USER COM

Information for users of METTLER TOLEDO Titration and pH Systems

Spring 1998

Dear reader
Our aim with this new customer magazine is to offer you even better service. In the section DL-TIP we provide you with tips and advice based on our years of practical experience. You will also find information on new products and their use, as well as applications from all fields of titration and electrochemistry. We wish you an enjoyable read !

Standardization of Titrants

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DL-TIP

Introduction
The history of volumetric analysis can be traced back to the work of Lavoisier and his contemporaries in the 18th century. The first titrations were performed in those days, initially with solid reagents (e.g. potash) but soon after with so-called standard solutions of known concentration. A titration determines how much standard solution is needed to react with the entire amount of substance in the sample. The analyte concentration can be calculated using the consumption, the titrant concentration in mol/L and the molar mass M. It should be noted that titration is not an absolute method as the result is decisively influenced by the titrant concentration. The effective titrant concentration normally differs from the nominal concentration owing either to inaccurate preparation or changes due to the chemical stability.

Contents
DL TIP
- Standardization of Titrants How is it done ? How frequently ? What precautions are needed ?

NEW in the sales program

- DLBase New database software for DL50 and DL70 Titrators - MPC227 Conductometer Specially for conductivity titration

How is the titer determined ?

The determination of the effective concentration, generally called titer determination is through titration of a substance of exactly known concentration. Whenever possible, primary standards are used. These are chemicals which meet the following conditions [1, 2, 3, 4]: Clearly defined composition and high purity High molar mass (to avoid weighing errors) Easy to dry Can be weighed without any difficulties (no reaction with oxygen or CO2 , not hygroscopic) Quickly and readily soluble in the solvent used Rapid and stoichiometric reaction with the titrant.

Accessories
- A large assortment for titration An overview

Applications
- Memory Card application package Methods on memory card - Titration in the Petroleum Industry Determine key values for quality quickly and precisely - New Vitamin C determination Revolutionary amperometric indication
USER COM Spring 1998

In practice, there are very few ideal substances which meet all these conditions. For example, sodium carbonate is hygroscopic and must be dried again before use [2]. In cases in which no suitable primary standard can be found, a so-called secondary standard can be used, in other words a chemical whose exact composition is known through comparison with a primary standard [4].

Methodology
The METTLER TOLEDO application brochures 8, 9 and 18 contain the methodology, results and tips on the titer determination of the most frequently used titrants in acidimetry and alkalimetry, redox titrations, complexometric, turbimetric and precipitation titrations. As a selection of titer determination methods is stored in every instrument, the most common determinations can be started at a keystroke.

How frequently should the titer be determined ?

It is essential to standardize all titrants which are used for the first time. This also applies to purchasable reagents of guaranteed accuracy, as not only concentration errors but also burette inaccuracies are compensated in the titer factor. (If corrosive reagents such as sodium hydroxide are used, the burette diameter may change.) Depending on the stability of the titrant used, the titer should be determined more or less frequently. Table 1 shows a few examples of frequently used titrants. In this connection, it is interesting to note that the new DL50 Titrators (see Figure 1) from METTLER TOLEDO allow the titer determination interval to be programmed: the instrument informs the user when a determination has to be performed. This naturally leads to improved accuracy of the results.

Important points
It must be emphatically METTLER TOLEDO DL55 Titrator pointed out that the titer must be determined with particular care [3]. Each error acts as a systematic error in all determinations which are performed with the particular standard solution. Titer determinations should always involve multiple determinations and be statistically evaluated. The use of a mathematical test to detect outliers (e.g. Grubbs) is advisable [1]. Professional instruments such as the DL70 Titrators from METTLER TOLEDO allow automatic performance of this test after every series. Titer determinations are also eminently suitable for system suitability tests and quickly provide information on whether the system used is still suitable [5]. References
Frequency weekly every 14 days daily daily Store in a cool and dark place Protect against moisture Comments Protect against the ingress of CO2

Titrant Sodium hydroxide NaOH Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Dichlorophenolindophenol Karl Fischer reagent Composite 5

Standard substance Potassium hydrogenphthalate Tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Sodium tartrate dihydrate

Table 1: Primary titrant standards

[1] METTLER TOLEDO, Fundamentals of Titration, 1993 [2] Vogel, Textbook of quantitative inorganic analysis, 4th edition, 1978 [3] JanderJahr, Massanalyse, 14. Auflage, de Gruyter, 1986 [4] E. Merck, Primary Volumetric Standards [5] METTLER TOLEDO Applications Brochure 15, Guidelines for Result Check, Method Validation and Instrument Certification

