Canonum De Lex Frugalitas Canons of Economic Law

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Table of Content Table of Content I. Introductory Provisions

1.1 Introductry Provisions 1.2 Concepts
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 1 - Canons of Economic Law Article 2 - Economic Law 3 - Economics 4 - Production 5 - Cost 6 - Distribution 7 - Consumption 8 - Scarcity 9 - Abundance 10 - Business 11 - Consumer 12 - Economy 13 - Behaviour 14 - Markets 15 - Specialization 16 - Codependence 17 - Uncertainty 18 - Game Theory 19 - Choice 20 - Optimization 21 - Macroeconomic 22 - Microeconomic

2 13
13 15
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

II. System
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 -

2.1 Economies
Economies Open Economy Closed Economy Transition Economy Weightless Economy Market Economy Centrally Controlled Economy Industrialized Economy Advanced Economy Agricultural Economy Underdeveloped Economy Economic Systems Capitalism Communism Fascism Liberalism Mercantilism Debtism Socialism Synergism Measurement Economic Indicator Average GDP GNP Herfindahl-hirschman index Gini coefficient

36
36
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

2.2 Economic Systems

47

2.3 Measurement

56

2.4 Statistics
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 -

Article 49 - Gini coefficient Article 50 - Consumer Price Index Statistics Source Sample Method Independence Deviation Frequency Inference Normalization Asymmetric Information Statistical significance Standard error Probability Objectivity

64

62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77

2.5 Ucadian Statistical Model

65 - Ucadian Statistical Model 66 - Agriculture 67 - Assets 68 - Buildings 69 - Business 70 - Crime 71 - Economy 72 - Education 73 - Employment 74 - Energy 75 - Environment 76 - Expenditure 77 - Exports 78 - Families 79 - Finance 80 - Geography 81 - Government 82 - Health 83 - Households 84 - Imports 85 - Income 86 - Industry 87 - Infrastructure 88 - Land 89 - Land Use 90 - Law 91 - Liabilities 92 - Living Standards 93 - Military 94 - People 95 - Poverty 96 - Religion 97 - Natural Resources 98 - Technology 99 - Transport 100 - Water 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 EKELOS EKEDA EKEDIA EKELEX EKEVIR TEKNAS EIKOS EKASYS CIVILA

78

2.6 EKELOS

114

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122

2.7 False Statistical Theories

Article 109 - CIVILA Article 110 - UNILEX

124

122 123 124 125

III. Currency
3.1 Currency
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 -

Article 111 - False Statistical Theory Article 112 - Adaptive Expectations

127

127
127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178

Currency Barter Bimetallism Bullionism Circular flow of Income Capital Adequacy Ratio Classical Theory Of Money Commodity Theory of Money Monetarism Money Illusion

3.2 Currency Market

Currency Market Real exchange rate Currency peg Currency Principle Sterilised intervention Deflationary monetary policy Quantity Theory of Money Reserve currency Soft currency Soft dollars Transmission mechanism Trade-weighted exchange rate Velocity of circulation Purchasing Power Parity Real Terms Dollarisation Demand for Money Theory Exchange controls Marshall-Lerner Condition Exchange Rate Funding Hard currency Hawala Currency Controls Money supply Capital Controls Capital Flight Credit Creation Credit Crunch Currency board Monetary Neutrality Monetary policy Monetary Standard Federal reserve system IMF Intervention Liquidity trap Reserve ratio Reserve requirements Reserves

139

3.3 Currency Control

162

IV. Land

180

4.1 Land

180

V. Labor
5.1 Labor
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article

Article 165 - Land Article 166 - Land Development

183

180 181

183
183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212

5.2 Employment
178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 -

167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 -

Labor Divisions of Labor Minimum Wage Union Wage Wage Drift Wages Fund Doctrine Welfare Welfare economics Welfare to Work Reservation Wage Employment Outsourcing Full Employment Geographic Immobility Human Capital Theory Job Search Unemployment Unemployment Trap Voluntary Unemployment Structural Unemployment Okuns Law Efficiency Wages Frictional Unemployment Transitional Unemployment Labor Labor Intensive Labor Market Flexibility

194

5.3 Unemployment

200

5.4 False Labor Theories

211

VI. Capital
6.1 Capital
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 -

Article 195 - False Labor Theory Article 196 - Natural Rate of Unemployment

214
214
214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224

6.2 False Capital Theories

Capital Acceleration Principle Accelerator Theory Capital Controls Creditor Social Capital Gearing Intellectual capital

222

VII. Enterprise
Article Article Article Article Article Article 208 209 210 211 212 213 -

Article 205 - False Capital Theory Article 206 - Cost of Capital Article 207 - Diversification

7.1 Enterprise Elements

Enterprise Enterprise Element Brand Capital Structure Dividend Dominant Firm

226
226
226 227 228 229 230 231

7.2 Enterprise Types

Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 -

Article Article Article Article Article Article Article

213 214 215 216 217 218 219 -

Dominant Firm Entrepreneur Stocks Vertical integration Offshore Market capitalisation Mergers and acquisitions Enterprise Type Central Bank Bank Public Utility Public-private NGO Hedge Funds

