OF THE SKY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
My department requires this report. The purpose of report is to record all the major activities that I performed in that particular institute during my internship training. It Comprises of: How to preparer questionnaire How to conduct survey Introduction of the organization Objectives Review of Literature Analysis Results and discussion Work done by me Suggestions and recommendations

ii

ACKNOWLEDEMENTS

I offer my life humble thanks to Almighty Allah who enabled me to complete one of my lifes academic urges. I am grateful to almighty ALLAH who made me able to comp lete the work presented in this report. It is due to his unending mercy that this work moved toward success. I express my thoughts and feelings to supervisor honorable Mr. Muhammad Aslam Memon (Senior Scientific Officer), Mr. Muhammad Ibrahim Lashari, (Principal scientific officer) and Mr. Manzoor Ali Memon (Principal Scientific Officer) SSRI, Tandojam for his courteous professional advices, internship report transcript checking and its improvement, motivation, nice suggestion and encouragement during this study.

Further author wishes to extend his special thanks of Dr. Ali Muhammad Khushk Director Social Sciences Research Institute Pakistan Agriculture Council Tandojam, who allow me for interning in that organization and provide me house job pattern during research work up to finishing the manuscript.

Further author wishes to extend his special thanks to respectable teacher Mr. Sanaullah Noonari Assistant professor of Department of Agricultural Economics Faculty Of Agricultural Social Sciences.

WAJID ALI SHAHANI

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SOCIAL SCIENCES viii

Action Plan for Livestock Marketing Systems in Pakistan

Introduction
Livestock farming is an integral part of rural economy of Pakistan. Despite the laissez faire type of public approach for the development of this sector, it has grown at impressive rate. Presently, this sector is sharing almost 50% to the total value addition in agriculture sector and almost 11% of national GDP. Only the milk produced has value higher than the combined value of wheat and cotton. National Commission on Agriculture clearly emphasized that one of the main reasons for the lack of development in the livestock sub-sector is the exceeding defective system of marketing of livestock and livestock products. Realizing the importance of the issue, a nation wide study was carried out, with the assistance of FAO Pakistan, to investigate the marketing of live animals and their products in the country. Besides marketing of live animals, the selling system of different livestock products like milk, meat, wool, hides and skins were investigated. Main Findings It was found that majority of the animals brought for sale in livestock markets were low milk yielding and have poor body score. The livestock markets lack even basic facilities while local governments collect a handsome amount of revenues from these markets. Beoparies or traders are the major players in these markets while the farmers, as sellers and buyers, have relatively little information about competitive prices of the animals. In milk marketing, dhodies or milkmen are the only dominant intermediary. Consumers, shopkeepers, veterinarians and researchers report a number of adulterations and contaminations in the milk supplied by dhodies. The competitive milk marketing in the pasteurized and UHT forms is at highly limited scale and UHT milk prices are almost double than the loose fresh milk supplied by dhodies. In meat marketing, the abattoirs are the production points and butchers shops are the only vending points to the consumers. The abattoirs are seriously lacking basic sanitation facilities (like light, adequate water supply, space for slaughtering and animal keeping, meat refrigeration, and disposal of offal) all over the country. A large portion of the by-products such as blood, glands, intestines, and bones are either wasted or poorly processed. The hygienic conditions of the slaughterhouses and meat shops are very poor. One of the underlying reasons is that these facilities were not periodically updated because of complex administratively procedures ix

involved. The flayers and butchers are also not professionally trained. The fixing the prices of beef and mutton by local governments are serious obstacles in buying good quality animals for slaughtering. Due to poor flaying, lot of damages occurred to hides and skins right at the production points. The collection and disposal of these hides and skins is a lengthy process and proper care is not given to these useful products on their way from production point till it reaches the tanneries. In town or city markets, the hides and skins business is in the hands of commission agents or arthies. The price is mostly dictated by the beopari who decides the price on the basis of weight and cleanliness and they have the updated price information. In case of wool, due to clipping with scissors, the quality is damaged right at the production point. The local wool collector mixes fleece of different flock into one consignment and in this way he adds some dirt to increase the weight. No quality control measures are practiced during wool marketing. Virtually all livestock and livestock products provide relatively a meager rate of return compared to the investment. This is true at each stage of largely traditional marketing systems. Recommendations Creation of a Livestock Marketing Regulatory Authority is recommended to ensure good governance in marketing of livestock and livestock products. Practicing of SPS measures in production and marketing of milk and meat marketing. Provision of milk pasteurization and chilling facilities in deep rural areas, and hides/skins processing facilities in NWFP and Balochistan.

PARC Achievements and Future Plans (New Initiatives of PARC) Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad, Director General, NARC Dr. Imdad H. Mirza, Dr. Javed Iqbal, PRMC, NARC SardarGhulam Mustafa, Director PR & Protocol, PARC

Like many other developing countries of South East Asia, agriculture is the mainstay of rural economy of Pakistan as well. Nearly two-third of the country's population live in rural areas and an overwhelming majority of them are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture contributes 23 percent to national income (GDP), and employees about 50 percent of the labor force. It is a prime source of raw materials for Pakistan's industries, notably the textile sector. The development of science-based agriculture production technologies is of utmost importance for moving forward and keeping pace with developing economies. Major goals of agricultural research include making Pakistans agriculture: productive, profitable, competitive and sustainable. Major areas of Councils research include: crops, horticulture and floriculture, agricultural biotechnology, farm mechanization, natural resources, animal sciences, social sciences and agricultural informatics. PARC has assisted in developing more than 264 improved varieties of wheat, rice, pulses, maize, sorghum, millet, fodder, cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds and horticultural crops. Major achievements of the Council in animal sciences' sector include livestock reproduction capacity enhancement from one to three offsprings per year through embryo transplant technology. Hydro pericardium vaccine production technology for poultry has been transferred to private sector with a success rate of 95%. Losses prior to the introduction of this vaccine were estimated at 75 to 80 percent. Annual financial savings during the past 10 years were approximately Rs. 30 billion, due to this vaccine. PARC has played the major role in the diagnosis, and prevention of bird flu in Pakistan. Through the introduction of balanced concentrate feeds, milk and meat production has increased and production cost reduced. Improved varieties of wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane crops coupled with balanced fertilizer use have resulted in yield increases from 100-170%. Use of chickpea inoculums on large scale in Bhakkar (Punjab) area increased the chickpea yield by 45 to 65%. The Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) epidemics during 1992 94 caused serious havoc. Monetary loss only in 1992 was estimated to be Rs. 2000 millions. PARC scientists on the way to xi

manage the crisis have diagnosed and characterized the virus and its vector. Virus-free potato seed and banana plantlets have been developed by the PARC scientists working at its various institutes. Consequently, seed potato import has reduced to almost nil as compared to thousands of tons in 1980s. Another breakthrough was the introduction of virus-free banana saplings. The Bunchy-top virus had almost eroded banana plantation in Sindh in mid 1990s. Now, this plantation is being replaced by PARC produced virus free banana plantlets in Hyderabad, Thatta and Gharo areas. Hybrid seed production of maize, oilseeds, wheat, rice, cotton and vegetables is being researched in a big way. In collaboration with Japan, PARC has established a, state-of-the-art plant genetic resources facility for conservation and exchange of germplasm including collection of seeds of all plants etc. In-vitro conservation facility of vegetatively propagated crops is also available in this institute. PARC has also developed a state-of-the-art grain quality laboratory. The laboratory is ISO-17025 certified. In order to minimize the indiscriminate and excessive use of harmful pesticides, PARC is promoting the concept of biological control of insect pests through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for fruits and vegetables. PARC established bio-control laboratories in five sugar mills and provided technical assistance to another eight sugar mills to do so. To reduce input costs and to produce health and environment-friendly crops, PARC has given special thrusts on organic wheat and vegetable production based on EM-compost and humic acid. Plants for production of biofertilizers and biopesticides started production at NARC. Intercropping of vegetables cultivation indigenized is also being propagated. all-season PARC has
Salicornia Harvesting Near Karachi

have on ridge

technology

for

vegetable

production. Work on plants suitable for bio-fuel production like Salicornia, Jatropha, Arind, Sarkanda, Sukhchan is in progress. Under the visionary leadership of Dr. ZafarAltaf, Chairman PARC, various innovative technologies like biotechnology, bioprospecting, dairy goats crossbreeding, mushroom development, efficient water harvesting, remote sensing, GIS, mitigation strategies for climate change, biofuel production, biodiversity
Saanen Queen of the Dairy Goat

conservation, dry rice farming organic certification, etc. are being

researched, perfected, tested, tried and extended. xii

Very recently, PARC has established two waste-water treatment plants for agricultural use through bio-remediation at NARC. Feasibility study used-water treatment facility Jamshid Colony, with a of of

Benezirabad (Nawab Shah)

capacity of 3 3.5 million gallon/day has been conducted. Similarly, establishment of PARC/NARC sub-research station at village