USER COM Spring 1998

NEW in the sales program

DLBase the Database Application for DLWin

Archiving and retrieving data and results is of increasing importance in an age of constantly growing amount of information. Data have to be processed, they have to be presented to other people in an easily understandable manner and they have to be checked for plausibility. Tasks like these call for a specialized tool that manages data in a database. This is the only way to ensure data integrity. Data overview Gives an overview of results, electrodes, titrants and other data. Statistic functions Results are arranged clearly with their statistics. Taking the SOPs into account, results are excluded from the statistics calculation (see figure below). Export and print functions All data can either be printed in a clear presentation or exported to Excel with one mouse click.

As of now these customer wishes can be realized with DLBase, a newly introduced software that complements DLWin, enabling the data stored in DLWin to be managed. Listed below are the possibilities that DLBase offers. Different search criteria Data can be sorted using items such as method ID and version, user, date and time. This makes retrieval of certain data possible.

Filter functions Filter functions allow for excluding certain items from being displayed. Criteria such as method ID or series No. may be used for filtering. This makes data representation clearer. Definition of SOPs With this option it is possible to enter certain limits that define the validity of results. A freely definable SOP text serves for explanation.

The statistics function enables mean values and standard deviations to be calculated, and makes it possible to verify graphically that the results are within set limits. DLBase offers all the functions that are necessary to deal with large amounts of data. This is achieved by intuitive and easy operation.

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NEW in the sales program

MPC227 the New Combined pH /Conductivity Meter

Several with one blow ! Or how to kill two birds with one stone. METTLER TOLEDO breaks new ground with the launch of the first combined pH/conductivity meter, the MPC227. problems. One sensor is also particularly suitable for conductometric titrations. Combination Titrator/MPC227 A connection from the conductivity meter to the titrator is available for two extremely interesting applications: Automated direct measurement of the conductivity in combination with other analyses, e.g. in the water industry (calcium, chloride, alkalinity, fluoride). Conductometric indication of titrations as an alternative to potentiometry. Thanks to the calibrated and switchable analog output, the MPC227 forms an excellent combination with the DL50 and DL70 Titrators from METTLER TOLEDO. A special logarithmic data transfer ensures equally high accuracy over the entire measurement range. With the MPC227 the user purchases a quality instrument for trouble-free measurement of pHvalues and conductivity. The combined instrument saves space and costs, particularly in frequent measurements of one parameter and occasional measurements of the other parameter. Titration users and water analysts will appreciate the combination of the two instruments as an interesting new feature in the METTLER TOLEDO range. The MPC227 will be available from mid 1998.

Many customers have to measure pH and conductivity. For example, in the water and waste water industry both parameters are important characteristics for the water quality. Where separate instruments were needed previously, the MPC227 works for two, which naturally lowers the capital outlay and saves valuable lab bench space. The two independent measurement channels can be calibrated simply and conveniently with pH or conductivity standards, with the instrument accepting any order of the calibration solutions thanks to the automatic buffer recognition. A three-point calibration for the pH channel assures high result accuracy.

One of the greatest challenges in the chemistry lab today is quality assurance and the associated tasks to fulfill the legal regulations. Complete documentation is just as much a must as strict adherence to the standard operating procedures. The MPC227 reminds the user after a certain time interval that calibration is required, it stores the results of the last calibration, automatically shows the quality of the electrode and provides full documentation of the measurement results on a dot matrix printer. GLP requirements are thus met effortlessly. Three different conductivity sensors are available so that measurements in the range 0 1000 mS can always be performed with a suitable sensor and corrosive media can always be handled without any

Combination of DL55 Titrator / MPC227 pH/Conductivity Meter / GA42 Printer

USER COM Spring 1998

Accessories

Powerful Analitics due to the Right Optional Equipment

There is now a wide range of optional equipment available for the titrators from METTLER TOLEDO. Depending on the application, suitable accessories can improve the result accuracy, reduce the labour involved or open up the way to new applications.

Automation
Prepare and transport samples or process different determinations unsupervised in succession: needs which can be satisfied with the ST20A Sample Changer. Up to 20 samples can be analyzed one after the other, the titration stand is rinsed between samples and the electrode conditioned.