238

231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246

7.3 False Enterprise Theories

245

VIII. Commodity
8.1 Commodity
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 -

Article 227 - False Enterprise Theory Article 228 - Theory of Firm

248
248
248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269

8.2 False Commodity Theories

Commodity Commoditization Security Backwardation Luxuries Treasury bills Public Goods Positional goods Product Life-Cycle Theory Substitute goods Repo Derivatives Economic Good Financial Instrument Giffen goods Gilt-edged securities (Gilts) Global public goods Joint supply False Commodity Theory Bond (Debt Bond) Bond (Surety) Credit

266

IX. Utility
9.1 Utility
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 -

271

271
271 272 273 274 275 276 277

X. Industry
Article Article Article Article 258 259 260 261 -

Utility Cost-Benefit Analysis Marginal Utility (Theory) Net present value Network effect Nominal value Social benefits/costs

10.1 Industry
Industry Manufacturing Primary Industry Secondary Industry

279
279
279 280 281 282

XI. Confidence
11.1 Confidence

284
284

XII. Competition
12.1 Competition
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 -

Article Article Article Article Article Article Article

262 263 264 265 266 267 268 -

Confidence Consumer Confidence Precautionary motive Ratings Trust Trusted Source Volatility

292
292
292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305

284 285 286 287 288 289 290

12.2 False Competition Theories

Competition Competitiveness Advertising Barriers to Entry Concentration Dumping Patents First-mover advantage Imperfect competition Incumbent advantage Non-price competition Zero-sum game

304

XIII. Markets
13.1 Markets
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 -

Article 281 - False Competition Theory Article 282 - Perfect competition

307

307
307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340

Market Adverse Selection Antitrust Arbitrage Contestable Market Pareto efficiency Social market Restrictive practice Tariff Trade area Trade cycle Trade deficit/surplus Visible trade Winner-takes-all markets New Trade Theory Quota Optimal currency area Oligopoly Open-market operations Fair trade Natural Monopoly Most-favoured nation Rent-seeking Multiplier Financial centre Invisible Trade Market failure Market forces Market power Monopolistic competition Monopoly Monopsony

13.2 Market Types

341

13.3 Market Exchange Methods

Article 320 - Market Exchange Method Article 321 - Fisher equation of exchange Article 322 - Auctions Article Article Article Article 323 324 325 326 Market Behaviour Arrow Debreu Model Bubble Business Cycle

Article 317 - Market Type Article 318 - GATT Article 319 - NAFTA

344

341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357

13.4 Market Behaviour

347

13.5 Market Corruption

351

13.6 False Market Theories

Article Article Article Article 330 331 332 333 False Market Theory Efficient Market Hypothesis Free Market Free Trade

Article 327 - Market Corruption Article 328 - Cartel Article 329 - Price Fixing

354

XIV. Investment
14.1 Investment
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 -

359
359
359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389

14.2 Investment Risk

Investment Distribution Flotation Foreign direct investment Value at risk Venture capital Yield Yield Curve Yield gap Private Equity Soft loan Sovereign risk Real options theory Systematic risk Hedge Hot Money Portfolio Selection Theory Insurance Institutional investors Stress-testing Investment Inward investment Lender of last resort Risk Risk averse Speculation Risk management Risk neutral Risk premium Risk seeking Risk-free rate

382

XV. Expectation
15.1 Expectation

391

391
391 392 393

Article 366 - Expectation Article 367 - Demand Article 368 - Demand curve

15.2 False Expectation Theories

Article 368 - Demand curve Article 369 - Normal goods

395

393 394 395 396

XVI. Production
16.1 Production
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 -

Article 370 - False Expectation Theory Article 371 - Ricardian Equivalence Theorem

398
398
398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413

16.2 False Production Theories

Article 386 - False Production Theory Article 387 - Absolute Advantage Article 389 - Lump of labour fallacy

Production Capacity Supply Supply curve Diminishing returns Efficiency Production Function Productivity Exports Output Gap Factor cost Factors of Production Mobility

411

XVII. Distribution
17.1 Distribution
Article Article Article Article Article 390 391 392 393 394 -

415

415
415 416 417 418 419

XVIII. Consumption
18.1 Consumption
Article Article Article Article Article 395 396 397 399 400 -

Distribution Producer Surplus Queueing Rationing Transfers

421

421
421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428

18.2 False Consumption Theories

Article 401 - False Consumption Theory Article 402 - Absolute Income Hypothesis Article 403 - Aggregate Demand Curve

Consumption Aggregate Demand Coase Theorem Equity risk premium Substitution Theory

426

XIX. Satisfaction
19.1 Satisfaction

430
430

XX. Prices
20.1 Prices
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 -

Article 404 - Satisfaction Article 405 - Consumer Satisfaction

433

430 431

433
433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444

Prices Price Discrimination Price elasticity Financial Market Asset Pricing Consumer Surplus Theory Contango Spot price Subsidy Sticky prices Price mechanism Price regulation Price/earnings ratio