Neela,Chakwal for demonstration of biological treatment of used-water and solid organic matter for integrated farming is also under consideration. A campaign has been launched to plant fruit saplings and vegetables to cover the spaces available along road sides, green belts etc. in the urban areas including households (backyards, front-yards and other empty spaces). An urban agriculture centre is being established at NARC through public-private partnership. Research work on high density fruit orchards is also in progress at NARC and at various locations of the country. Pakistan is a major tea importer. Tea import to the tune of Rs.12 to 14 billion per annum is quite disturbing and a challenge to all concerned in Pakistan. PARC has been working to enhance indigenous tea production in the country since 1980s. As a result of sustained efforts, the Council has established a big nursery with 1.5 million tea plants. Tea plantation has been established on more than 400 acres at farmers' fields. Farmers and NGOs' workers have been trained in tea cultivation technology. Green and black tea processing plants of 50 kg/day and 1 ton/day capacity, respectively have been installed and private sector is being encouraged to come forward in a big way to help increase the area under tea. AnMoU was signed with a local company to promote the indigenous tea production and make the country self- reliant in tea. However, more work on this project is needed to make tea cultivation a sustainable and profitable venture for the farmers. Another remarkable achievement of PARC's research and development has been the introduction of European honeybees in Pakistan in the 1980s, which made Pakistan a leading exporter of honey in the region. Now, more than 300,000 bee colonies exist in Pakistan which increased honey production from 4 kg in 1982 to 28 kg per colony per annum in 2009. We also trained around 8000 farmers in modern beekeeping. Farm Machinery Institute (FMI) under PARC has designed, developed and modified variety of farm mechanization technologies and transferred these to about 30 private sector engineering firms/companies for commercial production. The machines developed by PARC include reaperxiii

windrowers, groundnut-diggers, paddy-threshers and sunflower-threshers. A rice transplanter has been designed, developed and introduced by PARC to suit the local socio-economic and agroecological conditions. It has given satisfactory performance in rice fields of Punjab and Sindh. It is being manufactured by Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC), Taxila on commercial scale. Tractor mounted reaper-windrower, wheat drill, wheat straw chopper-cum-blower and mobile seed processing units have also been recently developed and introduced. Realizing the importance of straw, FMI has developed wheat and rice clipper-cum-blower, facilitating the farmers to save the uncut and un-chopped wheat straw after combine harvesting of these crops. FMI has also introduced phosphate band placement fertilizer drill, which saves 50% fertilizer. Covering diverse socio-economic aspects of agricultural research and a wide variety of production technology packages developed by PARC research scientists, the Social Sciences discipline takes care of agri-economics, agribusiness, socio-economics, biometrics, gender development and WTO opportunities and challenges for Pakistan's agriculture. A variety of surveys and studies are conducted every year to gauge the suitability and profitability of various agricultural technologies. As a result, PARC has more than 100 off-the-shelf available technologies for immediate transfer to farmers through various mass media and technology transfer/extension channels. The new management has desired that the new technologies will be demonstrated at farmers' fields in more aggressive manner so that the technologies developed at PARC research stations disseminate fairly rapidly. PARC has already established a network of Technology Transfer Institutes (TTIs) at Faisalabad, Tandojam, Peshawar, Quetta, Gilgit and Muzaffarabad for efficient transfer of developed technologies and generated knowledge. PARC management realizes that the process of technology transfer will be successful if it is done through closed collaboration with the provincial extension departments. The emphasis is on development and dissemination of sitespecific solutions and technology transfer according to local needs of the farming community. PARC has imparted training to about 15000 people (farmers, extortionists, junior scientists, technicians) through 750 organized training courses, published booklets/brochures (300), audios (160) and videos (300) programs, held exhibitions (60), seminars/workshops (70). More than 16000 farmers benefited by PARC helpline. In this age of information technology where Internet and email has become a house-hold item, PARC also inaugurated its own web site in August 2000. It contains more than 500 pages with more than 160,000 hits by visitors from over 50 countries. The web site has both English and xiv

Urdu Sections to cater the information needs of a wide variety of clientele including scientists, researchers, policy makers, planners, students as well as farmers. The site contains 25 English and more than 100 Urdu commodity papers. As mandated, PARC has maintained a National Library for Agricultural Sciences at NARC with more than 25000 books/documents and about 1100 scientific journals.

INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION
Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) is established in 1981 for research purpose at federal and provincial level in a country to provide science-based solution for agricultural development. Chairman is the chief executive of the PARC. Chairman and members are the responsible for executing all policies and discharging all function of the PARC relating to the research planning, coordination, budget and policy formulation. The main functions of PARC are to: Undertake aid, promote and coordinate agricultural research. Arrange expeditious utilization of research result. Establish research establishments mainly to fill in the gap in existing programs of agriculture research. Arrange the training of high level scientific manpower in agriculture sciences. Generate, acquire and disseminate information relating to agriculture. Establish and maintain a reference and research library. Perform any other function related to the matters aforesaid.

Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) is the apex agriculture research organization at the national level. Its main objective is to strengthen Pakistans agriculture research system, comprising the federal and provincial components. In Pakistan, all the four provinces have established a large number of institutes to meet their specific need for agriculture research. The activities of institutions need to be coordinated at national level to make judicious use of resources in term of men, money and material. PARC is only organization in the country with a mandate to coordinate agriculture research, being carried out in the provincial as well as federal institutions and the universities.

xv

PARC conducts research, especially of a basic and long term nature in areas of national importance, which are either neglected or inadequately covered, or are beyond the resources of the provincial institutions requiring sophisticated and costly equipment and facilities as well as highly qualified but scare man power and frequently interaction with international agricultural research institutions.

xvi

xvii

PARC Achievements and Future Plans (New Initiatives of PARC)

Like many other developing countries of South East Asia, agriculture is the mainstay of rural economy of Pakistan as well. Nearly two-third of the country's population live in rural areas and an overwhelming majority of them are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture contributes 23 percent to national income (GDP), and employees about 50 percent of the labor force. It is a prime source of raw materials for Pakistan's industries, notably the textile sector. The development of science-based agriculture production technologies is of utmost importance for moving forward and keeping pace with developing economies. Major goals of agricultural research include making Pakistans agriculture: productive, profitable, competitive and sustainable. Major areas of Councils research include: crops, horticulture and floriculture, agricultural biotechnology, farm mechanization, natural resources, animal sciences, social sciences and agricultural informatics. PARC has assisted in developing more than 264 improved varieties of wheat, rice, pulses, maize, sorghum, millet, fodder, cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds and horticultural crops. Major achievements of the Council in animal sciences' sector include livestock reproduction capacity enhancement from one to three offsprings per year through embryo transplant technology. Hydro pericardium vaccine production technology for poultry has been transferred to private sector with a success rate of 95%. Losses prior to the introduction of this vaccine were estimated at 75 to 80 percent. Annual financial savings during the past 10 years were approximately Rs. 30 billion, due to this vaccine. PARC has played the major role in the diagnosis, and prevention of bird flu in Pakistan. Through the introduction of balanced concentrate feeds, milk and meat production has increased and production cost reduced. Improved varieties of wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane crops coupled with balanced fertilizer use have resulted in yield increases from 100-170%. Use of chickpea inoculums on large scale in Bhakkar (Punjab) area increased the chickpea yield by 45 to 65%. The Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) epidemics during 1992 94 caused serious havoc. Monetary loss only in 1992 was estimated to be Rs. 2000 millions. PARC scientists on the way to manage the crisis have diagnosed and characterized the virus and its vector. Virus-free potato seed and banana plantlets have been developed by the PARC scientists working at its various institutes. Consequently, seed potato import has reduced to almost nil as compared to thousands of tons in 1980s. Another breakthrough was the introduction of virus-free banana saplings. The Bunchy-top virus had almost eroded banana plantation in Sindh in mid 1990s. Now, this plantation is being replaced by PARC produced virus free banana plantlets in

xviii

Hyderabad, Thatta and Gharo areas. Hybrid seed production of maize, oilseeds, wheat, rice, cotton and vegetables is being researched in a big way. In collaboration with Japan, PARC has established a, state-of-the-art plant genetic resources facility for conservation and exchange of germplasm including collection of seeds of all plants etc. In-vitro conservation facility of vegetatively propagated crops is also available in this institute. PARC has also developed a state-of-the-art grain quality laboratory. The laboratory is ISO-17025 certified. In order to minimize the indiscriminate and excessive use of harmful pesticides, PARC is promoting the concept of biological control of insect pests through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for fruits and vegetables. PARC established biocontrol laboratories in five sugar mills and provided technical assistance to another eight sugar mills to do so. To reduce input costs and to produce health and environment-friendly crops, PARC has given special thrusts on organic wheat and vegetable production based on EM-compost and humic acid. Plants for production of biofertilizers and biopesticides have started production at NARC. Intercropping of vegetables on ridge cultivation is also being propagated. PARC has indigenized technology for all-season vegetable production. Work on plants suitable for bio-fuel
Salicornia Harvesting Near Karachi

production like Salicornia, Jatropha, Arind, Sarkanda, Sukh chan is in progress. Under the visionary leadership of Dr. Zafar Altaf, Chairman PARC, various innovative technologies like biotechnology, bioprospecting, dairy goats crossbreeding , mushroom development, efficient water harvesting, remote sensing, GIS, mitigation strategies for climate change, biofuel production, biodiversity conservation, dry rice farming organic certification, etc. are being
Saanen Queen of the Dairy Goat

researched, perfected, tested, tried and extended.