Cleaning
To avoid carryover of the sample, the titration stand should be carefully rinsed after every analysis. This is facilitated by use of a rinsing unit. A simple press is all that is needed to ensure the titration stand is clean and ready for the next determination.

Application brochures
Method development can be time consuming. The choice of suitable conditions, procedures and calculations often requires tedious experiments. METTLER TOLEDO makes its know-how and experience available in the form of detailed application brochures. These offer methods, results, curves and also tips and tricks, for example on sample preparation or disposal.

USER COM Spring 1998

Sensors
The titration electrodes from METTLER TOLEDO prove their worth in harsh routine use. The service life of the electrode depends greatly on choosing the right electrode. The sleeve models in particular are distinguished by exceptional ruggedness and a fast response time. A speciality are the phototrodes, actual photometers which measure the light absorption in the sample and thus allow automatic color change titrations.

Beakers
Naturally also various beakers (glass, plastic, 100 mL, 250 mL, thermostatable) are available, as are suitable stoppers, weighing boats, drying tubes, burettes, cables and printers.

KF accessories
The DV705 Karl-Fischer Stand changes a potentiometric titrator into an instrument for water determination. Drying ovens permit Karl-Fischer titrations of samples which are difficult to access.

Overview of the sensors

Sensor DG101-SC DG111-SC DG113-SC DG114-SC DG115-SC DM140-SC DM141-SC DM142 DP550 DP660 Type pH pH pH pH pH Pt Ag Pt Photo Photo Frit Ceramic Ceramic Sleeve, movable Sleeve, movable Sleeve, fixed Ceramic Ceramic Application Micro applications Standard acid/base Nonaqueous titrations, TAN/TBN Turbid, contaminated samples, proteins Low ionic strength, rapid reaction Redox titrations (Cer, KMnO4, I2 ) Precipitation titrations (AgNO3 ) Voltametry (KF, VitC) Photometric titration (Ca/Mg, surfactants) Photometric titration (Al, Cu)

USER COM Spring 1998

Applications

Insert MemoryCard Load Method Start Titration

Method programming for DL53/55/58 titrators becomes even easier with the new memory card application packages. Fully developed titration methods are already preprogrammed on the industry-specific memory cards and can easily be loaded into the titrator. termined with the help of a bariumselective electrode. Instructions for preparing the sample and notes on the measurements carried out in the application lab simplify the use of the methods in practice. Nowadays time is at a premium in the laboratory. When using the memory card unnecessary method development and programming time can be saved.

Many users already know the advantages of working with the memory card: methods and results are quickly stored, and data of methods and configuration are easily transferred from one titrator to another. This offers lots of options for saving data and makes working with several titrators practicable, even without using a PC. But why confine method transfer to just one user ? METTLER TOLEDO can offer a large number of fully developed and tested methods. This expertise has already been made available to users for years in the form of application brochures. The new memory card application packages contain not only copies of the methods, statistics of the results and instructions on paper, but also the memory card itself, on which all the methods presented in the associated brochure are stored electronically. These methods can be loaded into the titrator without any further ado, thus precluding any errors that might creep in if entering them manually. And then you just go ahead and titrate ! The application packages are created specifically for individual industries, so that as many applications as possible can be used from the one card. At the moment the following memory card application packages are available : Determinations in the beverage industry Determinations in the paper industry Titer determinations TAN/TBN and other determinations for oils
USER COM Spring 1998

Taking the memory card application package for beverage industry determinations as example provides an overview of the information that the user can expect from this type of data storage.

DL55 Titrator with Memory Cards

16 methods are stored on the memory card for beverage determinations, the applications ranging from the combined determination of pH and acid number in fruit juices through the sulfur dioxide content of red and white wines to the determination of reducing sugars in wine and juices. For vitamin C determination both the amperometric and the voltametric methods are described, together with their advantages and disadvantages. The sulfate content in mineral water can be de7

Applications

Titration in the Petroleum Industry

Crude oil is the source of 40 % of todays energy production, which makes it one of the most traded goods in the world. Quality control is indispensable, and is regulated by various standards such as ASTM, IP or BSI. For their newest titrator line, the DL50 family, METTLER TOLEDO has developed methods for determining several key criteria easily and accurately. range among the most frequently used determinations. These relatively elaborate determinations are all performed by potentiometric titration. METTLER TOLEDO has developed methods on their newly launched automatic titrators that allow fast and reliable determination of these values. Beside these methods that strictly follow ASTM D 664-89 (SAN and AN), D 4739-92 and D 2896-92 (SBN and BN) and ASTM 1159-93 (Bromine number) a few other useful methods have been developed: a quick method for the SAN/AN and the SBN/BN, a method for determining the bromine index, mercaptans in oil products and chloride in crude oil. All these have been published in METTLER TOLEDOs latest applications brochure [2].

