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Electrostatics
Electric Fields
Recall the principle of action-at-a-distance. Point Charges r r Electric field E (r ) is calculated r from Coulomb force r r Fq E (r ) = q r Because of the linearity of the q1 ri governing equation, i.e. Coulombs q2 r Law, we can apply the linear qi ri r superposition to evaluate the field of a ri collection of point charges. r r r r = r r r r 1 n qi r E (r ) = i 4 0 i =1 ri 2
Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetism
Electric Fields
Continuos Charges r r Electric field E (r ) is calculated by dividing the charge distribution into infinitesimal charge elements and assume that each charge element is a point charge and apply the superposition principle : r r r 1 E (r ) = dq 4 0 r 2 For a line (1D) charge distribution r r r 1 (r ) E (r ) = r dl 2 4 0 r C For a surface (2D) charge distribution r r r 1 (r ) E (r ) = r 2 r da 4 0 S
Electromagnetism
dl
C
(r )
da
(r )
4
Alexander A. Iskandar
Electric Fields
Continuos Charges For a volume (3D) charge distribution r r r 1 (r ) E (r ) = r d 4 0 r2 V
V
(r )
The length of the arrow represent the magnitude of the electric field.
Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetism 7
The density of the field lines represent proportionally the magnitude of the electric field.
Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetism 8
Thus for a closed surface integration, it will give a measure of the total sources or sinks inside the closed surface.
Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetism 9
=
S
q 4 0 r q
2
r r 2 sin d d r q
4 0
(2)(2 ) =
Alexander A. Iskandar
Electromagnetism
10
Note that Qenc are the charges enclosed by the closed Gaussian surface, all other charges outside of the Gaussian surface do not contribute.
Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetism 11
And the enclosed charge can written as : r Qenc = (r ) d Thus combining the two relations : r E d = d V V 0 Since the volume of integration can be taken arbitrarily, then the integrands must be equal r E =
V
Alexander A. Iskandar
Electromagnetism
12
r r
(r ) 4 (r ) d
V
The above equation can be read as follows : the source of electric field is an electric charge distribution, in particular we can have an electric charge monopole to produce the electric field.
Alexander A. Iskandar
Electromagnetism
15
1 1 ra rb a Note that the choice of path from a to b is arbitrary, and the result only depend on the distance of points a to b from the origin. If the integral is a closed loop integration (ra = rb) then r r E dl = 0 q 1 q = dr = 2 4 0 a r 4 0 r a 4 0 q
b
C
r rb
r ra
Since the choice of surface S is arbitrary, a r then the integrand above has to be zero : E = 0
Alexander A. Iskandar Electromagnetism 17
Hence,
r E =
Alexander A. Iskandar
1 4 0
(r )
V
r d r2
18
Electromagnetism
r 2 = 0 r
Note, that this curl-less property of the electric field means that the electric field is a conservative force.
Alexander A. Iskandar
Electromagnetism
19
r n r r E = Ei = 0 Ei = 0
i =1
Alexander A. Iskandar
Electromagnetism
20
10