xix

Very recently, PARC has established two waste-water treatment plants for agricultural use through bio-remediation at NARC. Feasibility study of used-water treatment facility of Jamshid Colony, Benezirabad (Nawab Shah) with a capacity of 3 3.5 million gallon/day has been conducted. Similarly, establishment of PARC/NARC sub-research station at village Neela, Chakwal for demonstration of biological treatment of used-water and solid organic matter for i ntegrated farming is also under consideration. A campaign has been launched to plant fruit saplings and vegetables to cover the spaces available along road sides, green belts etc. in the urban areas including households (backyards, front-yards and other empty spaces). An urban agriculture centre is being established at NARC through public-private partnership. Research work on high density fruit orchards is also in progress at NARC and at various locations of the country. Pakistan is a major tea importer. Tea import to the tune of Rs.12 to 14 billion per annum is quite disturbing and a challenge to all concerned in Pakistan. PARC has been working to enhance

indigenous tea production in the country since 1980s. As a result of sustained efforts, the Council has established a big nursery with 1.5 million tea plants. Tea plantation has been established on more than 400 acres at farmers' fields. Farmers and NGOs' workers have been trained in tea cultivation technology. Green and black tea

processing plants of 50 kg/day and 1 ton/day capacity, respectively have been installed and private sector is being encouraged to come forward in a big way to help increase the area under tea. An MoU was signed with a local company to promote the indigenous tea production and make the country self- reliant in tea. However, more work on this project is needed to make tea cultivation a sustainable and profitable venture for the farmers. Another remarkable achievement of PARC's research and development has been the introduction of European honeybees in Pakistan in the 1980s, which made Pakistan a leading exporter of honey in the region. Now, more than 300,000 bee colonies exist in Pakistan which increased honey production from 4 kg in 1982 to 28 kg per colony per annum in 2009. We also trained around 8000 farmers in modern beekeeping. Farm Machinery Institute (FMI) under PARC has designed, developed and modified variety of farm mechanization technologies and transferred these to about 30 private sector engineering firms/companies for commercial production. The machines developed by PARC include reaper-windrowers, groundnut-diggers, paddy-threshers and sunflower-threshers. A rice

xx

transplanter has been designed, developed and introduced by PARC to suit the local socioeconomic and agro-ecological conditions. It has given satisfactory performance in rice fields of Punjab and Sindh. It is being manufactured by Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC), Taxila on commercial scale. Tractor mounted reaper-windrower, wheat drill, wheat straw chopper-cumblower and mobile seed processing units have also been recently developed and introduced. Realizing the importance of straw, FMI has developed wheat and rice clipper-cum-blower, facilitating the farmers to save the uncut and un-chopped wheat straw after combine harvesting of these crops. FMI has also introduced phosphate band placement fertilizer drill, which saves 50% fertilizer. Covering diverse socio-economic aspects of agricultural research and a wide variety of production technology packages developed by PARC research scientists, the Social Sciences discipline takes care of agri-economics, agribusiness, socio-economics, biometrics, gender development and WTO opportunities and challenges for Pakistan's agriculture. A variety of surveys and studies are conducted every year to gauge the suitability and profitability of various agricultural technologies. As a result, PARC has more than 100 off-the-shelf available technologies for immediate transfer to farmers through various mass media and technology transfer/extension channels. The new management has desired that the new technologies will be demonstrated at farmers' fields in more aggressive manner so that the technologies developed at PARC research stations disseminate fairly rapidly. PARC has already established a network of Technology Transfer Institutes (TTIs) at Faisalabad, Tandojam, Peshawar, Quetta, Gilgit and Muzaffarabad for efficient transfer of developed technologies and generated knowledge. PARC management realizes that the process of technology transfer will be successful if it is done through closed collaboration with the provincial extension departments. The emphasis is on development and dissemination of site-specific solutions and technology transfer according to local needs of the farming community. PARC has imparted training to about 15000 people (farmers, extortionists, junior scientists, technicians) through 750 organized training courses, published booklets/brochures (300), audios (160) and videos (300) programs, held exhibitions (60), seminars/workshops (70). More than 16000 farmers benefited by PARC helpline. In this age of information technology where Internet and email has become a house-hold item, PARC also inaugurated its own web site in August 2000. It contains more than 500 pages with more than 160,000 hits by visitors from over 50 countries. The web site has both English and Urdu Sections to cater the information needs of a wide variety of clientele including scientists, researchers, policy makers, planners, students as well as farmers. The site contains 25 English and more than 100 Urdu commodity papers. As mandated, PARC has maintained a

xxi

National Library for Agricultural Sciences at NARC with more than 25000 books/documents and about 1100 scientific journals. In line with the new challenges in the WTO regime PARC has established a WTO- Food and Agriculture Related Matters (WTO-FARM) Cell in 2000. The Cell has conducted more than 50 workshops and seminars in close collaboration with key stakeholders across the country to create awareness of WTO regime for food and agriculture. It has also conducted research in this area and published 10 policy research papers, a training manual and a bulletin for farmers. Council has recently obtained post-graduate degree awarding status by establishing National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS) which will teach cutting-edge knowledge to students at M.Phil and Ph.D level. PARC has registered a company, PARC Agrotech Trading Company (PATCO), to patent and commercialize the technologies, services and products developed and provided by the agricultural scientists. It has already started functioning.

xxii

SOCIAL SCIENCES AT PARC

Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) is an apex national organization working in close collaboration with other federal and provincial institutions to provide sciences based solution to agriculture of Pakistan. At present, PARC has four technical Division, plant science Division (PSD), Natural Resources Division (NRD), Animal Sciences Division (ASD) and Social Science Division (SSD). The SSD established its network of social sciences research in 1984 with creation of Agriculture Economics Research Unit (now up graded as Social Sciences Research Institutes) at provincial and federal level and one of each at AJK and Gilgit-Baltistan. The main objective of these institutes is to carry out research on socio-economic aspects relating to grass root level farmer in Pakistan a part from extending a helping arm to provincial agriculture research system. This has not only bridged the information gap on micro-level issue of farming and technology adoption but has also resulted in the development of new crop, livestock and farm machinery related technologies in the country.

The past research work of SSD focused on diagnostic surveys, monitoring technology adoption and diffusion, prioritization of agricultural research, agriculture marketing and value chain analysis, food and nutritional security, policy impacts, etc. To keep in line with the international pattern of agricultural Research, SSD has reformed its research agenda, thus gradually shifting from commodity and system based research to thematic research. The future SSD research shall revolve around themes like agricultural production and value chains, agricultural growth and poverty, agricultural policy etc. Director of Social Sciences Research Coordination The Directorate aims at effective coordination of Social Research with the PARC in house, NARS, and IRS, major objectives are. .Coordination Social Science Research with NARS and IRS. .Plan , monitor and evaluate the activities of SSD and its satellite institutes and agricultural mega project of PARC. Strategic prioritization of Social Sciences Research in collaboration with NARS and IRS. Social Science Research based knowledge management and communication.

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Social Sciences Research Institutes (SSRI)

Located in Islamabad- Faslabad-Peshawar-Quetta-Tandojam-Muzaffarabad-Gilgit.

Functions:

To identify on-farm issues and farmers research needs and translate them into research priorities for appropriate recommendation domains.

To determine the socioeconomic viability of alternative technologies to identify farm level constrains in their adoption levels and to highlight areas for policy intervention;

To guide policy design and implementation process in the perspective of overall constraints to capacity utilization of the production system and national targets of output growth, income and employments;

To guide investment in agricultural research by disciplines. Commodities, programs, agro ecological zones and target groups;

To develop public private partnership for accelerating pace of commercialization of agricultural technologies.

To develop public private partnership for accelerating pace of commercialization of agricultural technology.

xxiv

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF SOCIAL SECIENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, TANDO JAM

The Social Science Research Institute (SSRI) has established by the Pakistan Agriculture Research council of the Ministry of Food , Agriculture and livestock (MINFAL) Government of Pakistan. The Technology Transfer Institute (SSRI) was established in July 2002 by upgrading and expanding the mandate of Agricultural Economics Research Unit (AERU). The AERU had been functioning in Tandojam since 1986.Appreciating the vital role of technology transfer in over all Agricultural development. The PARC, under its Social Sciences Division, established seven SSRIs by upgrading the AERU in all four provinces and AJK. A new SSRI was established for northern areas at Gilgit. The SSRI at national Agricultural Research Center (NARC) had been already operational. At PARC, Deputy Director General (SSRI) supervisor and coordinates the activities of all the SSRIs. Each SSRI has a Socioeconomics Research Unit (SERU) and Technology Transfer Unit (TTU).

Mandate of SSRI

It has a direct role and significant contributions in the Agriculture Research endeavors of the province.

It identifies priority research areas.

It plans, coordinates and conducts research in different disciplines of the Agricultural Social Sciences with close collaboration of biological scientists.

It addresses their problems in investigating

Socioeconomic feasibility of new

technologies and identifies constraints in relation to their adoption at the farm level.

xxv

Goals and Objectives

To provide feedback from on-farm research to help establish priorities for research

To adopt disciplinary approach to undertake research on priority areas/issues.

To conduct farm level research to diagnose factor limiting crop productivity and evaluate alternative technologies for overcoming these limiting factor.

To arrange training workshops to train biological and socioeconomic tools and microcomputer package.

social scientists in different

To create awareness among the stakeholders, farmers about the tested technologies developed by the research institutes through different dissemination techniques.

SSRI Mission

To promote the use of technology and continually improves the agricultural products for the benefit of our farmers, extension, lecture and student and keeps them abreast with struggle in the global society.