20.2 False Price Theories

Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article

417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 -

Price/earnings ratio Dominant Firm Factory prices House Prices Predatory pricing Spread Transfer pricing Paradox of Value Menu costs Peak Load Pricing Overshooting Option Pricing Theory

456

444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458

XXI. Revenue
21.1 Revenue
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 -

Article 429 - False Price Theory Article 430 - Capital Asset Pricing Article 431 - Labour theory of value

460
460
460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497

21.2 Taxes

Revenue Disposable income Relative Income Hypothesis Rent Excess returns Export credit Fiscal drag Income (Distribution) National Income Windfall gains Income effect Taxation Corporation tax Lump-sum tax Progressive taxation Deadweight cost/loss Negative income tax Direct Taxation Land tax Expenditure tax Hypothecation Tax arbitrage Tax Avoidance Tax Base Tax Burden Vertical equity Tax Competition Tax efficient Tax Evasion Tax haven Tax incidence Wealth Tax Withholding tax Income Tax Laffer curve

471

21.3 False Revenue Theories

Article 467 - False Revenue Theory Article 468 - Permanent Income Hypothesis Article 469 - Income Determination

495

XXII. Expenses
22.1 Expenses

499
499
499 500

Article 470 - Expense Article 471 - Cost-push factors

XXIII. Solvency
23.1 Solvency

Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article

471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 -

Cost-push factors Sunk costs Fixed Costs Government Capital Expenditure Imports Public Spending Replacement Cost Transaction costs Variable costs

510
510

500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508

XXIV. Profit
24.1 Profit
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 -

Article 480 - Solvency Article 481 - Bankruptcy

513

510 511

513
513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523

XXV. Assets
25.1 Assets
Article Article Article Article Article Article 493 494 495 496 497 498 -

Profit Capital Gains Returns Required return Profit margin Profit maximisation Rate of return Rate of return regulation Total return Value Added Windfall profit

525

525
525 526 527 528 529 530

XXVI. Liabilities
26.1 Liabilities

Asset Intangible Assets Liquidity Liquidity preference Residual risk Tangible assets

532
532
532 533 534 535 536 537

26.2 False Liability Theories

Article 502 - False Liability Theory Article 503 - Debt Article 504 - Debt Forgiveness

Article 499 - Liability Article 500 - National Debt Article 501 - Default

535

XXVII. Wealth
27.1 Wealth

539
539 540
539 540 541 542

27.2 False Wealth Theories

Article 507 - False Wealth Theory Article 508 - Trickle Down Theory (Effect) Article 509 - Wealth Effect

Article 505 - Wealth

XXVIII. Financial Position

28.1 Financial Position
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 Financial Position Deficit Deflationary Gap Demand-Pull Inflation Depreciation Recession Depression

544
544
544 545 546 547 548 549 550

XXIX. Financial Statement

29.1 Financial Statements
Article 528 - Financial Statement Article 529 - Discounted cashflow Article 530 - Terms of trade

Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article

516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 -

Depression Disinflation Disequilibrium Demand-Deficient unemployment Fiscal Neutrality Structural Adjustment Stagnation Government deficit Hyper-inflation Inequality Inflation J-curve

563

550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561

563
563 564 565

XXX. Economic Policy

30.1 Economic Policy
Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article Article 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 -

567

567
567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599

30.2 False Economic Policy

Article 562 - Privatisation Article 563 - Laissez-faire

Balance of Payments Balanced Budget Catch Up Effect Convergence (Theory) Cost-push inflation Crowding out Deflate Deflationary fiscal policy Deflationary policies Deregulation Devaluation Demand management policies Economic Goals Economic sanctions Fine tuning Golden Rule Horizontal equity Horizontal Integration Indexation Inflation target Protectionism Innovation International Aid Macroeconomic Policy Nationalisation Reflation Reciprocity Regional policy Supply-side policies Stabilisation Sustainable growth

