Combined Effects Aluminized Explosives

Dr. Ernest L. Baker

L.I. Stiel, W. Balas, C. Capellos and J. Pincay 23 SEP 2008

Outline

Combined Effects Explosives Eigenvalue Detonation Detonation Velocities Cylinder Velocities Equations of State Conclusions

Combined Effects Explosive

High Energy Explosive

High nitramine content High early work output (before 7V/V0)

High Blast Explosive

Typically aluminum and additional oxidizer Later work output (after 7V/V0)

Combined Effects Explosive

Nitramine with fine aluminum: micron & submicron Aluminum reaction occurs very early and contributes to early work
PAX-29: 77/15 Cl-20/Al PAX-30: 77/15 HMX/Al PAX-42 77/15 RDX/Al

Combined Effects Explosives PAX-30 (HMX, 15%Al)

8.60 C-J Det Velocity, Km/s 8.50 8.40 8.30 8.20 8.10 8.00
0

Experiment

JAGUAR 0 = 1.909 g/cm3

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Aluminum Percent Reaction, %

C-J Detonation velocity decreases with extent of Al reaction Experiments: Detonation velocity agrees with 0% Al reaction Cylinder velocity agrees with 100% Al reaction @ 7V/V0 0%: 1.69Km/s, 100%: 1.90Km/s, Experiment: 1.88Km/s

ZND Model

Rayleigh line (momentum) larger D

2 2 R = 0 D P /(V0 V ) = 0

smaller D

Unreacted Hugoniot Reacted Hugoniot Rayleigh line

Pressure

Chapman-Jouguet State

Hugoniot (energy)

= E E0 1/ 2P(V0 V) = 0

Specific Volume

ZND construction

ZND Model

Unreacted Hugoniot Reacted Hugoniot Rayleigh line Von Neumann Spike Pressure Chapman-Jouguet State

Principal Isentrope (products expansion) Specific Volume

ZND construction

ZND Model

Reaction Zone Final CJ state von Neumann point

(reaction fraction) 1.0 Hugoniot Curves 0.5

0

Pressure

Pressure

D Following flow Taylor wave

von Neumann point DCJ ChapmanJouguet state (v0, p0) Specific Volume (1/)

(v0, p0)

Distance

Eigenvalue Detonation p
1.0

(reaction fraction)
0

What if the reacted Hugoniot lay below the unreacted Hugoniot? (opposite of normal)

v=1/

Eigenvalue Detonation

larger D Unreacted Hugoniot (energy) Reacted Hugoniot (energy) Rayleigh line (momentum)

smaller D

Pressure

Eigenvalue State W-point (weak point) 100% reaction CJ State Specific Volume
Fickett 1979 Tarver 2003

Eigenvalue Detonation

Unreacted Hugoniot (energy) Reacted Hugoniot (energy) Rayleigh line (momentum)

Eigenvalue State Pressure W-point W-point Isentrope (products expansion) Specific Volume

Eigenvalue Detonation Aluminized Explosive

Organic Al Reaction Reaction Zone Zone von Neumann point Final W state

Eigenvalue point D Following flow - Taylor wave

(v0, p0)

Eigenvalue Detonation Aluminized Explosive

Unreacted Hugoniot (energy) Inert Al Hugoniot (energy) Reacted Al Hugoniot (energy) Rayleigh line (momentum)
Von Neumann Spike

Pressure

Eigenvalue State W-point W-point Isentrope (products expansion) Specific Volume

Eigenvalue Detonation Combined Effects Explosive JAGUAR Calculations PAX-29 (CL-20, 15%Al)
40

Eigenvalue State
0= 1.999 g/cm3

Pressure, GPa

35

30

W-point: 50% Al reaction W-point: 100% Al reaction

Rayleigh Line 0% Al Reaction 50% Al Reaction 100% Reaction

25

20

15 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95

Relative Specific Volume Aluminum reaction produces lower Hugoniots

Eigenvalue Detonation Combined Effects Explosive JAGUAR Calculations PAX-30 (HMX, 15%AL)
Eigen State

400 350 P, kBar 300 250 200 150 100

W-point

0% AL REACTION 100% AL REACTION RAYLEIGH LINE

VOLUME cc/gm Detonation velocity controlled by 0% AL reaction Hugoniot!

