Development – Chapter 5

Page 96 – 124

By: Alexia Jablonski

Student Number: 465699

Mr. Bolognese
IB Geography 11

May 20, 2008

Key terms

Globalization:
 The sharing of economic, social and cultural ideas around the world
 In economics, technology, culture and communications
 Stronger in the present age than ever

Tiger Economies:
 Countries with rapid economic growth
 In the 1990s, countries with the most rapidly growing economies were in southern
and western South America, and in South, South-East and East Asia

External Forces: factors from outside the country that affect a country’s economy

Internal Forces: factors from inside the country that affects a country's economy

Culture Contact: the act of bringing new ideas to a country by a different group of people
of different nationality

Financial Flows: the floe of money between people, businesses and countries that can
help economic growth by providing funds for the country.

Bilateral: something happening between two countries. In this case trade agreements

Multilateral: something happening between several countries. In this case trade

agreements

Bureaucracy: finance to develop resources in a nation

Internal Capital Formation: the ability of a country to find it’s own funds to invest in
development projects

Vicious Cycle of Poverty: cycle of impoverishment (little $  $ spent on needs [food,

clothing, shelter]  no savings put into banks  little funds available for investment)

Subsistence
 Farming where the farmer keeps most of the crops for the consumption of her and
her family
 Most farmers in LEDCs are subsistence farmers
 Farmers don’t have the motivation or the money to increase production
 There is little surplus to sell
Absentee landlords
 Control a lot of the farming land
 Charge high rental costs to the farmers (to pay off debts to landlord)  farmers
get little of the yield
  Reduces farmers’ incentive to increase production
 In many LEDCs
Agribusiness
 Large corporations involved in farming
 Convince farmers in LEDCs to choose crop substitution (switch from food crops
to cash crops)
 Prices of cash crops are falling, so farmers can’t make enough money to buy food
High yielding varieties (H.Y.V.s)
 Genetically engineered
o Shorter growing cycle  allows double or triple cropping of farmland
o More resistant to disease
 Especially rice and wheat
 Improved food security in LEDCs
Rural-urban migration
 Rapidly growing cities in LEDCs
 In some cities in LEDCs, over half the population wasn’t born in the city
 Migrants have more difficulty finding jobs than they had expected (lack skills)
 Leads to unemployment, homelessness, living on the street, begging, prostitution,
crime
 People have less disposable income to spend on housing because they spend a
large proportion of their income on food  private developers don’t make a large
profit by making cheap, large-scale to accommodate the population, so they often
don’t build affordable housing  homelessness
Shanty
 Self-help housing
 Shanty housing made from scrounged materials: e.g. pieces of iron, packing
cases, disused plastic sheeting
 70% to 95% of all new housing in LEDCs is made up of shanty housing
 Some governments have the army or police destroy shanty settlements
 Some governments provide basic services like electricity

Import substitution

Export processing zones

Special economic zones

Debt trap

Core-periphery

Neo-liberal counter-revolution

Sustainable development
Questions

5.12
The countries are ranked according to their level of development; countries with the
highest Human Development Index are on top, and those with the lowest are on the
bottom.
5.13

Highest Lowest
Life expectancy at birth Japan Zambia
Adult literacy rate Norway Niger
GDP per capita Norway Malawi
Real GDP per capita USA Sierra Leone
HDI Norway Niger
Population with access to safe water Norway Ethiopia
Agriculture as % of GDP Japan Laos
Av. annual population growth rate Germany UAE
Population aged 65 and over Japan Niger
Electricity consumption per capita Norway Ethiopia
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita UAE Sierra Leone
Daily supply of calories USA Ethiopia
Telephone mainlines per 1000 people USA Rwanda
Cellular mobile phones subscribed Norway Niger
per 1000 people
Internet hosts per 1000 people USA Sierra Leone

5.15
Canada is a highly economically developed country with an HDI of 0.940. In
comparison, Brazil – a country with medium human development – has an HDI of 0.757
and Ethiopia – a country with low human development – has a much lower HDI of 0.327.
Canada has one of the world’s highest life expectancies, 80 years old, while the life
expectancies in Brazil (71 years) and Ethiopia (42 years) are lower. The real GDP in
Canada is $29,740. In Brazil, the real GDP is lower, at $7,480, and in Ethiopia, it is a
paltry $710. Since Canada has a high human development, it has a high adult literacy
rate, at 99.8%. In contrast, Brazil has a literacy rate of only 85.2%, and Ethiopia has one
of 39.1%. With a high level of economic development, Canada is in stage 4 of the DTM,
with a low birth rate and high life expectancy contributing to an older population. Thus,
12.6% of Canada’s population is aged 65 and over. In Brazil, only 5.1% of the
population is aged 65 and over, and in the less economically developed Ethiopia, this
number is only 3.0%.

5.16
The indicator that is the least effective in indicating development is the number of
cellular mobile phones subscribers per 1000 people. Even though it might help indicate
the level of development, it is the least effective indicator because not having a cell phone
does not endow a subscriber with more wealth, and it does not necessarily indicate
whether or not people living in a country are wealthy. In developed countries, many
people choose to have no cell phones even if they can afford one. There is so much
existing technology with the same functions as a cell phone – a computer with internet,
for example – that a population with few cell phones is not necessarily deprived of
technology.

5.17
There is generally more development in countries in North America, Europe and
Australasia, whereas there is less development in Asia, Africa and South America. In
general, the western hemisphere is more developed than the eastern hemisphere, and
countries north of the equator are more developed than countries south of the equator.

5.29

5.22
Helps economic development:

Hinders economic development:

5.24
5.25
Major issues of development
5.37
5.39
5.41
5.44
5.45
5.46
5.47