Final Study Guide

*55 MC, short answer, essay, no Germany or France directly, not chronological **Look at chapters 1 (interest groups, globalization, imperialism, states), and 2 (industrialized democracies, catch-all parties, suffrage, etc.) basic structure of politics and general terminology **Chapters: not much time on 3 but keep US in mind for short answer and essay to make references to, 4 (UK), 7 (EU) understand the role it plays but its not a big thing to study, 9 (Russia), 10 (China), 13 (Iran), 15 (Nigeria), 16 (Mexico) **Combination of Homas questions (32 questions) and AP questions (23 questions) **Look at comparative government chart **Free response: only on the countries covered; 3 short answer (can do bullet point for these do you know the information in a succinct manner? Is all theyre looking for, no more than 5 min per question); 1 essay (talking about an aspect of a specific country and asks a series of questions related to that aspect, no more than 20 minutes for an essay) **Look at website for past AP questions Demographic trends: Russia (decreasing growth rate); Nigeria (very fast population growth rate, how does it affect how the gov functions? Dem. Aspect: ethnic groups); Iran (Iran-Iraq War led to large % of pop. under 30 and its impact on the gov), etc. Aspects of Federalism (opposite = unitary): benefits and drawbacks, Mexico/ US are federal, France is unitary

In a unitary government the power is held by one central authority but in a federal government, the power is divided between national (federal) government and local (state) governments. Federal government - has multiple hierarchy levels, with both the central authority and the states (or provinces) both being sovereign. - the central (national) rules override the state rules - has a balance between them. EX: USA shared between national and local levels. In a federal form of government, the term "federal" is also used to refer to the national level of government.
ADVANTAGES 1. Federal unity but local governments handle local problems 2. Local government/officials have to be responsive to people who elect them 3. Central government can devote more time and energy to national and international problems 4. More opportunities for participation in making decisions in influencing what is taught in the schools and in deciding where highways and government projects are to be built. DISADVANTAGES 1. Duplication of services

2. Citizens living in different parts of the country will be treated differently, not only in spending programs, such as welfare, but in legal systems that assign in different places different penalties to similar offenses or that differentially enforce civil rights laws 3. Disputes over power/national supremacy versus states rights 4. International relations states may pass laws that counter national policy

Unitary government - there is no hierarchy of sovereign powers. - states have no authority to pass their own laws, and the central (national) govt can order the states to do anything -just like a state can order a town to do anything, because the town is not sovereign. - is the federal government has a huge percentage of the power.
ADVANTAGES 1. Uniform policies, laws, political, enforcement, administration throughout the country 2. Less duplication of services and fewer conflicts between national and local governments 3. Greater unity and stability

DISADVANTAGES
1. Central government out of touch with local concerns 2. Slow in meeting local problems 3. If the central government gets too involved in local problems it may not meet the needs of all its citizens Components of parliamentary system: different aspects of this, know which countries (UK) -UK -Russia (ish) -Prime Minister is not directly elected -No division of executive and legistlative powers -Seperate Head of state and head of government -Executive power (PM) is accountable to the legislature Components of presidential system: different aspects of this, know which countries (US) -US -Mexico -Nigeria -Iran -Russia (ish) -President is directly elected by the people -Division of legislative and executive powers. -Is both head of state and government

-Is not accountable to the legislature. Social cleavages in different countries: Iran (young vs. old, Shia vs. Sunni, women vs. men), Nigeria (tribes, religion), UK (class), mexico (men vs. women) Aspects of weak/strong states (page 10 of text book) : Strong: reletively wealthy, their regimes have widespread popular support, their governing elietes work reasonably efecively together. Weak: ex former communist states could not adapt to changing social and economic conditions because their strength was maintaining order, not innovating. Poverty, internal divisions, and other factors are part of the reason most less developed countries have weak states. Where does Mexicos debt come from?: outside sources, including the US Unitary systems: know which countries, opposite of federal Unitary: Federal: - UK - Mexico - Iran - Nigeria - China - Russia Aspects of civil society: CHAPTER 1; Mexico: men have always had more power than women and played a role Aspects of political culture: basic values and assumptions people have towards authority, the political system, and other overarching themes in political life Corporatism: Germany and Mexico; informal relationship between politicians and business world, much more accepted even though its corrupt Interventionist states: CHAPTER 1; a state that intervenes (doesnt have to be negative, could be a positive); Russia somewhat, France, UK; health care, pensions, etc. Patron-client relationship: Mexico, relationship whith those in the legislative houses. Also called Camarillas (mexico). Kind of makes people obliged to vote with for/with you. Khrushchev: 1950s, came in after Stalin, secret speech, shift from Stalinism Glasnost/perestroika: know these; Russia (glasnost: government) and China (perestroika: capitalism) Perestroika: economic restructuring and introduction of market mechanisms: small scale private ownership, agricultural reform, facilitation of joint ventures with foreign investors. 1. proposing a law on state enterprises to introduce market mechanisms into the parts of the economy that would remain under state ownership 2. passing the law on cooperative authorizing the existence of some small, privately owned companies, mostly in service industries. 3. initiating agricultural reforms that would eventually allow farmers to lease, if not own, their own land. Glasnost: greater transparency in party and government operation 4. easing restrictions on joint ventures with foreign firms Political parties: organizations that contest elections or therwise contends for power Radicalism: the extreme views; on the far LEFT: want RADICAL CHANGE

