Chapter 4, Problem 16. Given the circuit in Fig. 4.84, use superposition to get io.

Solution 4.16 Let io = io1 + io2 + io3, where io1, io2, and io3 are due to the 12-V, 4-A, and 2-A sources. For io1, consider the circuit below. io1 + 4 3 2

12V

10

10||(3 + 2 + 5) = 5 ohms, io1 = 12/(5 + 4) = (12/9) A For io2, consider the circuit below. 4A

io2 4
10

5 i1

2 + 5 + 4||10 = 7 + 40/14 = 69/7 i1 = [3/(3 + 69/7)]4 = 84/90, io2 =[-10/(4 + 10)]i1 = -6/9 For io3, consider the circuit below. io3 i2 4 10 5 2A 3 2

3 + 2 + 4||10 = 5 + 20/7 = 55/7 i2 = [5/(5 + 55/7)]2 = 7/9, io3 = [-10/(10 + 4)]i2 = -5/9 io = (12/9) (6/9) (5/9) = 1/9 = 111.11 mA

Problem 4.19 Use superposition to solve for vx and ix in the circuit of Fig. 4.87.

Solution 4.19: Let vx = v1 + v2, where v1 and v2 are due to the 4-A and 6-A sources respectively. ix 2 + 4ix (a) To find v1, consider the circuit in Fig. (a). v1/8 = 4 + (-4ix v1)/2 But, -ix = (-4ix v1)/2 and we have -2ix = v1. Thus, v1/8 = 4 + (2v1 v1)/8, which leads to v1 = -32/3 To find v2, consider the circuit shown in Fig. (b). v2/2 = 6 + (4ix v2)/8 But ix = v2/2 and 2ix = v2. Therefore, v2/2 = 6 + (2v2 v2)/8 which leads to v2 = -16 Hence, vx = (32/3) 16 (b) v1 + 4A 8 v1 2 6A 8 + 4ix ix v2 + v2

Writing a mesh equation around the outside loop we get, 2ix + vx + 4ix = 0 or 2ix = vx Thus, we get, ix = 13.333 A.

Chapter 4, Problem 27. Apply source transformation to find vx in the circuit of Fig. 4.95.

Transforming the voltage sources to current sources gives the circuit in Fig. (a). 10||40 = 8 ohms Transforming the current sources to voltage sources yields the circuit in Fig. (b). Applying KVL to the loop,

-40 + (8 + 12 + 20)i + 200 = 0 leads to i = -4 vx = 12i = -48 V

12 + vx 5A 10 40 8A 20 2A

(a)

8 +

12 + vx

20 +

40V

200V

(b)

Chapter 4, Problem 29. Use source transformation to find vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.97.

4 k

3vo 2 k +

+ 3 mA vo 1 k

Chapter 4, Solution 29. Transform the dependent voltage source to a current source as shown in Fig. (a). 2||4 = (4/3) k ohms 4 k 2 k (4/3) k 1.5vo + 3 mA 1 k vo (a) (b) 3 mA i

2vo + 1 k + vo

It is clear that i = 3 mA which leads to vo = 1000i = 3 V If the use of source transformations was not required for this problem, the actual answer could have been determined by inspection right away since the only current that could have flowed through the 1 k ohm resistor is 3 mA.

Chapter 4, Problem 41. Find the Thvenin and Norton equivalents at terminals a-b of the circuit shown in Fig. 4.108.

Chapter 4, Solution 41

To find RTh, consider the circuit below 14 a

b RTh = 5 //(14 + 6) = 4 = R N Applying source transformation to the 1-A current source, we obtain the circuit below. 6 - 14V + 14 VTh a + 6V b At node a, 14 + 6 VTh V = 3 + Th 6 + 14 5 3A 5

VTh = 8 V

IN =

VTh = (8) / 4 = 2 A RTh

Thus, RTh = R N = 4,

VTh = 8V,

I N = 2 A

10

Chapter 4, Problem 54.

Find the Thvenin equivalent between terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.120

+ -

11

Chapter 4, Solution 54

To find VTh =Vx, consider the left loop.

3 + 1000io + 2V x = 0 For the right loop, V x = 50 x 40i o = 2000io Combining (1) and (2), 3 = 1000io 4000io = 3000io 3 = 1000io + 2V x

(1) (2)

io = 1mA

V x = 2000io = 2

VTh = 2

To find RTh, insert a 1-V source at terminals a-b and remove the 3-V independent source, as shown below. 1 k . io + 2Vx + Vx + 1V ix

40io

50

V x = 1,

2V x = 2mA 1000 V 1 i x = 40io + x = 80mA + A = -60mA 50 50 io =

RTh =

1 = 1 / 0.060 = 16.67 ix

12

Chapter 4, Problem 69.

Find the maximum power transferred to resistor R in the circuit of Fig. 4.135

0.003vo

13

Chapter 4, Solution 69.

We need the Thevenin equivalent across the resistor R. To find RTh, consider the circuit below. 22 k v1
+ 10 k vo 40 k 0.003vo 30 k 1mA

Assume that all resistances are in k ohms and all currents are in mA. 10||40 = 8, and 8 + 22 = 30 1 + 3vo = (v1/30) + (v1/30) = (v1/15) 15 + 45vo = v1 But vo = (8/30)v1, hence, 15 + 45x(8v1/30) v1, which leads to v1 = 1.3636 RTh = v1/1 = 1.3636 k ohms RTh being negative indicates an active circuit and if you now make R equal to 1.3636 k ohms, then the active circuit will actually try to supply infinite power to the resistor. The correct answer is therefore:
VTh V pR = 1363.6 = Th 1363.6 = 1363.6 + 1363.6 0
2 2

It may still be instructive to find VTh. Consider the circuit below.

10 k vo 22 k +
100V
+

v1 +

vo

40 k 0.003vo

30 k

VTh

(100 vo)/10 = (vo/40) + (vo v1)/22

(1)

14

[(vo v1)/22] + 3vo = (v1/30) Solving (1) and (2), v1 = VTh = -243.6 volts

(2)

15

Chapter 5, Problem 67

Obtain the output vo in the circuit of Fig. 5.95.

16

Solution 5.67 Voltage follower , inv amplifier , summer Voltage follower, summer

vo =

80 80 80 ( 0 .4 ) ( 0 .2 ) 40 20 20 = 3.2 0.8 = 2.4V

17

Chapter 5, Problem 72

Find the load voltage vL in the circuit of Fig. 5.98.

18

Since no current flows into the input terminals of ideal op amp, there is no voltage drop across the 20 k resistor. As a voltage summer, the output of the first op amp is v01 = 0.4 The second stage is an inverter
v2 = 250 v 01 100 = 2.5(0.4) = -1V

19

Chapter 5, Problem 73

Determine the load voltage vL in the circuit of Fig. 5.99.

20

Chapter 5, Solution 73.

The first stage is a noninverting circuit. The output is 50 + 10 v 01 = (1.8) = 10.8V 10 The second stage is a voltage follower, v 2 = v 01 = 10.8V

21