SSRI value

We can also focus on new technology of agricultural product and expand the excellent and new technologies. Our qualified and experienced work must enhance their confidence and trust in us.

xxvi

RESPONSIBILITIES OF STUDENT

I completed my internship at Social Science Research Institute (SSRI) Tando Jam. During internship assignment entitled Economic Analysis of Synthetic Fertilizer Use in Wheat Crop assigned to me by Director SSRI, Tando Jam. The above assignment was competed with following methodology.

Methodology

The study was conducted through primary data collection from growers of Wheat cropping year 2013. A survey methodology used to collect primary data because it is commonly used in the field of social sciences. Survey methodology provides the plan for the study and overall framework for collected data. Survey design is an effective way to measure responses on fairly easy fashion as it uses well developed questionnaire. The methodology includes data source, study area, data collection and data analysis procedure. Finally, it ends up with the farm cost calculation of crop production.

Data source The data source of this study consists of primary sources. The primary data was collected from the wheat growers though the well structured pre-tested questionnaire. Data was collected during the cropping year 2012-13. With the questionnaire of growers, information was collected about synthetic fertilizer use in wheat crop.

Study Area

The research work was conducted in district of Hyderabad Wheat cropping zone of Sindh. The selection of growers has been carried out based on the criteria that they had synthetic fertilizer use in wheat crop.

xxvii

Data collection procedure

The data was collected from, wheat growing areas of Tando Jam (Hyderabad). Which was selected and identified with the help of local wheat growers, and growers was randomly selected and interviewed. The total 25 wheat growers were determined as a sample size. The interview with growers was carried out personally, which allowed very detailed insights in wheat growers in the target areas. The interview of wheat growers was carried out during the mo nth of February 2013. Each interview with growers took approximately 30 minutes.

Data analysis procedure

The data is analysis with the help of Statistical Package for Social Scientists Software (SPSS). This software I analysis frequency, minimum, maximum, mean and standard division.

Total revenue

Total revenue is the total money received from the sale of any given quantity of output. The total revenue is calculated by taking the price of the sale times the quantity sold. (Total revenue = price x quantity) Total Cost

Total cost is the sum of the fixed cost and total variable cost for an given wheat cost of production. For example land preparation, seed, fertilizer, harvesting, threshing and irrigation cost.

Net Profit

Profit calculated by gross income minus expenses. (Gross income cost of production = net profit.

xxviii

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC FERTILIZER USE IN WHEAT CROP

Introduction of Wheat Crop Wheat occupies a pivotal position in the Agricultural Economy of Pakistan. It is the most important food of our country and accounts for 75% of total food grain production and covers the largest area (8.4 m ha) under any crop in Pakistan. Wheat is the most important grain and a staple food for more than one third of the world population. It is sown on 220 million hectares around the world with 564.6 million tons production, an average of 2500 kg grain per hectare. China sown wheat on around 30 million hectares, followed by the Russian Federation; India, the USA, Australia, Canada, Turkey and Pakistan. As far as the highest yield is concerned France in Europe produces 7200 kg per hectare as it has much longer growing season of winter wheat. It is also a staple food crop of Pakistan, and accounts for nearly 36 per cent of the total cropped area, 30 per cent of the value added by major crops and 76 per cent of the total production of food grains. Pakistan made an important breakthrough last year by not only achieving selfsufficiency in wheat production, but by also being able to become a wheat exporting country. Among the wheat producing country, Pakistan stands at 10th place in terms of area (8.5 million hectares) and 59th in terms of yield (21.0 m ton) annually. The production of wheat per acre differs from area to area and farm to farm as some allied and supporting factors have to be taken into account, while calculating yield. Weather and the availability of the irrigation water through canals also contribute to the yield. The average per acre yield of wheat is estimated between 20 and 25 maunds and above it needs an extra effort as well as natural supporting factors.

In Sindh wheat was cultivated on 1482.2 hectares and is likely to produce 3.733 million tons against the set target of 3.5 million tons. Wheat was cultivated on 757.9 hectares in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and is likely to produce 1.211m tons against the set target of 1.5 million tons. Wheat was cultivated on 394.0 thousand hectares in Balochistan and is likely to produce 0.744m tons against the set target of 0.8 million tons. An official of the Food Security and Research Ministry said that though the target of 25 million tons of wheat production seems not to be achieved still over 24 million tons would be enough for the whole year as Pakistans annual wheat consumption is around 21.7 million tons. The government estimates wheat production amounting to 24.02 million tons this year fairly sufficing countrys annual requirement of noting less than 24 million tons, an official told Online on Saturday. However, he informed that there was no risk of shortage of the commodity

in the country as the sufficient stock of carry forward available collectively with the provincial and federal government. The official underlined the fact; net production is fell down slightly against its target of 25 million tons due to certain factors and the major reasons are shortage of fertilizers and water scarcity. Wheat harvesting is going to start from mid April in Sindh and in the end of this month or in the beginning of next month in Punjab, the federal secretary said, adding that this year wheat requirement is expected to remain about 24 million tons in the country. While talking to Online Muhammad Ibrahim Mughal, Chairman of Agri Forum Pakistan said that wheat production target was set 25 million tons for this year but the output could be around 23 to 23.5 million tons. Introduction of Fertilize The fertilizer sector in Pakistan has experienced policy shifts and changes in the management of its domestic production, import, and distribution system. There were times when government controlled fertilizer retail prices and was directly or indirectly engaged in fertilizer production, import, and distribution. As a result of reforms that were initiated in 1986 and completed by 1995, subsidies on sales prices of fertilizers were eliminated; the reforms disbanded provincial distribution organizations and the Fertilizer Imports Directorate (FID) in the federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MINFA).

Domestic production of various fertilizers, in terms of nutrients, has increased from 1.790 million tons in 1995/96 to 3.082 million tons in 2009/10, an overall increase of 72 percent. The production of all nutrients is reported to have expanded, but the major contribution comes from the expansion in production of the 2 most widely used fertilizers in Pakistan: urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP). The National Fertilizer Development Centre (NFDC) reported that urea production has risen from 3.258 million tons to 5.155 million tons in the period under study. In 1995/96, Pakistan had no facilities for producing DAP, the main source of phosphorus nutrients in the country; that same year, total nutrient imports were 734,000 tons. In 2009/10, Pakistan imported 1.444 million tons of nutrients, including 901,000 tons of nitrogen and 522,000 tons of phosphorus. The share of domestic production in the total annual supply of fertilizer nutrients (ranging from 67 to 84 percent) averaged 74 percent in the period studied (1996 2010). In the case of nitrogen, domestic production has accounted for 87 percent of its total supply. Fertilizer Prices A number of domestic and international developments affected fertilizer prices. These included the rising prices of energy and natural gas, which resulted in higher costs for fertilizer

production and transportation. Higher costs led in turn to increased reliance on imports to meet burgeoning demand for fertilizers and reluctance on the part of the government to increase commodity prices in line with international prices. Moreover, in the wake of deregulation of the fertilizer sector and the elimination of subsidies, fertilizer prices in the second half of the last decade rose rapidly.
(Sources: NFDC 2008 and 2011.)

Historical Developments in the Fertilizer Sector Local fertilizer production in Pakistan began in 1957 in the public sector with small-scale production units for ammonium sulfate and single super phosphate.5 Two private-sector urea plants commenced production in 1968 (Engro Chemicals Pakistan Limited) and 1971 (Dawood Hercules). The private companies had their own network of dealers for marketing their products. The government nationalized fertilizer marketing and distribution in 1973, setting up provincial distribution agencies for fertilizer marketing. Engro was allowed to continue to market all of its production. Initially, Dawood Hercules was allowed to market only 50 percent, but in 1978, it was granted permission to market all of its production. The National Fertilizer Corporation (NFC), a public organization, set up new fertilizer plants, managed existing public-sector fertilizer manufacturing units, and marketed their production. NFC set up two urea plants in 1980, one at Mirpur Mathelo in Sindh and the other at Haripur in KPK. NFC also expanded the capacity of its existing plants and added new production units. Notwithstanding its efforts to augment domestic production, NFC was unable to meet rapidly expanding fertilizer demand. Accordingly, in 1982, Fauji Fertilizer Company was granted permission to establish a urea plant at Machhi Goth, in Sindh.