598

I. Introductory Provisions
1.1 Introductry Provisions
Art icle 1 - Canons of Economic Law

i. By Right, Power and Authority of Article ninety eight (98) of Pactum De Singularis Caelum, also known as the Covenant of One Heaven these pronouncements of law known collectively as Canonum De Lex Fidei and also known as the Canons of Economic Law are hereby promulgated in the original form of Ucadian Language; and ii. The Canonum De Lex Fidei represents the primary, one and only true first canon of Economic Law. Excluding the Covenant of One Heaven, all other laws, claims and agreements claiming standards of Economic Law shall be secondary and inferior to the Canonum De Lex Fidei ab initio (from the beginning); and iii. These Canons of Economic Law may be taken in official original document form and spoken form to represent one complete set of the twenty-two (22) Canons of law known collectively as Astrum Iuris Divini Canonum, also known as Living Body of Divine Canon Law and the highest of all Original Law; and iv. When referring to these Canons of Economic Law collectively it may also be taken both in printed form and spoken word that we mean this complete and accurate set of laws as the highest of all Original Law; and v. In accordance with these Canons of Economic Law, the Society of One Heaven also known as the One Heaven Society of United Spirits, also known as the Holy See of United Spirits, also known as The Holy Society reserves all rights to itself; and vi. As all rights are reserved, no one is permitted to reprint any part of all of these laws or to translate it into another language; except for citation, official instruments of a related society, quotation of six or less canons, reviews and formal texts; and vii. When part or all of these laws as presented or spoken in any language other than the Official Ucadian Languages, it may be taken as a translation and not the primary language. Therefore, any secondary meaning implying deficiency, claimed abrogation of any right or any other defect of a word in a translated language shall be null and void ab initio (from the beginning); and viii. When referring to these Canons of Economic Law collectively it may also be taken that the primary and original form of these laws resides as a supernatural spiritual document registered in Heaven first and a physical document registered in the Great Register and Public Record of One Heaven upon the Earth second. Therefore, wherever an official and valid form of these laws is present in physical form, it shall be bound to its spiritual form, from which it derives its spiritual power and authenticity; and ix. Let no man, woman, spirit or officer of a lesser society place themselves in grave dishonor of Divine Law, Natural Law and the Living Law upon denying the validity of these canons of law. Having been warned, any act in defiance of these laws shall have no effect and any spiritual invocation in opposition to the validity of these laws shall be immediately returned upon the maker. As it is written, so be it.

