Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
FRACCIONES SIMPLES
Luis Mujica Magda Ruiz
INTRODUCCIN
Las fracciones simples se utilizan para ayudar a descomponer funciones racionales y obtener sumas de funciones ms simples.
Una funcin racional es una funcin que se puede expresar como:
P ( x) f ( x) = , Q ( x)
donde P(x) y Q(x) son polinomios, siendo Q(x) 0. Una funcin simple es una funcin que se puede expresar como:
( x a)
Ax + B
donde b2 - 4c < 0.
(x
+ bx + c)
grado{P(x)} grado{Q(x)}
S ( x) P ( x) = R ( x) + Q ( x) Q ( x)
CASOS
Teniendo P(x) Q(x), donde: gr{P(x)} < gr{Q(x)}, y Q(x) factorizado en su forma ms reducida, se pueden encontrar 4 casos, donde Q(x) es el producto de funciones :
P ( x) A1 A2 An = + + + ( x x1 ) ( x x2 )... ( x xn ) ( x x1 ) ( x x2 ) ( x xn )
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
P ( x)
( x x1 )
A1 A2 An + + + n ( x x1 ) ( x x1 )2 ( x x1 )
f ( x) =
P ( x)
( x a) ( x 2 + bx + c)
+ D2 x + E2
A Bx + C + 2 x a x + bx + c
f ( x) =
P ( x)
( x 2 + bx + c)
D1 x + E1
( x 2 + bx + c)
( x 2 + bx + c)
+ +
Dn x + En
( x 2 + bx + c)
El denominador de esa suma es igual al de la izquierda, por lo tanto, los numeradores deben ser iguales. Por igualdad de polinomios, se obtiene un sistema de p ecuaciones lineales con p incgnitas
4 x 2 + 13x 9 f ( x) = 3 x + 2 x 2 3x
A=3 B = 1 C=2
Solucin
37 x 11 ( x + 1) ( x 2 5 x + 6)
x 29 ( x 4) ( x + 1)
4 x 2 5 x 15 x3 4 x 2 5x
4 x 2 15 x 1 ( x 1) ( x + 2) ( x 3)
8x 1 ( x 2) ( x + 3)
x + 34 x 2 4 x 12
5 x 12 x2 4x
x 2 + 19 x + 20 x ( x + 2 ) ( x 5)
2 x 2 10 x 4 x3 + 4 x2 + x 6
A B C + + x x 3 ( x 3)2 A ( x 3) + B ( x ) ( x 3) + C ( x ) x ( x 3)
2 2
A ( x 2 6 x + 9) + B ( x 2 3x ) + C ( x ) x ( x 3)
2
Se organiza el
A = 4 B=5 C =1
Solucin
x 2 + 3x + 1
( x 1) ( x + 2)
5x 2 4 x 2 ( x + 2)
3x 2 x2 2 x +1
7 3x x2 4x + 4
2x2 + x
2x + 3
2
( x 1) ( x + 1)
( x 1)
x2 6 x + 1 ( 2 x + 1) 2
10 x x 2 + 10 x + 25
19 x 2 + 50 x 25 3x 3 5 x 2
( Ax + B) (2 x 1) + C ( x 2 + 4) = ( x 2 + 4) (2 x 1)
2 Ax 2 Ax + 2 Bx B + Cx 2 + 4C = ( x 2 + 4) (2 x 1) = x 2 ( 2 A + C ) + x ( A + 2 B ) + ( B + 4C )
(x
+ 4) ( 2 x 1)
+2 A +C = 1 A +2 B = 1 B +4C = 21
A=3 B =1 C = 5
Solucin
x+4 f ( x) = 3 ( x + x)
1 f ( x) = ( x + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
2 x2 + x +1 f ( x) = x ( x 2 + 1)
x+3 f ( x) = 3 2 x + 8x
2 x 2 + 1 f ( x) = 2 ( x + 1) ( x 2 + 4)
f ( x) =
3x ( x 1) ( x 2 + 2)
x2 f ( x) = 2 x + x +1
f ( x) =
x2 ( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1)
4 x 2 5 x 15 f ( x) = 3 x 5x 2 5x
f ( x) =
2 x6 x5 + x4 + 2 x2 1
(x
3
2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 2 )
(x
2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 2 )
2 x6 x5 + x4 + 2 x2 1
( x 1)
(x
+ 2)
2 x6 x5 + x4 + 2 x2 1
(x A ( x 1) ( x =
( x 1)
=
+ 2)
A B Cx + D Ex + F Gx + H = + + + + x 1 ( x 1)2 x 2 + 2 ( x 2 + 2 )2 ( x 2 + 2 )3
3 2 2 2 2
+ 2 ) + B ( x 2 + 2 ) + (Cx + D ) ( x 1) ( x 2 + 2 ) + ( Ex + F ) ( x 1) ( x 2 + 2 ) + (Gx + H ) ( x 1)
( x 1) ( x 1)
2 2
( x 2 + 2)
3
(C + A ) x 7 + (- A + B + D - 2C ) x 6 + (6 A - 2 D + 5C + E ) x 5 + (5D - 8C + F - 2 E - 6 A + 6 B ) x 4 +
(x
+ 2)
3
+(G + 12 A - 8D + 8C - 2 F + 3E ) x 3 + ( H - 2G -12 A + 8D - 8C + 12 B + 3F - 4 E ) x 2 +
( x 1) ( x 2 + 2) ( x 1)
2
+(-2 H + G + 8 A - 8D + 4C - 4 F + 2 E ) x - 8 A + H + 2 F + 8B + 4 D
(x
+ 2)
A= 1 B= 1
+5C 2 D
9 C =3 D = 14 E = 16
12 A +12 B 8C +8D 4 E +8 A 8 A + 8B
9 F = 41 G = 10 H = 11 3
+4C 8D +2 E 4 F +4 D +2 F
2 H = +H
9 3
= 1
Solucin
f ( x) =
1 1 3x 14 16 x 41 10 x 11 + + 3 ( x 1) 9 ( x 1)2 9 ( x 2 + 2 ) 9 ( x 2 + 2 )2 3 ( x 2 + 2 )3
f ( x) =
2 x + 4
( x + 1) ( x 1)
2
f ( x) =
1 x ( x + 1)
2 2
f ( x) =
4 x2 + x +1
( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)
f ( x) =
2x2 + x 2
(x
+ x + 1)
f ( x) =
2 x6 x5 + x4 + 2 x2 1
(x
+ 2 ) ( x 1)
f ( x) =
8 x 3 + 13x
(x
+ 2)
f ( s) =
2x + x + 4
(x
+ 4)
f ( x) =
x + 2 x +1
(x
+ 1)
f ( x) =
8x 2 + 8x + 2
( 4 x 2 + 1)