Objectives: To estimate share of different fertilizers used by farmers. To estimate impact of price change on use of fertilizer To calculate the cost of profitability of fertilizer use in wheat crop.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Jeiran Eyvazi et al., (2010) studies Increased use of fertilizer nitrogen (N) in agricultural production continues to raise concerns, because of the risk of surplus N leaving the plant-soil system and thereby causing environmental contamination. Therefore, decreasing nitrate leaching from crop production fields, such as in wheat fields, is of considerable importance. Against this backdrop, a field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of pellet fertilizer, produced by mixing urea and dry cow dung manure, on wheat yield and its components. The study was carried out, during the 2007-2008 wheat-growing season, at the experimental farm of Zanjan Agricultural Research Center in Iran. The experimental layout was a randomized complete block design replicated four times. The pellet fertilizer was produced by mixing urea (50, 100 and 150kg N/ha) with dry cow dung (100, 200 and 300 kg/ha i.e. twice the rate of urea). The mixture was ground and compressed by closed die method at three levels (167, 223 and 279 mp) of compressive forces, giving a total of ten treatments including; treatments nine of pellet fertilizer plus a control treatment with 150kg N ha-1. The biological yield, grain yield, number of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike, grain weight, harvest index, and grain protein content was calculated. Treatment T7 significantly produced better harvest index, higher number of spikes/m2, highest 1000 grain weight, the maximum biological yield, the maximum grain yield and highest grain protein content per hectare. The use of pellet fertilizer is therefore a better alternative to uncoated urea due to its slow and continuous nutrient release for plant uptake at different stages of its growth. Abdur Rashid et al., (2010) the study was to determine optimum and economical level of fertilizer for wheat cultivation in rainfed regions. The study comprised seven rates of NP fertilizer i.e control (T1), 25-0 kg (T2), 0-25 kg (T3), 25-25 kg (T4), 50-25 kg (T5), 75-50 kg (T6) and 10050 kg per hectare (T7) arranged in a RCBD with four replications. The data recorded on wheat grain yield and components showed that all NP levels significantly increased the number of tillers, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields as against control treatment. The data further showed linear increase in different parameters of wheat with increasing fertilizer levels upto 5025 kg NP per hectare but further increment of fertilizer inhibited the physiological growth of crop which ultimately suppressed grain yield. The highest grain yield (2450 kg/ ha) was obtained with 50-25 kg NP showing 71 percent increase over control treatment (1435 kg). The inhibiting effect of higher NP doses on yield and yield components might be attributed to the scarcity of moisture in rainfed regions. Economic analysis showed that net income from increased yield of wheat over control ranged from Rs.1407 to Rs.5686/- per hectare. Maximum net income (Rs.5686/-) with 7.01 cost benefit ratio was obtained with 50-25 kg. Thus, level of 50-25 kg NP per hectare can be recommended as an economical rate of fertilizer for growing of wheat under rainfed condition.

Paul Hepperly et al., (2009) studied from 1993 to 2001, a maize-vegetable-wheat rotation was compared using either 1) composts, 2) manure, or 3) synthetic fertilizer for nitrogen nutrient input. From 1993 to1998, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were used as an annual winter legume cover crop prior to maize production. From 1999 to 2001, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) served as the legume green manure nitrogen (N) source for maize. In this rotation, wheat depended entirely on residual N that remained in the soil after maize and vegetable (pepper and potato) production. Vegetables received either compost, manure, or fertilizer N inputs. Raw dairy manure stimulated the highest overall maize yields of 7,395 kg/ha (approximately 140 bushels per acre). This exceeded the Berks County mean yield of about 107 bushels per acre from 1994 to 2001. When hairy vetch replaced clover as the winter green manure cover crop, maize yields rose in three of the four treatments (approximately 500-1,300 kg/ha, or 10-24 bu/a). Hairy vetch cover cropping also resulted in a 9-25 % increase in wheat yields in the compost treatments compared to clover cover cropping. Hairy vetch cover crops increased both maize and wheat grain protein contents

about 16 to 20% compared to the clover cover crop. Compost was superior to conventional synthetic fertilizer and raw dairy manure in 1) building soil nutrient levels, 2) providing residual nutrient support to wheat production, and 3) reducing nutrient losses to ground and surface waters.

FAO (2004) studied the fertilizer sector has been privatized and deregulated. Farm price subsidies have been eliminated and prices decontrolled. Almost ninety percent of fertilizers are distributed by the private sector through a network of some 8 000 dealers. A large amount of data is available on crop responses to fertilizer and the use of fertilizers has been found to be profitable on all crops. Most of the fertilizer is used on irrigated wheat, cotton, sugar cane and rice. On these crops the nitrogen application rate is close to 80 percent of the recommendations, compared with about 40 percent or less, depending on the crop, in the case of phosphate. Scarcely two percent of farmers apply potash; the quantities used are applied to fruit and vegetable crops and sugar cane. Micronutrient deficiencies are common but less than five percent of the farmers apply micronutrient fertilizers. Total food crop production in Pakistan increased from 10 million tonnes in 1970/71 to about 25 million tonnes in 2002/03. Fertilizer consumption increased 13-fold during the same period, to reach three million tonnes of total nutrients. However, the use of nutrients is unbalanced. The current N:P2O5:K2O ratio is 1:0.28:0.01. Growth in food production and hence in fertilizer use will continue due to investments in irrigation projects and increased food demand. What needs to be done is known but not implemented. Fertilization practice is far from the recommendations with consequent loss of yield, financial waste and environmental contamination.

Muhammad Tahir et al., (2004) Evaluation of the effect of use of N.P. fertilizer in different ratios on the yield of wheat crop was investigated at farmers fields at chak No. 2 JB during 20022003 and at chak No. 70 RB, Faisalabad during 2003-2004. In all the five treatments nitrogen was applied @ 128 kg ha-1 whereas the phosphorus was applied @ 32, 42, 84, 96 and 128 kg ha-1, respectively. Maximum number of productive tillers m-2, number of grains per spike- 1, 1000-grain weight and grain yield ha-1 were recorded and observed. All these parameters significantly maximum in the treatment where N and P ratio was 1:1 (i.e. 128 kg ha-1) and significantly lowest in the treatment where this ratio was 4:1 (i.e. N 128 kg ha-1 and P 32 kg ha1). Different phosphorus levels affect significantly to the yield components of wheat.

Wahab (2003) reported the results obtained from Demonstration Plots laid out in various districts of the former Punjab. In the case of wheat (irrigated), the results were highly significant for all the fertilizers. The increased yield ranged from 3 to 6 maunds of wheat per acre for 30 pounds of nitrogen. At the then prevailing prices of fertilizer and wheat even an increase of 3 manunds was economical.

Ministry of Food and Agriculture (3) conducted a survey on the use of fertilizer in Pakistan and reported that in West Pakistan largest number of cultivators applied fertilizer to wheat. The increase in yield due to fertilizer use was 28.8 percent. Financial return per rupee spent on fertilizer was reported to be 2.8 rupees at 40 percent subsidy. The method employed for determining increase in yield due to the use of fertilizer, however, seemed to be very unsatisfactory. The farmers were asked to report the yield of fertilized and unfertilized portions of a crop separately. Since the did not harvest the treated and untreated crop separately, the could not possibly have known accurately the yields separately. The sampling of villages in a district and that of farmers in a village, being all by randomization, was very defective in the presence of heterogeneous conditions prevailing.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1: Education Level of Selected Respondents: Figure: 1

Figure 1 shows the educational level of wheat farmers. Results indicate that majority 32% farmers had education level of primary. Likewise there were 28% matriculated and intermediate each. The remaining about 12% farmers were recorded illiterate in the study area. Conclusively about seven eighth of the farmers were literate, and one eighth were illiterate. This means is farmers in the study area can read and write. Table 1: Age of Respondent: Year 2011-12 Total N 25 25 Minimum 21 21 Maximum 57 57 Mean 39.3 39.3 Std. Deviation 11.3 11.3

Table shows that the minimum 21 year age of respondent and maximum 57 year old with the an average of 39.9 year old of respondents respectively in the study area.

Table 2: Tenancy Status: N Owner Tenant Total 23 2 25 Percent 92 8 100

The share croppers are not involved in purchase of inputs and marketing of crop output. This is usually left to the landlord or his kamdar. The tenants share of grain food crops is paid in kind, out of which some may be sold if they have surplus. The most common share cropping contract requires the tenant to bear the 50 percent costs of seeds, fertilizer and pesticides. In return the tenant receives 50 percent share in the crop output. Data present in table 4 indicate that, a majority 92 percent of the respondents were land owners and remaining only 8 percent were tenants.

Table 3: Irrigation Method: N Tube well Canal-Tube well Total 18 7 25 Percent 72 28 100

The results show that the growers used different sources such as tube well and canal to provide irrigation. Tube well is mostly use because in the study area of scarcity of canal water. The source of irrigation was examined and found that majority 72 percent respondents used tube well and 28 percent used tube well plus canal as shown in table 3.

Table 4: Wheat Area: Year 2011-12 2012-13 Total N 25 25 50 Minimum 3 4 3 Maximum 20 25 25 Mean 8.2 8.7 8.4 Std. Deviation 4.2 4.6 4.3

The table shows that in the cropping year 20d11-12 the minimum 3 wheat acre and maximum 20 acre was recorded with an average of 8.2 with a variation of 4.2 acre were recorded. Similarly the cropping year 2012-13 was minimum 4 acre and maximum 25 acre holding with the an average of 8.7 acre with a variation 4.3 was recorded in the study area.

Table 5: Tractor hours

Year 201112 Tractor per acre hours Tractor per hours price Total Tractor Hours price Tractor per acre hours Tractor per hours price Total Tractor Hours price Tractor per acre hours Tractor per hours price Total Tractor Hours price

Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation 25 4 7 5.40 .81 25 1,000 1,200 1,060 81.6 25 4,000 7,700 5,740 1,059.4 25 4 25 1,100 25 4,400 50 4 50 1,000 50 4,000 6 1,200 7,200 7 1,200 7,700 4.9 .81 1,168 47.6 5,744 9,57.8 5.1 .84 1,114 85.7 5,742 999.6

201213

Overall

Table shows that in the previous year 2011-12 the minimum tractor hours of 4 and maximum 7 hours per acre were recorded with an average of 5.40 hours with a variation of 0.81 tractor hour per acre. Similarly the per unit price of tractor hour was minimum Rs. 1,000 and maximum Rs. 1,200 with the average value of Rs. 1,060 per hour of tractor was recorded. However minimum Rs. 4,000 and maximum Rs. 7,700 with an average cost of Rs. 5,740 per acre were recorded.