Art icle 2 - Economic Law

1.2 Concepts
Art icle 3 - Economics

Art icle 4 - Product ion

Art icle 5 - Cost

Art icle 6 - Dist ribut ion

Art icle 7 - Consumpt ion

Art icle 8 - Scarcit y

Art icle 9 - Abundance

Art icle 10 - Business

Art icle 11 - Consumer

Art icle 12 - Economy

Art icle 13 - Behaviour

Art icle 14 - Market s

Art icle 15 - Specializat ion

Art icle 16 - Codependence

Art icle 17 - Uncert aint y

Art icle 18 - Game Theory

Art icle 19 - Choice

Art icle 20 - Opt imizat ion

Art icle 21 - Macroeconomic

Art icle 22 - Microeconomic

II. System
2.1 Economies
Art icle 23 - Economies

Art icle 24 - Open Economy

Art icle 25 - Closed Economy

Art icle 26 - Transit ion Economy

Art icle 27 - Weight less Economy

Art icle 28 - Market Economy

Art icle 29 - Cent rally Cont rolled Economy

Art icle 30 - Indust rialized Economy

Art icle 31 - Advanced Economy

Art icle 32 - Agricult ural Economy

Art icle 33 - Underdeveloped Economy

2.2 Economic Systems

Art icle 34 - Economic Syst ems

Art icle 35 - Capit alism

Art icle 36 - Communism

Art icle 37 - Fascism

Art icle 38 - Liberalism

Art icle 39 - Mercant ilism

Art icle 40 - Debt ism

Art icle 41 - Socialism

Art icle 42 - Synergism

2.3 Measurement
Art icle 43 - Measurement

Art icle 44 - Economic Indicat or

Art icle 45 - Average

Art icle 46 - GDP

Art icle 47 - GNP

Art icle 48 - Herfindahl-hirschman index

Art icle 49 - Gini coefficient

Art icle 50 - Consumer Price Index

2.4 Statistics
Art icle 51 - St at ist ics

Art icle 52 - Source

Art icle 53 - Sample

Art icle 54 - Met hod

Art icle 55 - Independence

Art icle 56 - Deviat ion

Art icle 57 - Frequency

Art icle 58 - Inference

Art icle 59 - Normalizat ion

Art icle 60 - Asymmet ric Informat ion

Art icle 61 - St at ist ical significance

Art icle 62 - St andard error

Art icle 63 - Probabilit y

Art icle 64 - Object ivit y

2.5 Ucadian Statistical Model

Art icle 65 - Ucadian St at ist ical Model

Art icle 66 - Agricult ure

Art icle 67 - Asset s

Art icle 68 - Buildings

Art icle 69 - Business

Art icle 70 - Crime

Art icle 71 - Economy

Art icle 72 - Educat ion

Art icle 73 - Employment

Art icle 74 - Energy

Art icle 75 - Environment

Art icle 76 - Expendit ure

Art icle 77 - Export s

Art icle 78 - Families

Art icle 79 - Finance

Art icle 80 - Geography

Art icle 81 - Government

Art icle 82 - Healt h

Art icle 83 - Households

Art icle 84 - Import s

Art icle 85 - Income

Art icle 86 - Indust ry

Art icle 87 - Infrast ruct ure

Art icle 88 - Land

Art icle 89 - Land Use

Art icle 90 - Law

Art icle 91 - Liabilit ies

Art icle 92 - Living St andards

Art icle 93 - Milit ary

Art icle 94 - People

Art icle 95 - Povert y

Art icle 96 - Religion

Art icle 97 - Nat ural Resources

Art icle 98 - Technology

Art icle 99 - Transport

Art icle 100 - Wat er

2.6 EKELOS
Art icle 101 - EKELOS

Art icle 102 - EKEDA

Art icle 103 - EKEDIA

Art icle 104 - EKELEX

Art icle 105 - EKEVIR

Art icle 106 - TEKNAS

Art icle 107 - EIKOS

Art icle 108 - EKASYS

Art icle 109 - CIVILA

Art icle 110 - UNILEX

2.7 False Statistical T heories

Art icle 111 - False St at ist ical Theory

Art icle 112 - Adapt ive Expect at ions

III. Currency
3.1 Currency
Art icle 113 - Currency

Art icle 114 - Bart er

Art icle 115 - Bimet allism

Art icle 116 - Bullionism

Art icle 117 - Circular flow of Income

Art icle 118 - Capit al Adequacy Rat io

Art icle 119 - Classical Theory Of Money

Art icle 120 - Commodit y Theory of Money

Art icle 121 - Monet arism

Art icle 122 - Money Illusion

Art icle 123 -

Art icle 124 -

3.2 Currency Market

Art icle 125 - Currency Market

Art icle 126 - Real exchange rat e

Art icle 127 - Currency peg

Art icle 128 - Currency Principle

Art icle 129 - St erilised int ervent ion

Art icle 130 - Deflat ionary monet ary policy

Art icle 131 - Quant it y Theory of Money

Art icle 132 - Reserve currency

Art icle 133 - Soft currency

Art icle 134 - Soft dollars

Art icle 135 - Transmission mechanism

Art icle 136 - Trade-weight ed exchange rat e

Art icle 137 - Velocit y of circulat ion