In the first half of 1996 worldwide 67,689 thousand barrels of crude oil were produced every day; in the first half of 1997 this value had already risen to 70,105 thousand barrels per day. This corresponds to an average growth of 3.6 %. The countries with the highest production are the USA, Saudi Arabia and the former Soviet Union, whereas from the countries with a high production Venezuela, Nigeria, Algeria and China had the highest growth (see table). This oil is partly used in the countries it originates from and partly it is exported. All over the world oil products are refined and processed to petrol, diesel, motor oil, fuel oil, kerosene and petrochemicals and the waste is mainly used as asphalt. Among the biggest consumer countries of petroleum products range the USA, the former Soviet Union, Japan, Germany, Rep. of China, Italy and France. To facilitate quality control several standards have been published, and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) is probably the most well-known source of standards in the petroleum industry. ASTM was founded in 1898 with the intent to meet on a common ground, to have a method with which the quality of products can be tested and defined. Now, exactly 100 years later, this is still the main

purpose of these standards. They also have a growing worth concerning environmental aspects: with SBN- and SAN-standards, for instance, the quality of motor oil can be determined so that it is only changed when needed, thus avoiding unnecessary waste. There are several ASTM standards for the petroleum industry, of which the strong acid and the acid number (SAN and AN), the strong base and the base number (SBN and BN) along with the bromine number

Country USA Saudi Arabia Former USSR (CIS) Iran Mexico Norway China Venezuela Canada UK Nigeria Emirates (UAE) Kuwait Indonesia Libya Algeria World

1997 8331 8169 7158 3693 3373 3295 3228 3224 2508 2478 2399 2300 1989 1553 1460 1291 70105

1996 8411 8015 7125 3698 3312 3208 3093 2901 2350 2499 2210 2244 2007 1515 1424 1234 67689

Growth 1.0 % + 1.9 % + 0.5 % 0.1 % + 1.8 % + 2.7 % + 4.4 % + 11.1 % + 6.7 % 0.8 % + 8.6 % + 2.5 % 0.9 % + 2.5 % 2.5 % + 4.6 % + 3.6 %

Crude oil production in 1000 barrels per day, first half of year [1]

USER COM Spring 1998

What are acid and base numbers good for ? The SBN is a measure for the amount of strong bases in petroleum products. The strong bases are defined as basic compounds, with a dissociation constant at least 1000 times that of the next weaker groups. Basic compounds are mainly organic and inorganic bases, including amino compounds but also salts of weak acids, basic salts of polyacidic compounds and some additives such as inhibitors or detergents. Strong acids are defined in the same way as strong bases. Acidic compounds to be found in petroleum products are organic and inorganic acids, esters, phenolic compounds, lactones, resins, salts of ammonia and others. Both the SBN/BN and the SAN/AN are used to indicate relative changes

that occur in an oil during use under oxidizing or other service conditions, regardless of the color or other properties. They are used as indication when the quality of the oil is low and when it needs replacing. Bromine number The bromine number is the calculated amount of bromine in grams to react with 100 g of sample under the conditions of the standard test method ASTM D 1159-93. The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine reactive constituents, mainly double bonds. Quick methods and other methods The quick methods can be used in routine checks. They allow a rough estimate of the true value in about one quarter of the time of the ASTM methods.

The mercaptan determination follows ASTM D3227 and is also used for quality control, whereas the chloride content of crude oil is important because chloride affects the pipelines. Conclusion Most of the ASTM determinations call for several pretitrations before the actual titration is started - this is an ideal application for METTLER TOLEDOs automatic titrators, for which methods have already been developed and published in their latest memory card application package Determinations in the Petroleum Industry. They allow an exact and easy determination of all the important properties in petroleum products and can be performed without any special knowledge of the field.

