Variable(s) Visualization Summary

Statistics
Categorical bar chart,
pie chart
frequency
table,
relative
frequency
table,
proportion
Quantitative dotplot,
histogram,
boxplot
mean,
median, max,
min, standard
deviation,
z-score,
range, IQR,
five number
summary
Categorical vs
Categorical
side-by-side
bar chart,
segmented bar
chart
two-way
table,
difference in
proportions
Quantitative
vs Categorical
side-by-side
boxplots
statistics by
group,
difference in
means
Quantitative
vs
Quantitative
scatterplot correlation


















Z* 95% = 1.96
90% = 1.645
99% = 2.58

- Single Proportion



- Difference in proportions

- Difference in means


- Chi Square 2






We are 95% confident that the average y value for x=x* lies in this interval
We are 95% confident that the y value for x = x* lies in this interval

1) Linearity
2) Constant Variability of Residuals
3) Normality of Residuals

R
2
is the proportion of the variability in Y that is explained by the model






*
sample statistic z SE
2
*
(1 )
z
n p p
ME
| |
=
|
\ .
1 1 2 2
1 2
(1 ) (1 ) p p p p
SE
n n

= +

2 2
1 2
1 2
SE
n n
o o
= +
*
0 1

y x | | = +
2
"Variability in Y explained by the model"
"Total variability in Y"
SSM
R
SST
= =
0 1 2
: ... 0
: At least one 0
k
a i
H
H
| | |
|
= = = =
=
Adjusted R
2
is like R
2
, but takes into account the number of explanatory variables
As the number of explanatory variables increases, adjusted R
2
gets smaller than R
2



P(A and B) is the probability that both events A and B will happen
P(A or B) is the probability that either event A or event B will happen
Events A and B are disjoint or mutually exclusive if only one of the two events can happen
Bayes Rule -

The more explanatory variables in the model, the more uncertainty.
( if ) ( )
( if )
( )
P B A P A
P A B
P B
=> =