Art icle 138 - Purchasing Power Parit y

Art icle 139 - Real Terms

Art icle 140 - Dollarisat ion

Art icle 141 - Demand for Money Theory

Art icle 142 - Exchange cont rols

Art icle 143 - Marshall-Lerner Condit ion

Art icle 144 - Exchange Rat e

Art icle 145 - Funding

Art icle 146 - Hard currency

Art icle 147 - Hawala

3.3 Currency Control

Art icle 148 - Currency Cont rols

Art icle 149 - Money supply

Art icle 150 - Capit al Cont rols

Art icle 151 - Capit al Flight

Art icle 152 - Credit Creat ion

Art icle 153 - Credit Crunch

Art icle 154 - Currency board

Art icle 155 - Monet ary Neut ralit y

Art icle 156 - Monet ary policy

Art icle 157 - Monet ary St andard

Art icle 158 - Federal reserve syst em

Art icle 159 - IMF

Art icle 160 - Int ervent ion

Art icle 161 - Liquidit y t rap

Art icle 162 - Reserve rat io

Art icle 163 - Reserve requirement s

Art icle 164 - Reserves

IV. Land
4.1 Land
Art icle 165 - Land

Art icle 166 - Land Development

V. Labor
5.1 Labor
Art icle 167 - Labor

Art icle 168 - Divisions of Labor

Art icle 169 - Minimum Wage

Art icle 170 - Union

Art icle 171 - Wage

Art icle 172 - Wage Drift

Art icle 173 - Wages Fund Doct rine

Art icle 174 - Welfare

Art icle 175 - Welfare economics

Art icle 176 - Welfare t o Work

Art icle 177 - Reservat ion Wage

5.2 Employment
Art icle 178 - Employment

Art icle 179 - Out sourcing

Art icle 180 - Full Employment

Art icle 181 - Geographic Immobilit y

Art icle 182 - Human Capit al Theory

Art icle 183 - Job Search

5.3 Unemployment
Art icle 184 - Unemployment

Art icle 185 - Unemployment Trap

Art icle 186 - Volunt ary Unemployment

Art icle 187 - St ruct ural Unemployment

Art icle 188 - Okuns Law

Art icle 189 - Efficiency Wages

Art icle 190 - Frict ional Unemployment

Art icle 191 - Transit ional Unemployment

Art icle 192 - Labor

Art icle 193 - Labor Int ensive

Art icle 194 - Labor Market Flexibilit y

5.4 False Labor T heories

Art icle 195 - False Labor Theory

Art icle 196 - Nat ural Rat e of Unemployment

VI. Capital
6.1 Capital
Art icle 197 - Capit al

Art icle 198 - Accelerat ion Principle

Art icle 199 - Accelerat or Theory

Art icle 200 - Capit al Cont rols

Art icle 201 - Credit or

Art icle 202 - Social Capit al

Art icle 203 - Gearing

Art icle 204 - Int ellect ual capit al

6.2 False Capital T heories

Art icle 205 - False Capit al Theory

Art icle 206 - Cost of Capit al

Art icle 207 - Diversificat ion

VII. Enterprise
7.1 Enterprise Elements
Art icle 208 - Ent erprise

Art icle 209 - Ent erprise Element

Art icle 210 - Brand

Art icle 211 - Capit al St ruct ure

Art icle 212 - Dividend

Art icle 213 - Dominant Firm

Art icle 214 - Ent repreneur

Art icle 215 - St ocks

Art icle 216 - Vert ical int egrat ion

Art icle 217 - Offshore

Art icle 218 - Market capit alisat ion

Art icle 219 - Mergers and acquisit ions

7.2 Enterprise T ypes

Art icle 220 - Ent erprise Type

Art icle 221 - Cent ral Bank

Art icle 222 - Bank

Art icle 223 - Public Ut ilit y

Art icle 224 - Public-privat e

Art icle 225 - NGO

Art icle 226 - Hedge Funds

7.3 False Enterprise T heories

Art icle 227 - False Ent erprise Theory

Art icle 228 - Theory of Firm

VIII. Commodity
8.1 Commodity
Art icle 229 - Commodit y

Art icle 230 - Commodit izat ion

Art icle 231 - Securit y

Art icle 232 - Backwardat ion

Art icle 233 - Luxuries

Art icle 234 - Treasury bills

Art icle 235 - Public Goods

Art icle 236 - Posit ional goods

Art icle 237 - Product Life-Cycle Theory

Art icle 238 - Subst it ut e goods

Art icle 239 - Repo

Art icle 240 - Derivat ives

Art icle 241 - Economic Good

Art icle 242 - Financial Inst rument

Art icle 243 - Giffen goods

Art icle 244 - Gilt -edged securit ies (Gilt s)

Art icle 245 - Global public goods

Art icle 246 - Joint supply

8.2 False Commodity T heories

Art icle 247 - False Commodit y Theory

Art icle 248 - Bond (Debt Bond)

Art icle 249 - Bond (Suret y)

Art icle 250 - Credit

IX. Utility
9.1 Utility
Art icle 251 - Ut ilit y

Art icle 252 - Cost -Benefit Analysis

Art icle 253 - Marginal Ut ilit y (Theory)