mV

Sample
SAN 200 Blank A HCl Buffer A

Sample
0 Solvent KOH Blank B 200 AN AN AN AN Buffer B

References [1] Petroleum Economist, Volume 64 Number 10, London 1997 [2] Applications Brochure 20, Determinations in the Petroleum Industry, METTLER TOLEDO

mL

Titration curve acid number

USER COM Spring 1998

Applications

New Method for the Determination of Vitamin C

Vitamin C content is an important factor for the quality control of food and beverage products. This article describes the amperometric titration of vitamin C, a new method with considerable advantages over classical procedures, such as speed, accuracy and sensitivity. METTLER TOLEDO has developed a new automatic titrator that not only allows amperometric titrations, but also provides the necessary algorithm for the appropriate evaluation. An alternative method is the amperometric titration. Here the potential U is kept constant and the current I is measured. According to literature [5] the potential must be kept near the half wave-potential 1/2. The half wave-potential indicates how easily a substance can be oxidised or reduced and depends on the acidity of the solution as follows: 1/2(25 C) = 0.309 + 0.059 lg[H+]2 + 10 -5.92[H+] where 10 -5.92 is the first dissociation constant of ascorbic acid. In the course of the titration I remains constant as long as DPI reacts with ascorbic acid. After the equivalence point the current rises proportionally to the amount of excessive DPI. The titration curves of amperometric titrations show a segmented curve, i.e. two straight lines meeting at an equivalence point. METTLER TOLEDO has developed the an alogarithm for thr evaluation of segmented titration curves [4].
[A]

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is vital for human beings. Its absence in nutrition leads to scurvy - once common among sailors - and it is believed to prevent viral infections and even cancer [1]. Even though the two latter points are not proven, the vitamin C concentration in food and beverage products is often mentioned in specifications and therefore has to be controlled by quantitative analysis. How can we determine the vitamin C content ? Various methods are applied for the determination of vitamin C, amongst them redox titrations with iodine or dichlorophenolindophenol (DPI) as titrants. Titration provides a fast, easy and accurate technique in general, and DPI is an ideal oxidising agent because of its selectivity for ascorbic acid. Indication of the equivalence point can be done potentiometrically, photometrically, voltametrically or - as presented here - amperometrically. Ascorbic acid is a compound that readily oxidises as follows:
OH O O OH O

Voltametric or amperometric titration ? In any titration the amount of titrant up to complete reaction with the analyte has to be determined. Accurate indication of the equivalence point (equal amount of titrant and analyte in moles) is a necessity for accurate determination. In voltametric titration a constant current I is applied to a double pin platinum electrode and the potential U is measured. In the titration of ascorbic acid with DPI, the potential measured remains constant until all the ascorbic acid has been oxidised and excessive DPI is reduced at the electrode. This results in a huge potential jump, that can be evaluated by classical methods such as standard evaluation [2] or Tubbs evaluation [3].
[mV]

[mL]

OH O OH

Fig. 2: Example of a voltametric titration curve [4]

[mL]
Fig. 3: Example of an amperometric titration [4]

2e HO OH

Fig. 1: Oxidation of ascorbic acid

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USER COM Spring 1998

Comparison of the amperometric method with the voltametric indication Amperometric titration has two major advantages in comparison to the voltametric titration: Amperometric titration is faster because the equilibration time after adding an increment of titrant is shorter. Smaller concentrations can be determined than is possible with voltametric indication since the amperometric indication is more sensitive.

Sample

Originating from

Sample size [g] 25 57 57 46 10

Content of Vitamin C [mg/100 g] 103.79 37.16 41.51 53.00 53.06

RSD [%]

Kiwi fruit Orange juice Apricot juice Lemon juice Ribena

freshly chopped bottle bottle freshly squeezed bottle

0.979 0.501 0.477 0.339 0.044

4 3 4 6 3

Table 1: Different examples of vitamin C determinations

The amperometric titration with segmented evaluation was applied in several measurement series to determine the ascorbic acid content in different fruit juices (see table 1). With useful side effects such as relatively small sample sizes and short measuring times (2 3 min per titration) the precision is very high, which is expressed in a low relative standard deviation. Instrument requirements METTLER TOLEDO titrators allow the sequential programming of sample preparation, dilution, titration, evaluation, calculation and reporting with a so-called method concept, wherein different steps such as DISPENSE, STIR, TITRATION, CALCULATION can be combined freely. This allows the complete automation of an analysis sequence and hence liberates the operator from routine work. Users are supported with a built-in method library for the most common applications. Industry-specific Memory Card packages, e.g. for the beverage industry provide additional methods developed for a specific field of interest to further facilitate method development and hence problem solving.

