CHAPTER 7 ( security in contemporary world)

Q1 WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY SECURITY ?

Security relates only to extremely dangerous threats . threats that could so endanger core values that those values would damaged beyond repair if we did not do anything to deal with the situation.

Q2 COMPONENTS OF TRADITIONAL SECURITY?

1 DETERRENCE security policy is concerned with preventing war , which is called deterrence. 2 DEFENCE security policy which is concerning with limiting or ending war is called defence. 3 BALANCE OF POWER Govts. Are very sensitive to the balance of power between their country and other countries. They do work hard to maintain a favourable balance of power between their countries and other countries. A good part of maintaining a balance of power is to build up one s military power although economic and technological power are also important.

Q3 ALLIANCE BUILDINGAn alliance is a coalition of states that coordinate their actions to deter or defend against military attack.alliance are based on their national interests and can change when national interests change. For example .the US blocked the Islamic militants in Afghanistan against soviet union in the 1980s but later attacked them when al queda launched terrorist attack on 11 sep. 2001

Q4 WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SECURITY CHALLENGES FACING NEWLY INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES OF ASIA ,AFRICA AND

CHALLENGES IN EUROPE?
1 The new countries faced the prospects of military conflicts with neighbouring countries. 2. They had to worry about the internal military conflicts. These countries faced threats not only from outside but also from within. 3. The new states worried about threats from separate movements which wanted to form independent countries. 4.A neighbour might help or instigate an internal separatist movt. Leading to tensions between two neighbouring countries.

Q5 THREE WAYS TO COOPREATE IN TRADITIONAL SECURITY?

1.Disarmament To stop manufacturing and storage of deadly war weapon race is called disarmament. Disarmament requires all states to give up certain kind of weapons for example. 1972 biological weapons convention and 1992 chemical weapons convention banned the production and possession of these weapons. More than 155 states acceded to the bwc and 181 states acceded to the cwc .both conventions included all great process. 2 Arms control- arms control regulates the acquisition and development of weapons. The anti ballistic missile treaty in 1972 tried to stop the us and soviet union from using ballistic missilies. They also signed a no. of other arms control treaties including the strategic arms reduction treaty(START) . the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT) of 1968 it regulated the acquisition of nuclear weapons .those countries had tested and manufactured nuclear weapons before 1967 were allowed to keep the weapons and those that had not dome so were to give up the right to acquire them. 3. Confidence building- confidence building is a process in which countries share ideas and information with their rivals.they tell each other about their military intentions and ,up to point ,their military plans.

Q6 WHY US AND SOVIET UNION PURSUADED ARMS CONTROL?

Us and soviet union did not want to give up the third type of weapons of mass destruction, namely nuclear weapons ,so they persuaded arms control.

Q7 WHY INDIA HAS NOT SIGNED NPT,CTBT ?

The npt did not abolish nuclear weapons rather it is limited the no. of countries that could have them. NON TRADITIONAL MOTIONS

Q8 WHAT IS

DIFFRENCE BETWEEN

TRADITIONAL AND NON

TRADITIONAL SECURITY THREATS?

1Non traditional motions of security go beyond military threats to include a wide range of threats and danger affecting the condition of human existence. 2.In the traditional security conception referent is the state with its territory and governing institutions. In the non traditional conceptions the referent is not just the state but also individual or communities or indeed all of human kind. 3.Non traditional of security have been called human security or global security.

HUMAN SECURITY Human security is about the protection of people more than the protection of states. 1 .its primary goal is protection of individuals. 2. human security should include protection from hunger, disease and natural disasters. 3.it should also include threats to human dignity and eco security. 4.it should include freedom from want & freedom from fear. GLOBAL SECURITY The idea of global security emerged in 1990s in response to the global nature of threats such as global warming, I.N. terrorism &health epidemics like aids and bird flu. No country can resolve there problems alone. Some country may have to disproportionally bear the burnt to a global problem. For ex.due to global warming , a sea level rise of 15-20 mtrs. Would flood 20% of Bangladesh, most of the Maldives and threatened nearly half of the population of Thailand. Since these is problems are global in nature cooperation is vital. NEW SOURCES OF THREATS 1Terrorism terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately &indiscriminately. In terrorism involves the citizens or territory of more than one country.

Q WHY TERRORIST CREATE TERROR?

Terrorist groups seek to change a political context or condition that they did not like by force or threat of force.

Q WHY TERRORIST CHOOSE CIVILIAN TARGET?

Civilan targets are usually choosen to terrorise the public and to use the unhappiness of the public as a weapon against national govts. Or other parties in conflict. The classic cases of terrorism involves hijacking planes or planting bombs in trains, cafes,markets and other crowded places. HUMAN RIGHTS Human rights have to be classified into 3 parts. The first type is political rights such as freedom of speech and assembly. The second type is economic and social right. The third type is the right of colonialised people or indigeneous minorities.

GLOBAL SECURITY Global poverty is another source of insecurity.world population 8 billion and half of population growth occurs in just 6 countries- india ,Pakistan,china, Nigeria, Bangladesh &Indonesia. Rich countries and people are becoming richer and poor countries and poor people are becoming poorer. Globally these disparities contributes gap between northern and southern countries. MIGRATION poverty in the south also led to large scale migration to seek a better life, especially better economic opportunities in north. REFUGEES- Those who flee from war, naural disaster or army problem, states are generally supposed to accept refugees but they did not have to accept migrants. INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE-people who have fled their homes but remain within national orders are called internally displaced people. Example..kashmiri pundits that fled the violence in the Kashmir valley in the early 1990s are an example of internally displaced people. HEALTH EPIDEMICS Health epidemics such as HIV-aids,bird flu,and severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) have rapidly spread across countries through migration, business, tourism and military operations.one countrys success or failure in limiting the spread of these diseases affects infections in other countries.by 2003, an estimated 4 crore people were infected with HIV-aids worldwide. Treatments were too expensive to help poor regions like Africa where it has proved to be a major factor in driving the region backward into deeper poverty.. COOPERATIVE SECURITY Military force may have a role to play in combating terrorism or in enforcing human rights but it is difficult to see what force would do to help alleviate poverty, manage migration and refugee movements, and control epidemics. Cooperation may be bilateral,regional,continental or global. It would depend on the nature of thr threat and the willingness and ability of countries to respond. Cooperative security may also involve a variety of other players, both international organizations, non governmental organizations,business and corporations,and great personalities. Cooperative security may involve the use of force as last resort.The international community may have to sanction the use of force to deal with governments that kill their own people or ignore the misery of their population who are devasted by poverty,disease and catastrophe

INDIASECURITY STRATEGY 1.The first component was strenghthing its military capabilities because india has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours- Pakistan in 1947-48,1965,1971 and 1999 and china in 1962. Since it is surrounded by nuclear armed countries in south asian region, indias decision to conduct nuclear tests in 1998 was juatified by the Indian government in terms of safeguarding national security.india first tested a nuclear device in 1974. 2.The second component of indias security strategy has been strengthen international norms and institutions to protect its security interests. Indias first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, supported the cause of asian solidarity,decolonization,disarmament and the un as a forum in which international conflicts could be settled. 3.The third component of Indian security strategy is geared towards meeting security challenges within the country. Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland,Mizoram, the Punjab,Kashmir among others have from time to time sought break up away from india. 4.Finally , there has been an attempt in india to develop its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist. The attempt has not quite succeded; we are still a very poor and unequal economy.