Art icle 254 - Net present value

Art icle 255 - Net work effect

Art icle 256 - Nominal value

Art icle 257 - Social benefit s/cost s

X. Industry
10.1 Industry
Art icle 258 - Indust ry

Art icle 259 - Manufact uring

Art icle 260 - Primary Indust ry

Art icle 261 - Secondary Indust ry

XI. Confidence
11.1 Confidence
Art icle 262 - Confidence

Art icle 263 - Consumer Confidence

Art icle 264 - Precaut ionary mot ive

Art icle 265 - Rat ings

Art icle 266 - Trust

Art icle 267 - Trust ed Source

Art icle 268 - Volat ilit y

XII. Competition
12.1 Competition
Art icle 269 - Compet it ion

Art icle 270 - Compet it iveness

Art icle 271 - Advert ising

Art icle 272 - Barriers t o Ent ry

Art icle 273 - Concent rat ion

Art icle 274 - Dumping

Art icle 275 - Pat ent s

Art icle 276 - First -mover advant age

Art icle 277 - Imperfect compet it ion

Art icle 278 - Incumbent advant age

Art icle 279 - Non-price compet it ion

Art icle 280 - Zero-sum game

12.2 False Competition T heories

Art icle 281 - False Compet it ion Theory

Art icle 282 - Perfect compet it ion

XIII. Markets
13.1 Markets
Art icle 283 - Market

Art icle 284 - Adverse Select ion

Art icle 285 - Ant it rust

Art icle 286 - Arbit rage

Art icle 287 - Cont est able Market

Art icle 288 - Paret o efficiency

Art icle 289 - Social market

Art icle 290 - Rest rict ive pract ice

Art icle 291 - Tariff

Art icle 292 - Trade area

Art icle 293 - Trade cycle

Art icle 294 - Trade deficit /surplus

Art icle 295 - Visible t rade

Art icle 296 - Winner-t akes-all market s

Art icle 297 - New Trade Theory

Art icle 298 - Quot a

Art icle 299 - Opt imal currency area

Art icle 300 - Oligopoly

Art icle 301 - Open-market operat ions

Art icle 302 - Fair t rade

Art icle 303 - Nat ural Monopoly

Art icle 304 - Most -favoured nat ion

Art icle 305 - Rent -seeking

Art icle 306 - Mult iplier

Art icle 307 - Financial cent re

Art icle 308 - Invisible Trade

Art icle 309 - Market failure

Art icle 310 - Market forces

Art icle 311 - Market power

Art icle 312 - Monopolist ic compet it ion

Art icle 313 - Monopoly

Art icle 314 - Monopsony

Art icle 315 -

Art icle 316 -

13.2 Market T ypes

Art icle 317 - Market Type

Art icle 318 - GATT

Art icle 319 - NAFTA

13.3 Market Exchange Methods

Art icle 320 - Market Exchange Met hod

Art icle 321 - Fisher equat ion of exchange

Art icle 322 - Auct ions

13.4 Market Behaviour

Art icle 323 - Market Behaviour

Art icle 324 - Arrow Debreu Model

Art icle 325 - Bubble

Art icle 326 - Business Cycle

13.5 Market Corruption

Art icle 327 - Market Corrupt ion

Art icle 328 - Cart el

Art icle 329 - Price Fixing

13.6 False Market T heories

Art icle 330 - False Market Theory

Art icle 331 - Efficient Market Hypot hesis

Art icle 332 - Free Market

Art icle 333 - Free Trade

XIV. Investment
14.1 Investment
Art icle 334 - Invest ment

Art icle 335 - Dist ribut ion

Art icle 336 - Flot at ion

Art icle 337 - Foreign direct invest ment

Art icle 338 - Value at risk

Art icle 339 - Vent ure capit al

Art icle 340 - Yield

Art icle 341 - Yield Curve

Art icle 342 - Yield gap

Art icle 343 - Privat e Equit y

Art icle 344 - Soft loan

Art icle 345 - Sovereign risk

Art icle 346 - Real opt ions t heory

Art icle 347 - Syst emat ic risk

Art icle 349 - Hedge

Art icle 350 - Hot Money

Art icle 351 - Port folio Select ion Theory

Art icle 352 - Insurance

Art icle 353 - Inst it ut ional invest ors

Art icle 354 - St ress-t est ing

Art icle 355 - Invest ment

Art icle 356 - Inward invest ment

Art icle 357 - Lender of last resort

14.2 Investment Risk

Art icle 358 - Risk

Art icle 359 - Risk averse

Art icle 360 - Speculat ion

Art icle 361 - Risk management

Art icle 362 - Risk neut ral

Art icle 363 - Risk premium

Art icle 364 - Risk seeking

Art icle 365 - Risk-free rat e

XV. Expectation
15.1 Expectation
Art icle 366 - Expect at ion

Art icle 367 - Demand

Art icle 368 - Demand curve

Art icle 369 - Normal goods

15.2 False Expectation T heories

Art icle 370 - False Expect at ion Theory

Art icle 371 - Ricardian Equivalence Theorem

XVI. Production
16.1 Production
Art icle 373 - Product ion

Art icle 374 - Capacit y

Art icle 375 - Supply

Art icle 376 - Supply curve

Art icle 377 - Diminishing ret urns

Art icle 378 - Efficiency

Art icle 379 - Product ion Funct ion

Art icle 380 - Product ivit y

Art icle 381 - Export s

Art icle 382 - Out put Gap

Art icle 383 - Fact or cost

Art icle 384 - Fact ors of Product ion

Art icle 385 - Mobilit y

16.2 False Production T heories

Art icle 386 - False Product ion Theory

Art icle 387 - Absolut e Advant age

Art icle 389 - Lump of labour fallacy

XVII. Distribution
17.1 Distribution
Art icle 390 - Dist ribut ion

Art icle 391 - Producer Surplus

Art icle 392 - Queueing

Art icle 393 - Rat ioning

Art icle 394 - Transfers

XVIII. Consumption
18.1 Consumption
Art icle 395 - Consumpt ion

Art icle 396 - Aggregat e Demand

Art icle 397 - Coase Theorem

Art icle 399 - Equit y risk premium

Art icle 400 - Subst it ut ion Theory

18.2 False Consumption T heories

Art icle 401 - False Consumpt ion Theory

Art icle 402 - Absolut e Income Hypot hesis

Art icle 403 - Aggregat e Demand Curve

XIX. Satisfaction
19.1 Satisfaction
Art icle 404 - Sat isfact ion

Art icle 405 - Consumer Sat isfact ion

XX. Prices
20.1 Prices
Art icle 406 - Prices

Art icle 407 - Price Discriminat ion

Art icle 408 - Price elast icit y

Art icle 409 - Financial Market Asset Pricing

Art icle 410 - Consumer Surplus Theory

Art icle 411 - Cont ango

Art icle 412 - Spot price

Art icle 413 - Subsidy

Art icle 414 - St icky prices

Art icle 415 - Price mechanism

Art icle 416 - Price regulat ion

Art icle 417 - Price/earnings rat io

Art icle 418 - Dominant Firm

Art icle 419 - Fact ory prices

Art icle 420 - House Prices

Art icle 421 - Predat ory pricing

Art icle 422 - Spread

Art icle 423 - Transfer pricing

Art icle 424 - Paradox of Value

Art icle 425 - Menu cost s

Art icle 426 - Peak Load Pricing

Art icle 427 - Overshoot ing

Art icle 428 - Opt ion Pricing Theory

20.2 False Price T heories

Art icle 429 - False Price Theory

Art icle 430 - Capit al Asset Pricing

Art icle 431 - Labour t heory of value

XXI. Revenue
21.1 Revenue
Art icle 432 - Revenue

Art icle 433 - Disposable income

Art icle 434 - Relat ive Income Hypot hesis

Art icle 435 - Rent

Art icle 436 - Excess ret urns

Art icle 437 - Export credit

Art icle 438 - Fiscal drag

Art icle 439 - Income (Dist ribut ion)