Title Method ID . . . . . . . Title . . . . . . . . . Date/time . . . . . . . Sample Sample ID . . . . . . . Entry type . . . . . . . Lower limit [g] . . . Upper limit [g] . . . Molar mass M . . . . . . Equivalent number z . . Titration stand . . . . Temperature sensor . . . Stir Speed [%] . . . . . . . Time [s] . . . . . . . . EQP titration pol. Titrant/Sensor Titrant . . . . . . . Concentration [mol/L] Sensor . . . . . . . Indication . . . . . . . UPol [mV] . . . . . . Predispensing . . . . . Volume [mL] . . . . . Titrant addition dV [mL] . . . . . . . Measure mode . . . . . .

. . . . . . MT071 . . . . . . Vitamin C . . . . . . 18-Jul-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . orange juice Weight 5.0 7.0 176.13 2 Stand 1 Manual

. . . . . . 40 . . . . . . 10

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

1/2 DPI 0.01 DM142 Amperometric 200.0 to volume 1

Conclusion For the determination of the vitamin C content, titration with DPI and amperometric indication is the ideal solution: high selectivity of the chemical reaction, together with timesaving but sensitive indication and easy handling of the titrators due to the method concept allow a fast and reliable analysis.

dE [mV, uA] . . . . . dt [s] . . . . . . . t(min) [s] . . . . . t(max) [s] . . . . . Recognition Threshold . . . . . . . . . . Steepest jump only . . . . . Range . . . . . . . . . . . . Tendency . . . . . . . . . . Termination at maximum volume [mL] . . . at potential . . . . . . . . at slope . . . . . . . . . . after number EQPs . . . . . . n = . . . . . . . . . . . comb. termination conditions Evaluation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . Potential 1 . . . . . . . . . Potential 2 . . . . . . . . . Stop for reevaluation . . . . Condition . . . . . . . . Calculation Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . Decimal places . . . . . . . . . Result unit . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . 0.1 . . . . . . Equilibrium contr. . . . . . . 0.5 . . . . . . 1.0 . . . . . . 3.0 . . . . . . 30.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 No No Positive 10.0 No No Yes 1 No Segmented No No Yes neq=0 R=Q*C/m C=M*100/z 4 mg/100g

References [1] Rmpp, Chemie Lexikon, Thieme Verlag [2] Fundamentals of Titration, METTLER TOLEDO [3] S. Ebel, E. Glaser, R. Kantelberg, B. Reyer, Auswertung digitaler Titrationskurven nach dem Tubbs-Verfahren, Fresenius Z Anal Chem, 1982 (312), S. 604 - 607 [4] Applications Brochure 19, Determinations in Beverages, METTLER TOLEDO [5] Polarographische Analyse; Krjukowa, Sinjakowa, Arefjewa; VEB Deutscher Verlag fr Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig 1964 Other books on this subject: - Quantitative Analytical Chemistry; J. S. Fritz, G. H. Schenk, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., Boston 1979 - The Principals and Applications of Polarography, G. W. C. Milner, Longmans, London 1962
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Fig. 4: Example of a typical titration method

USER COM Spring 1998

Exhibitions, Conferences and Courses

Achemasia 98 Eastern-Analytical Symposium May 11 16 1998 November 15 20 1998 Beijing Sommerset NJ

Titration Customer Courses and Seminars (CH)

Information and registration: Yvonne de Buhr Tel. ++41 1 806 7219 Fax ++41 1 806 7240 E-Mail: yvonne.debuhr@mt.com DL course 45, Oil analysis (English) November 4 5 1998 Greifensee, Switzerland

Titration Customer Courses and Seminars (Germany)

For further information please contact Mettler-Toledo GmbH in Giessen Tel. ++49 641 507 317

Titration Information Days and Training Courses (USA)

Please contact your local instrument specialist or call Tel. 1 800 METTLER (63 88 537) Fax 1 609 448 47 77

Regional Titration Seminars (UK)

For further information please contact Mettler-Toledo Leicester Tel. 0116 234 50 25 Fax 0116 234 50 25

If you have any questions concerning other meetings, the products or applications, please contact your local METTLER TOLEDO dealer. Editorial office Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Analytical Sonnenbergstrasse 74 CH-8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland Tel. ++41 1 806 7711 Fax ++41 1 806 7240 E-Mail: marketsupport.anachem@mt.com Internet: http://www.mt.com U. Bauer, J. Maag, V. Schindler, Dr. T. Fritz, Ch. Walter Layout and Production Market Support AnaChem Schwerzenbach, V. Mahler ME-51709796