In the present year 2012-13 the minimum tractor hours of 4 and maximum 6 hours per acre were recorded with an average of 4.9 hours with a variation of 0.81 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of tractor hour was minimum Rs. 1,100 and maximum Rs. 1,200 with the average value of Rs. 1,168 per tractor hour was recorded. However per acre cost of minimum Rs. 4,400 and maximum Rs. 7,200 with an average cost of Rs. 5,744 per acre were recorded.

The overall results revealed that minimum tractor hours of 4 and maximum 7 per acre hours were recorded with an average of 5.1 hours with a variation of 0.84 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of tractor hour was minimum Rs. 1,000 and maximum Rs. 1,200 with the average value of Rs. 1,114 per tractor hour was recorded. Moreover minimum Rs. 4,000 and maximum Rs. 7,700 with an average cost of Rs. 5,742 per acre with a price variation of Rs. 999.6 were recorded.

In conclusion, results indicate that the tractor hour for the land preparation of wheat crop the current year was less than the previous year. Likewise the cost per tractor hour in the present year was greater than the previous year.

Table 6: Seed Used in per acre:

Year 201112 Seed kg / acre Seed kg price / acre Total Seed kg Price 2012Seed kg / acre 13 Seed kg price / acre Total Seed kg Price Overall Seed kg / acre Seed kg price / acre Total Seed kg Price

N 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 50 50

Minimum Maximum 60 1,400 1,800 60 1,600 2,380 60 1,400 1,800 80 2,200 3,520 80 2,400 3,840 80 2,400 3,840

Mean 73.0 1,718.0 2,499.2 70.6 2,060.0 2,882.4 71.8 1,889.0 2,690.8

Std. Deviation 7.9 217.4 357.6 8.0 261.4 308.2 8.0 294.0 383.0

The table shows that In the cropping year 2011-12 the minimum per acre seed quantity 60kg and maximum 80kg per acre was recorded with an average of 73kg with a variation of 7.1kg per acre. Similarly the per unit price of seed kg was minimum Rs. 1,400 and maximum Rs. 2,200 with the an average value of Rs. 1,718 price seed per acre was recorded. However the minimum overall seed price Rs. 1,800 and maximum Rs. 3,520 with an average cost of Rs.2,499 per acre was recorded in the study area.

In the cropping year 2012-13 the minimum seed quantity 60kg and maximum seed quantity 80kg of per acre was recorded with an average of 70.6kg seed quantity with a variation 8.0. Similarly the per unit seed quantity price was minimum Rs. 16,00 and maximum Rs. 2,400 with the average value of Rs. 2,060 per acre seed quantity was recorded. However the overall seed quantity price was minimum Rs. 2,380 and maximum Rs. 3,840 with an average cost of Rs. 2,882 per acre were recorded.

The overall results revealed that minimum seed quantity of per acre 60kg and maximum 80kg was recorded with an average of 71.8kg with a variation of 8.0kg per acre. Similarly the per unit seed quantity price was minimum Rs. 1,400 and maximum Rs. 2,400 with the an average value of Rs. 1,889 per acre was recorded. Moreover the overall seed quantity price

minimum Rs. 1,800 and maximum Rs. 3,840 with an average cost of Rs. 2,690 per acre with a price variation of Rs. 383 were recorded respectively in the study area.

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Table 7: Per Acre DAP Applied in the Study Area

2011-12

2012-13

Overall

Year Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total Cost Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total Cost Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total Cost

N 19 19 19 25 25 25 44 44 44

Minimum 1 3800 3800 1 4000 4000 1 3800 3800

Maximum 2 4400 6300 1 4200 4200 2 4400 6300

Mean 1.03 4068.42 4178.95 1.00 4092.00 4092.00 1.01 4081.82 4129.55

Std. Deviation .115 178.894 542.964 .000 85.000 85.000 .075 132.547 359.638

In the previous year 2011-12 the minimum quantity of 1 DAP bag and maximum 2 bags per acre were recorded with an average of 1.3 bags with a variation of 0.1 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of DAP bag was minimum Rs. 3,800 and maximum Rs. Rs.4,400 with the average value of Rs. 4,068 per bag was recorded. However minimum Rs. 3,800 and maximum Rs. 6,300 with an average cost of Rs. 4,178 per acre were recorded.

In the present year 2012-13 the minimum and maximum 1 bag quantity of per acre were recorded with an average of 1.0 bag per acre. Similarly the per unit price of DAP bag was minimum Rs. 4,000 and maximum Rs. 4,200 with the average value of Rs. 4,092 per bag was recorded. However minimum Rs. 4,000 and maximum Rs. 4,200 with an average cost of Rs. 4,092 per acre were recorded.

The overall results revealed that minimum quantity of 1 bag and maximum 2 bags per acre were recorded with an average of 1.0 bag with a variation of 0.7 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of DAP bag was minimum Rs. 3,800 and maximum Rs. Rs.4,400 with the average value of Rs. 4,081 per bag was recorded. Moreover minimum Rs. 3,800 and maximum Rs. 6,300 with an average cost of Rs. 4,129 per acre with a price variation of Rs. 395.6 were recorded.

In conclusion, results indicate that the quantity used in the current year was greater than the previous year. Likewise the cost per acre of DAP in the previous year was greater than the present.

11

Table 8: Per Acre Urea Applied in the Study Area

Year 2011-12 Quantity Per Bag Price Per Bag Total Cost 2012-13 Quantity Per Bag Price Per Bag Total Cost Overall Quantity Per Bag Price Per Bag Total Cost N 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 Minimum 2.0 1,700.0 3,400.0 2.0 1,750.0 3,500.0 2.0 1,700.0 3,400.0 Maximum 4.0 2,200.0 8,800.0 3.0 2,000.0 6,000.0 4.0 2,200.0 8,800.0 Mean 3.2 1,796.4 5,716.0 2.6 1,816.0 4,720.0 2.9 1,806.2 5,218.0 SD .7 128.6 1,495.0 .5 74.6 921.6 .7 104.5 1,328.1

In the previous year 2011-12 the minimum quantity of 2 bags and maximum 4 bags per acre were recorded with an average of 3.2 bags with a variation of 0.7 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of urea bag was minimum Rs. 1,700 and maximum Rs. 2,200 with the average value of Rs. 1,796 per bag was recorded. However minimum Rs. 3,400 and maximum Rs. 8,800 with an average cost of Rs. 5,716 per acre were recorded.

In the present year 2012-13 the minimum quantity of 2 bags and maximum 3 bags per acre were recorded with an average of 2.6 bags with a variation of 0.5 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of urea bag was minimum Rs. 1,750 and maximum Rs. 2,000 with the average value of Rs. 1,816 per bag was recorded. However minimum Rs. 3,500 and maximum Rs. 6,000 with an average cost of Rs. 4,720 per acre were recorded.

The overall results revealed that minimum quantity of 2 bags and maximum 4 bags per acre were recorded with an average of 2.9 bags with a variation of 0.7 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of urea bag was minimum Rs. 1,700 and maximum Rs. 2,200 with the average value of Rs. 1,806 per bag was recorded. Moreover minimum Rs. 3,400 and maximum Rs. 8,800 with an average cost of Rs. 5,218 per acre with a price variation of Rs. 1,328 were recorded.

In conclusion, results indicate that the quantity used in the current year was less than the previous year. Likewise the cost per acre of urea in the previous year was greater than the present.

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Table 9: Per Acre NP Applied in the Study Area

Year 201112 Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total Cost 2012Quantity Per acre 13 Price per bag Total Cost Overall Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total Cost

N 25 23 23 25 11 11 50 34 34

Minimum Maximum 1 1,900 1,900 1 2,700 2,700 1 1,900 1,900 2 2,900 5,200 1 2,800 2,800 2 2,900 5,200

Mean .6 1,491.3 1,604.3 .4 2,750.0 2,750.0 .52 1,898.5 1,975.0

Std. Deviation .5 1,241.6 1,448.3 .5 44.7 44.7 .5 1,177.1 1,301.9

The table shows that in the previous year 2011-12 the minimum quantity of 1 bag of NP and maximum 2 bags per acre were recorded with an average of .6 with a variation of 0.5 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of NP bag was minimum Rs. 1,900 and maximum Rs. 2,900 with the average value of Rs. 1,491 per bag was recorded. However minimum Rs. 1,900 and maximum Rs. 5,200 with an average cost of Rs. 1,604 per acre were recorded.

In the present year 2012-13 the minimum and maximum quantity of 1 bag of NP per acre were recorded with an average of 0.4 with a variation of 0.5 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of NP bag was minimum Rs. 2,700 and maximum Rs. 2,800 with the average value of Rs. 2,750per bag was recorded. However minimum Rs. 2,700 and maximum Rs. 2,800 with an average cost of Rs. 2,750 per acre were recorded.

The overall results revealed that minimum quantity of NP 1 bag and maximum 2 bags per acre were recorded with an average of .52with a variation of 0.5 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of NP bag was minimum Rs. 1,900 and maximum Rs. 2,900 with the average value of Rs. 1,898 per bag was recorded. Moreover minimum Rs. 1,900 and maximum Rs. 5,200 with an average cost of Rs. 1,975 per acre with a price variation of Rs. 1,301 were recorded. In conclusion, results indicate that the quantity of NP used in the current year was greater than the previous year. Likewise the cost per acre of NP bag in the present year was greater than the previous. Most of the farmer used of NP bag in wheat crop because urea bag price greater than the NP bag.