Art icle 440 - Nat ional Income

Art icle 441 - Windfall gains

Art icle 442 - Income effect

21.2 T axes
Art icle 443 - Taxat ion

Art icle 444 - Corporat ion t ax

Art icle 445 - Lump-sum t ax

Art icle 446 - Progressive t axat ion

Art icle 447 - Deadweight cost /loss

Art icle 448 - Negat ive income t ax

Art icle 449 - Direct Taxat ion

Art icle 450 - Land t ax

Art icle 451 - Expendit ure t ax

Art icle 452 - Hypot hecat ion

Art icle 453 - Tax arbit rage

Art icle 454 - Tax Avoidance

Art icle 455 - Tax Base

Art icle 456 - Tax Burden

Art icle 457 - Vert ical equit y

Art icle 458 - Tax Compet it ion

Art icle 459 - Tax efficient

Art icle 460 - Tax Evasion

Art icle 461 - Tax haven

Art icle 462 - Tax incidence

Art icle 463 - Wealt h Tax

Art icle 464 - Wit hholding t ax

Art icle 465 - Income Tax

Art icle 466 - Laffer curve

21.3 False Revenue T heories

Art icle 467 - False Revenue Theory

Art icle 468 - Permanent Income Hypot hesis

Art icle 469 - Income Det erminat ion

XXII. Expenses
22.1 Expenses
Art icle 470 - Expense

Art icle 471 - Cost -push fact ors

Art icle 472 - Sunk cost s

Art icle 473 - Fixed Cost s

Art icle 474 - Government Capit al Expendit ure

Art icle 475 - Import s

Art icle 476 - Public Spending

Art icle 477 - Replacement Cost

Art icle 478 - Transact ion cost s

Art icle 479 - Variable cost s

XXIII. Solvency
23.1 Solvency
Art icle 480 - Solvency

Art icle 481 - Bankrupt cy

XXIV. Profit
24.1 Profit
Art icle 482 - Profit

Art icle 483 - Capit al Gains

Art icle 484 - Ret urns

Art icle 485 - Required ret urn

Art icle 486 - Profit margin

Art icle 487 - Profit maximisat ion

Art icle 488 - Rat e of ret urn

Art icle 489 - Rat e of ret urn regulat ion

Art icle 490 - Tot al ret urn

Art icle 491 - Value Added

Art icle 492 - Windfall profit

XXV. Assets
25.1 Assets
Art icle 493 - Asset

Art icle 494 - Int angible Asset s

Art icle 495 - Liquidit y

Art icle 496 - Liquidit y preference

Art icle 497 - Residual risk

Art icle 498 - Tangible asset s

XXVI. Liabilities
26.1 Liabilities
Art icle 499 - Liabilit y

Art icle 500 - Nat ional Debt

Art icle 501 - Default

26.2 False Liability T heories

Art icle 502 - False Liabilit y Theory

Art icle 503 - Debt

Art icle 504 - Debt Forgiveness

XXVII. Wealth
27.1 Wealth
Art icle 505 - Wealt h

27.2 False Wealth T heories

Art icle 507 - False Wealt h Theory

Art icle 508 - Trickle Down Theory (Effect )

Art icle 509 - Wealt h Effect

XXVIII. Financial Position

28.1 Financial Position
Art icle 510 - Financial Posit ion

Art icle 511 - Deficit

Art icle 512 - Deflat ionary Gap

Art icle 513 - Demand-Pull Inflat ion

Art icle 514 - Depreciat ion

Art icle 515 - Recession

Art icle 516 - Depression

Art icle 517 - Disinflat ion

Art icle 518 - Disequilibrium

Art icle 519 - Demand-Deficient unemployment

Art icle 520 - Fiscal Neut ralit y

Art icle 521 - St ruct ural Adjust ment

Art icle 522 - St agnat ion

Art icle 523 - Government deficit

Art icle 524 - Hyper-inflat ion

Art icle 525 - Inequalit y

Art icle 526 - Inflat ion

Art icle 527 - J-curve

XXIX. Financial Statement

29.1 Financial Statements
Art icle 528 - Financial St at ement

Art icle 529 - Discount ed cashflow

Art icle 530 - Terms of t rade

XXX. Economic Policy

30.1 Economic Policy
Art icle 531 - Balance of Payment s

Art icle 532 - Balanced Budget

Art icle 533 - Cat ch Up Effect

Art icle 534 - Convergence (Theory)

Art icle 535 - Cost -push inflat ion

Art icle 536 - Crowding out

Art icle 537 - Deflat e

Art icle 538 - Deflat ionary fiscal policy

Art icle 539 - Deflat ionary policies

Art icle 540 - Deregulat ion

Art icle 541 - Devaluat ion

Art icle 542 - Demand management policies

Art icle 543 - Economic Goals

Art icle 544 - Economic sanct ions

Art icle 545 - Fine t uning

Art icle 546 - Golden Rule

Art icle 547 - Horizont al equit y

Art icle 548 - Horizont al Int egrat ion

Art icle 549 - Indexat ion

Art icle 550 - Inflat ion t arget

Art icle 551 - Prot ect ionism

Art icle 552 - Innovat ion

Art icle 553 - Int ernat ional Aid

Art icle 554 - Macroeconomic Policy

Art icle 555 - Nat ionalisat ion

Art icle 556 - Reflat ion

Art icle 557 - Reciprocit y

Art icle 558 - Regional policy

Art icle 559 - Supply-side policies

Art icle 560 - St abilisat ion

Art icle 561 - Sust ainable growt h

30.2 False Economic Policy

Art icle 562 - Privat isat ion

Art icle 563 - Laissez-faire