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Detonation Velocity Aluminized Explosives Data

JAGUAR Calculations
------------------------------------------

EXPLOSIVE Al% 0(gm/cc)

------------------------------------------

Experiment Inert Al D (Km/s) D (Km/s)

--------------------------------------------------------------

Reacting Al D (Km/s)
--------------------------------

HMX HMX HMX BTNEN BTNEN NG TNT TNT TNT PAX-3 PAX-29 PAX-30 PAX-42

5 15 25 15 15 15 20 30 10 18 15 15 15

1.84 1.87 1.95 1.96 1.91 1.74 1.64 1.84 1.67 1.87 2.0 1.91 1.83

8.71 8.45 8.55 8.29 8.06 7.94 6.41 6.74 6.51 7.96 8.95 8.51 8.25

8.66 8.42 8.35 8.38 8.16 8.07 6.38 6.63 6.68 8.05 8.79 8.43 8.14
_________

8.53 7.95 7.32 7.45 7.24 7.93 5.77 4.92 6.52 7.65 8.16 8.09 7.75
_________

AVERAGE ERROR % 1.22 7.52 Detonation velocities agree with little or no aluminum reaction

Cylinder Velocity Analytic Cylinder Model

JWLB Equation of State: R iV *

P = Ai 1 e R iV * i

( + 1) + + C 1 V * V* E

Gruneisen Parameter: ( A i V * + B i ) e R iV * + i Analytic Model:

Provides excellent agreement with hydrocodes!

Reference Frame at Detonation Velocity Isentropic Products Expansion Constant Properties Along Spherical Surfaces New: Modified for Eigen Detonation W-point

Cylinder Test Results PAX-3 (HMX, 18%AL - large)

2.0 1.9 Vcyl, km/s 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 AREA EXPANSIONS HMX with large particle size Aluminum: AL reacts late! 0 2 4
EXPERIMENTAL 0%AL REACTION 100%AL REACTION

Cylinder Test Results PAX-30 (HMX, 15%AL - small)

1.90 1.80 Vcyl, km/s 1.70 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.30 1 2 3 4 5 6 AREA EXPANSIONS 7 8
0% Al REACTION 100%Al REACTION W-POINT EXPERIMENTAL

HMX with small particle size aluminum: AL reacts early!

Cylinder Test Results PAX-29 (CL-20, 15%AL - small)

2.0 1.9 1.8 Vcyl, km/s 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 AREA EXPANSIONS 7 8
0% Al REACTION 100% Al REACTION W-POINT EXPERIMENTAL

CL-20 with small particle size Aluminum: AL reacts early!

JWLB Equations of State

PAX-3 (Al INERT) 0 (g/cc) E0 (Mbar) D (cm/s) P (Mbar) A1 (Mbar) A2 (Mbar) A3 (Mbar) A4 (Mbar) R1 R2 R3 R4 C (Mbar)

PAX-29

PAX-30 1.885 0.13568 0.8342 0.2419

PAX-42 1.827 0.13109 0.8137 0.2339

1.866 0.08223
0.8023 0.2937 601.643 3.9482 0.9403 0.049688 13.6055 3.69901 24.9093 1.04285 0.007691 0.27780

1.999 0.14611 0.8784 0.2599

400.407 82.630 1.5507 0.006126 20.9887 9.6288 24.2441 0.328128 0.014626 0.24286

406.224 135.309 1.311 0.006772 26.9788 10.6592 2.52342 0.335585 0.013561 .234742

400.717 16.5445 1.45169 0.006103 13.6945 8.67402 2.5320 0.33570 0.014057 0.242371

D and P are from W-Point (not C-J values)

JWL Equations of State

0 (g/cc) E0 (Mbar) D (cm/s) P (Mbar) A1 (Mbar) A2 (Mbar) R1 R2 C (Mbar)

LX14 1.819 0.10213 0.8630 0.3349 26.1406 .763619 6.93245 1.94159 0.010994 0.384193

PAX-2A 1.770 0.09953 0.8391 0.3124 27.0134 .762675 7.22237 1.95979 0.010919 0.375812

PAX-29 1.999 0.14714 0.8784 0.2599 8.58373 0.168261 4.7726 1.03613 0.014556 0.242252

PAX-30 1.885 0.135755 0.8342 0.2419 7.19151 0.097112 4.59098 0.84089 0.013492 0.233665

PAX-42 1.827 0.12994 0.8137 0.2339 13.8484 0.145102 5.74864 0.99404 0.015193 0.253095

Combined effects explosives: note large blast energies!

Conclusions

New combined effects explosives produce both high metal pushing (early) and high blast (late) work output. Detonation velocities agree with little or no Al reaction even with sub-micron particles However, with small particles, complete Al reaction is indicated during early products expansion Eigen detonation theory used for EOS development