CH 1

Impediments to democracy: things that hinder democratic growth (rigged votes, etc.), aka Nigeria Aspects of Socialism: a variety of beliefs in the public ownership of the means of production and an egalitarian distribution of wealth and income. Aspects of legitimacy: what makes for a legit gov? constitution, things that are a part of the regime. Rentier states: one primary economic thing (Iran/Nigeria oil). an imperialist usurer state that enriches itself by exporting capital to other states, primarily those that are economically underdeveloped and dependent. The financial oligarchy of the rentier state appropriates a considerable portion of the national income of debtor states in the form of profits (interest and dividends) from direct capital investments, coercive loans, insurance, transport, and other services that it provides to these countries. Aspects of sovereignty: Having independent legal authority over a population in a particular territory based on a recognized right to self-determination. Presidential terms: different lengths of presidential systems in different countries Russia: 6 yrs, 2 terms allowed Nigeria: 4 yrs, 2 terms allowed Mexico: 6 yrs, 1 term allowed Iran: 4 yrs, 1 term allowed China: n.a. UK (pm): ? Electoral systems: how people vote, when they vote.. mechnisms thorugh which votes are cast and tallied, and seats in the legislature are allotted. Nomenklatura: the culture of the political system; why they choose who they choose to be in the political system Khatami: role he played in Iran (reformist) Khomeini: role he played in Iran (came into power after the revolution, religious, more conservative) Communist party in China and Russia: glasnost, perestroika, understand the different roles communism plays Role of social class: UK Margaret Thatcher: Privitization of companies, economic reforms European Monetary Fund: what is it? The role that it plays in giving money to developing countries EU: key points of the EU The Cold War: relationship between the west and the east, communism Role/importance of revolutions: Iran (biggest example, 1979) Where parties fall on the political spectrum: Europe political parties are more to the left than the US political parties Role of females in different political systems: role in political systems in different countries; think about Mexico, US, etc.

governemt- institution authorized by formal documents state- broader concept that includes all institutions and individuals that excersize power regime- institutions/ practices that last (administration to administration) nation- psychological term-- cultural, linguistic, etc that tie people together system- the country as a whole political culture-basic values and assumptions people have towards authority, the political system, and other overarching themes in political life identity- how people define themselves (usually linguistic, racial, ethnic, religious) political participation- how much access people have to the political system, can they vote, can they join interest groups, lobby on their own behalf, engage in at least peaceful protest. (in authoritarian, and totalitarian regimes those opportunities rarely existed) public policy- tries to shape how countries deal with political issues. Policies can regulate what citizens can do, can destribute and redestribute resources (welfare for example or more indirectly-- how baby boomers will pay higher health care costs), can be symbolic (traditional clothing worn by political leaders, etc.) democracy- Rights, Competitive elections, The rule of law, Civil society and civic culture, Capitalism and affluence imperialism- impacted the colonized socially, economically, developmentally. Colonizers came in and destroyed the indiginous population and culture and replaced it with their own. Totalitarianism- the most vicious regimes. (nazi germany, soviet union under stalin) globalization- refers to the rapid shrinking of social, economic, environmental, and political life. (advances in communication, travel, etc. make the world smaller) nation-statepolitical systemsystems theory- allows us to see how a state's components interact over time and how nonpolitical and international forces shape what it can and cannot acomplish. It relies on 5 concepts--inputs: how average citizens and groups engage in political life -those who support and those who demands on the state -outputs: public policy -feedback:the process through which people find out about public policy and they ways in which their reactions to recent political events help shape the next phase of political life -environment CH 4 (UK) gradual changereletive economic declineuk dependent on world eventsthatcher redefinition of politicsimpact of blair and new laborPM'S tony blair-> gordon brown-> david cameron (present) LEADERS Enrique Nieto, Mexico

Goodluck Jonathan, Nigeria Vladimir Putin, Russia Hu Jintao, China David Cameron, UK Mahmoud Ahmadenejad, Iran