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Table 10: Per Acre weeds Applied in the Study Area

2011-12

2012-13

Overall

Year Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total Cost Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total Cost Quantity Per acre Price per bag Total Cost

N 14 15 14 15 15 15 29 30 29

Minimum 1 400 400 1 650 650 1 400 400

Maximum 1 1000 1000 1 950 950 1 1000 1000

Mean 1.00 723.33 732.14 1.00 838.67 838.67 1.00 781.00 787.24

Std. Deviation .000 157.963 160.057 .000 79.270 79.270 .000 136.087 134.055

The table shows that in the cropping year 2011-12 the minimum and maximum quantity of 1 bag of weeds with an average of 1 per acre were recorded. Similarly the per unit price of weeds bag was minimum Rs. 400 and maximum Rs. 1,000 with the average value of Rs. 723.3 per bag was recorded. However the total cost minimum Rs. 400 and maximum Rs. 1,000 with an average cost of Rs. 732 per acre was recorded respectively in the study area.

In the cropping year 2012-13 the minimum and maximum quantity of 1 bag of weeds per acre were recorded with an average of 1 bag per acre was recorded. Similarly the per unit price of weeds bag was minimum Rs.650 and maximum Rs. 950 with the average value of Rs. 838 per acre bag was recorded.

The overall results revealed that minimum and maximum quantity of weeds 1 bag per acre were recorded with an average of 1 bag per acre. Similarly the per unit price of weeds bag was minimum Rs. 400 and maximum Rs. 1,000 with the average value of Rs. 781 per bag was recorded. Moreover the overall cost minimum Rs. 400 and maximum Rs. 1000 with an average cost of Rs. 787.2 per acre with a price variation of Rs. 134 were recorded in the study area.

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Table 11: Harvesting Charges

Year 2011-12

2012-13

Total

Quantity (Mds) Price /40kg Total Cost /acre Quantity (Mds) Price /40kg Total Cost /acre Quantity (Mds) Price /40kg Total Cost /acre

N 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 50 50

Minimum 2 900 1800 2 1100 3300 2 900 1800

Maximum 2 1,050 2,100 3 1200 3600 3 1200 3600

Mean 2.10 954.80 1,809.0 2.5 1148.00 3444.00 2.55 1051.40 2776.80

Std. Deviation .00 38.09 180.54 .50 39.47 118.42 .47 104.86 751.36

The above table shows that for the cropping year 2011-12 the minimum and maximum harvesting charges were given as yield quantity about 80kgs per acre with an average of 2.10mds1 with a variation of 0.20 per acre. Similarly the per 40kg price of wheat grain was minimum Rs.900 and maximum Rs. 1,050 with the average of Rs.954.80 per 40kg . However the minimum price paid for harvesting wheat was Rs.1,800 and maximum Rs. 2,100 per acre with an average cost of Rs. 1,809 per acre was reported. For the cropping year 2012-13 the minimum harvesting charges were given about 2mds and maximum 3mds per acre, with an average of 2.5mds per acre. Similarly the minimum per 40kg price was Rs. 1,100 and maximum Rs. 1,200 with an average value of Rs. 1,148 per 40kg was recorded. However the minimum per acre cost incurred Rs. 3,300 and maximum Rs. 3,600 with an average of Rs. 3,444 per acre were recorded respectively in the study area. The overall results unveil that minimum quantity given for harvesting was 2mds and maximum 3mds per acre, with an average of 2.55 0.47 40kg per acre. Similarly the per 40kg value was minimum Rs. 900 and maximum Rs. 1,200 with the average value of Rs. 1,051 per 40kg was recorded. Moreover minimum Rs. 1,800 and maximum Rs. 3,600 with an average cost of Rs. 2,776 per acre price was recorded for harvesting in the study area.

Mds is a local term used for measuring yield, which is equal to 40kg

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Table 12: Threshing Charges

Year 2011-12 2012-13 Overall Price per /40kg Total cost per acre Price per /40kg Total cost per acre Price per /40kg Total cost per acre

N 25 25 25 25 50 50

Minimum Maximum 115 4200 120 5040 115 4200 120 5400 120 6240 120 6240

Mean 119.60 4701.40 120.00 5640.00 119.80 5170.70

Std. Deviation 1.384 279.976 .000 285.657 .990 550.543

The above table-12 reveals per acre threshing cost. Results indicate that in the cropping year 2011-12 threshing cost per 40kg ranged from Rs.115-120, and for the cropping year 201213 wheat threshing cost per 40kg was constant Rs.120. However the overall threshing cost per 40kg ranged from minimum Rs.115 and maximum Rs.120. However the average threshing cost in cropping year 2011-12 was Rs.119 and for the cropping year 2012-2013 the average of threshing cost per 40kg was Rs.120 respectively in the study area.

Moreover for

the cropping year 2011-12 the minimum cost incurred for threshing was

Rs.4,200 and maximum Rs. 5,400 per acre. Similarly for the cropping year 2012-13 the threshing cost per acre was minimum Rs.5,040 and maximum Rs.6,240. However the overall threshing cost ranged from Rs.4,200 to Rs.6,240 per acre. Hence the average overall threshing cost per acre incurred was Rs.5,170.70 in the study area respectively.

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Table 13: Usage of irrigation

Year 201112 No. irrigation Cost Total Cost 2012No. irrigation 13 Cost Total Cost Overall No. of irrigation Cost Total Cost

N 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 50 50

Minimum Maximum 4 300 1200 4 400 1600 4 300 1200

Mean

5 4.44 500 350.00 2000 1548.00 5 4.52 450 422.00 2250 1910.00 5 4.48 500 386.00 2250 1729.00

Std. Deviation .507 47.871 229.801 .510 25.331 264.181 .505 52.528 305.743

The table-13 shows that in the cropping year 2011-12 the minimum quantity of 4 No. of irrigation and maximum 5 No. of Irrigation per acre were recorded with an average of 4.4 with a variation of 0.5 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of irrigation was minimum Rs. 300 and maximum Rs. 500 with the average value of Rs. 350 per acre was recorded. However the total cost of irrigation minimum Rs. 1,200 and maximum Rs. 2,000 with an average cost of Rs. 1,548 per acre were recorded.

In the cropping year 2012-13 the minimum quantity of 4 No. of irrigation and maximum 5 No. of Irrigation per acre were recorded with an average of 4.52 with a variation of 0.5 per acre. Similarly the per unit price of irrigation was minimum Rs. 400 and maximum Rs. 450 with the average value of Rs. 422 per acre was recorded. However the total cost of irrigation

minimum Rs. 1,600 and maximum Rs. 2,250 with an average cost of Rs. 1,010 per acre were recorded in the study area.

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Table 14: Per acre yield / 40kg

Year 201112 Yield / 40kg Price /40kg Gross Income (Rs.) Yield / 40kg Price / 40kg Gross Income (Rs.) Yield / 40kg Price / 40kg Gross Income (Rs.)

N 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 50 50

Minimum Maximum 35 900 33,250 42 1,100 48,300 35 900 33,250

Mean

45 39.32 1,050 954.80 43,650 37,548.00 52 47.00 1,200 1,148.00 59,800 53,930.00 52 43.16 1,200 1,051.40 59,800 45,739.00

Std. Deviation 2.47 38.09 2,875.88 2.38 39.47 2,805.12 4.56 104.86 8,738.80

201213

Overall

Table shows per acre yield and gross income acquired by farmers. Hence the results indicate that for the cropping year 2011-12 per acre yield ranged from 35-45 mds, and for cropping year 2012-13 wheat yields ranged from 42 to 52 mds per acre. Similarly overall yield ranged from minimum 35 to maximum 52 mds per acre. However the average yield obtained by farmer in 2011-12 was 39.32 mds and for 2012-13 the average yield obtained was 47 mds. Whereas the average overall yield was 43.16 mds were recorded.

Moreover results further indicate that in the cropping year 2011-12 price per 40kg ranged from Rs.900-1,050, and for the cropping year 2012-13 wheat price per 40kg ranged from Rs.1,100-1,200. However the overall price per 40kg ranged from minimum Rs.900 and maximum Rs.1,200 was recorded. However the average price obtained by farmer in 2011-12 was Rs.954.80 and for the cropping year 2012-2013 the average of price per 40kg obtained by farmer was Rs.1,148 in the study area.

However the per acre gross income received by farmer in the cropping year 2011-12 was minimum Rs.33,250 and maximum Rs. 43,650. Similarly for the year 2012-13 the farmer received per acre gross income minimum Rs.48,300 and maximum Rs.59,800. However the overall gross income received by farmer ranged from Rs.33,250-59,800 per acre. Henceforth the average overall gross income was Rs.45,739 per acre in the study area.

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Table 15: Per acre cost of production and share of inputs in rupees

Tractor Seed DAP Urea NP Share of fertilizer Harvesting Threshing Irrigation Total

2011-12 Cost Share 5,740 20% 2,499 9% 4,302 15% 5,716 20% 1,604 6% 11,622 41% 1,809 6% 4701 17% 1,848 7% 28,219 100%

2012-13 Cost Share 5,744 18% 2,882 9% 4,092 13% 4,720 15% 2,750 9% 11,562 37% 2,244 11% 5640 18% 2,248 7% 31,520 100%

OVERALL Cost Share 5,742 19% 2,691 9% 4,197 14% 5,218 17% 2,177 7% 11,592 38% 2,026 9% 5,171 17% 2,048 7% 29,870 100%

The major component in production cost of wheat was the variability in costs that include land preparation, seed, fertilizer, irrigation water, harvesting and threshing. Table 15 shows cost on various inputs in the production of wheat. i) Land Preparation

Land preparation is the first and important step in wheat cultivation that enhances the water holding capacity of the soil for long time and also it maximizes the ability of wheat plant germination and to get required nutrients from soil. The share of land preparation in cropping year 2011-12 was 20 percent, similarly in cropping year 2012-13 the land preparation share was 18 percent in the overall cost of production. ii) Seed cost

The seed cost relies on quality of seed, availability of seed, and its quantity used. For the cropping year 2011-12 average share was 9 percent, similarly for the cropping year 2012-13 average share was 9 percent in the total cost of production.

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iii) Fertilizer

Fertilizer is important inputs. Fertilizers make the soil more fertile and have direct impact on the yield. Fertilizers like Urea, DAP and NP were commonly used by farmers in wheat production. The share of fertilizer in cropping year 2011-12 was 41 percent share, similarly cropping year 2012-13 the irrigation share was 37 percent in the total cost of wheat production. iv) Harvesting and threshing

Harvesting/threshing are the final and very important activities in the production process of wheat. Harvesting includes cutting of the crop and also stacking of bales. Harvesting is carried out either by family labour and hired labour. The share of harvesting in cropping year 2011-12 was 6 percent share and cropping year 2012-13 the harvesting share was 11 percent in the total overall cost of wheat production. Mechanical thresher was used for threshing of the wheat crop. Threshing charges were paid in kind and were converted to monetary unit on per acre basis. The share of threshing in cropping year 2011-12 was showing 17 percent, similarly cropping year 2012-13 threshing share was 7 percent share in the total wheat cost of production.

v) Irrigation

Water is considered life of farming and agriculture. Irrigation water is the limiting factor of agricultural production. This shows that irrigation plays important role in higher wheat yield obtained. Tube well and canal were the main sources of irrigation. While in case of tube wells water charges were on per hour basis charged by the owner of the tube well. The share of irrigation in cropping year 2011-12 was showing 7 percent, similarly cropping year 2012-13 irrigation share was 7 percent share in the total cost of wheat production.

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Table 16: Usage of fertilizer according to price change

DAP Price 3,800 4,000 4,050 4,100 4,150 4,200 4,350 4,400

Year 201112 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00

201213 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

NP Price 2350 2400 2500 2600 2700 2750 2800 2900

Year 201112 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25

201213

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Urea Price 1700 1730 1750 1800 1850 1900 2000 2200

Year 201112 2.88 2.50 3.17 3.33 4.00 3.00 3.67 4.00

201213

2.75 2.45 2.75 2.50

Table 16 shows the price change of DAP on use of fertilizer. The price variability in cropping year 2011-12 the price variation was unstable and varied form Rs.3,800 to Rs.4,350. Similarly the price variability for the cropping year 2012-13 was a bit stable than the previous year, which ranged from Rs 4,000 to Rs.4,400. Hence it could be seen from the variability of DAP price on use of fertilizer. Similarly the price change of urea on use of fertilizer. The price variability in cropping year 2011-12 the price variation was unstable and varied form Rs.1,700 to Rs.2,200. Similarly the price variability for the cropping year 2012-13 was a bit stable than the previous year, which ranged from Rs.1,700 to Rs.2,000. Hence it could be seen from the variability of price on use of fertilizer.

Similarly the price change of Nitrogen Phosphorus on use of fertilizer. The price variability in cropping year 2011-12 the price variation was unstable and varied form Rs.2,350 to Rs.2,600. Similarly the price variability for the cropping year 2012-13 was a greater than the previous year, which ranged from Rs.2,700 to Rs.2,900. Hence it could be seen from the variability of price on use of fertilizer in the study area.

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Table 17: per acre comparative profitability of wheat crop

Yield quantity straw quantity Yield 40kg price straw price gross Income Cost of Production Net Return input output ratio Benefit Cost Ratio

2011-12 39.32 39.32 954.80 110.00 41873.20 27644.20 9903.80 1.52 .36

Year 2012-13 47.00 47.00 1148.00 110.00 59100.00 30483.60 23446.40 1.93 .76

Total 43.16 43.16 1051.40 110.00 50486.60 29063.90 16675.10 1.73 .56

Table 17 shows per acre yield income acquired by farmers. Hence the results indicate that for the cropping year 2011-12 per acre average yield quantity 39.32 40kg per acre and for cropping year 2012-13 wheat average yields quantity 47 40kg per acre. Similarly overall yield quantity obtained by farmer 43.16 40kg per acre.

Moreover results further indicate that in the cropping year 2011-12 average per 40kg price received by farmer Rs.954.32 and for the cropping year 2012-13 average per 40kg price received by farmer Rs.1148. Similarly total average per 40kg price received by farmer Rs.1,051.4 respectively, in the study area. Gross income from wheat production

Gross income depend on; 1) wheat grain and 2) wheat straw from wheat production. The returns income from wheat also depend on prices of these inputs availability of improved seed, proper doses of fertilizer and adequate irrigation water, given by the farmers. Results further indicate that in (table17) the cropping year 2011-12 gross income Rs.41,873.2 received by the farmer and cropping year 2012-13 gross income Rs.59,100. Similarly total gross income Rs.50,486.6 received by farmer respectively, in the study area. Cost of production

Total cost of production of wheat per acre included production cost and marketing cost on per acre basis. The cost of production in the cropping year 2011-12 average cost shows was

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Rs.27,644.2 per acre and cropping year 2012-13 average cost of production Rs.30,483.4 per acre. The total cost of production of wheat came to be Rs.29,063.9 per acre. Net returns of wheat production

The net returns from wheat production are determined by the quantity of wheat produced (Q), price of wheat (marketed) received by farmers (P) and the total cost (C) incurred on the production of wheat. Likewise results further indicate that in the cropping year 2011-12 net return Price per acre Rs.9,903 obtained by farmer and for the cropping year 2012-13 net return price per acre Rs. 23,446 obtained by farmer. Similarly total average net return price per acre Rs.16,675obtained by farmer respectively, in the study area.

Conclusion From the preceding discussion it is found that fertilizer (DAP, Urea and NP) cost in the cropping year 2011-12 (Rs. 11,622) proved to be the highest component in the per acre wheat cost of production. It constitutes about 41% share of the total cost of production. Similarly, the cropping year 2012-13 it is found that fertilizer cost (Rs.11,562) its share was 37 percent were recorded.

The price change of DAP on use of fertilizer. The price variability in cropping year 201112 the price variation was unstable and varied form Rs.3,800 to Rs.4,350. Similarly the price change of urea on use of fertilizer. The price variability in cropping year 2011-12 the price variation was unstable and varied form Rs.1,700 to Rs.2,200. The price change of Nitrogen Phosphorus use of fertilizer, the price variability in cropping year 2011-12 the price variation was unstable and varied form Rs.2,350 to Rs.2,600. Similarly the price variability for the cropping year 2012-13 was a greater than the previous year, which ranged from Rs.2,700 to Rs.2,900. The remaining farm inputs land preparation, seed quantity, harvesting/threshing all of the above components together total cost that is on the higher side, farm inputs are very costly of the wheat production.

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RECOMMENDATION
From the present study results indicate that proper time of fertilizer application should be adopted. Fertilizer application should be given according to classification. Farmers should be educated of fertilizer use according to their land quality and variety of seed used. There should be monitoring of seed quality, quantity and price stability should be regularized. The margin per bag of different fertilizer should be minimized. Standard price for threshing should be controlled. Conclusively it is recommended that extension services for wheat production should be increased that proper information and awareness could be delivered to farmers.

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REFERENCE

Ahmad, N. 1999. Fertilizer scenario in Pakistan: policies and development. In: Proc. Conference on Agriculture and Fertilizer Use by 2010. NFDC Publication 2/99. Islamabad. Ahmad, N. & Chaudhry, A. G. 2000. Fertilizer use at farm level. NFDC publication 4/2000. Islamabad. Barkat Ali Quraishi and Muhammad Jameel Khan, Economics of fertilizer application to wheat crop. FAO 2004, Fertilizer use by crop in Pakistan, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. FAO. Web Site: http://www.fao.org/ag/aquastat. Rome 2004. Jeiran Eyvazi1 and Hamid Irannejad1, The effect of Pellet fertilizer application on Wheat Yield and its Components International Research Journal of Plant Science , December 2010 Vol. 1(6) pp. 163-171. Muhammad Tahi r , Muhammad Anjum Ali, Evaluation of the Effect of Use of N.P. Fertilizer in Different Ratios on the Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Crop, Pak. j. life soc. sci. (2004), 2(2): 145-147. Muhammad Jehangir Khan and Sarfraz Ahmad, Economic Analysis of Wheat Profitability in Peshawar Valley, NWFP, (Pakistan Journal of life and social sciences) Pak. j. life soc. sci. (2008), 6(2): 112-117. Paul Hepperly, Don Lotter, Compost, Manure and Synthetic Fertilizer Influences Crop Yields, Soil Properties, Nitrate Leaching and Crop Nutrient Content, Compost Science & Utilization, (2009), Vol. 17, No. 2, 117-126. Sarfraz Hassan, Nazia Tabasam and Javaid Iqbal, An Economic Analysis of Wheat Farming in the Mixed Farming Zone of Punjab Province, Pakistan, JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & SOCIAL SCIENCES, 18132235/2005/012167171.

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