Table of thermodynamic equations

Table of thermodynamic equations

This article is summary of common equations and quantities in thermodynamics (see thermodynamic equations for more elaboration). SI units are used for absolute temperature, not celsius or fahrenheit.

Definitions
Many of the definitions below are also used in the thermodynamics of chemical reactions.

General basic quantities

Quantity (Common Name/s) (Common) Symbol/s Number of molecules Number of moles Temperature Heat Energy Latent Heat T Q, q QL N n SI Units Dimension

dimensionless dimensionless mol K J J [N] [] [M][L]2[T]2 [M][L]2[T]2

General derived quantities

Quantity (Common Name/s) (Common) Symbol/s Defining Equation SI Units Dimension

Thermodynamic beta, Inverse temperature Entropy

J1 J K1

[T]2[M]1[L]2 [M][L]2[T]2 []1 [M][L]2[T]2 []1 [M][L]2[T]2 [M][L]2[T]2

Negentropy

J K1

Internal Energy Enthalpy Partition Function Gibbs free energy

U H Z G (Ni, S, V must all be constant)

J J

dimensionless dimensionless J J [M][L]2[T]2 [M][L]2[T]2

Chemical potential (of component i in i a mixture) Helmholtz free energy Landau potential, Landau Free Energy Grand potential Massieu Potential, Helmholtz free entropy A, F

J J

[M][L]2[T]2 [M][L]2[T]2 [M][L]2[T]2 [M][L]2[T]2 []1

J J K1

Table of thermodynamic equations

Planck potential, Gibbs free entropy

J K1

[M][L]2[T]2 []1

Thermal properties of matter

Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s C Defining equation SI units Dimension

General heat/thermal capacity

J K 1

[M][L]2[T]2 []1 [M][L]2[T]2 []1 [L]2[T]2 []1 [M][L]2[T]2 []1 [N]1 [M][L]2[T]2 []1 [L]2[T]2 []1 [M][L]2[T]2 []1 [N]1 [L]2[T]2

Heat capacity (isobaric)

Cp

J K 1

Specific heat capacity (isobaric) Molar specific heat capacity (isobaric)

Cmp Cnp

J kg1 K1 J K 1 mol1

Heat capacity (isochoric/volumetric)

CV

J K 1

Specific heat capacity (isochoric) Molar specific heat capacity (isochoric)

CmV CnV

J kg1 K1 J K 1 mol1

Specific latent heat Ratio of isobaric to isochoric heat capacity, heat capacity ratio, adiabatic index

J kg1

dimensionless dimensionless

Thermal transfer
Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s No standard symbol P Defining equation SI units Dimension

Temperature gradient

K m1

[][L]1 [M] [L]2 [T]2 [M] [T]3 [M] [T]3

Thermal conduction rate, thermal current, thermal/heat flux, thermal power transfer Thermal intensity

W=J s1 W m2 W m2

Thermal/heat flux density (vector analogue of thermal intensity above) q

Table of thermodynamic equations

Equations
The equations in this article are classified by subject.

Phase transitions
Physical situation Adiabatic transition Isothermal transition For an ideal gas Equations

Isobaric transition

p1 = p2, p = constant V1 = V2, V = constant

Isochoric transition

Adiabatic expansion

Free expansion Work done by an expanding gas Process

Net Work Done in Cyclic Processes

Kinetic theory Ideal gas equations

Physical situation Ideal gas law Nomenclature p = pressure V = volume of container T = temperature n = number of moles N = number of molecules k = Boltzmanns constant m = mass of one molecule Mm = molar mass Equations

Pressure of an ideal gas

Ideal gas

Table of thermodynamic equations

Quantity

General Equation

Isobaric p = 0

Isochoric V = 0

Isothermal T = 0

Adiabatic

Work W Heat Capacity C Internal Energy U Enthalpy H Entropy S [1] Constant (as for real gas) (for monatomic ideal gas) (for monatomic ideal gas)

Entropy
, where kB is the Boltzmann constant, and denotes the volume of macrostate in the phase space or otherwise called thermodynamic probability. , for reversible processes only

Statistical physics
Below are useful results from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for an ideal gas, and the implications of the Entropy quantity. The distribution is valid for atoms or molecules constituting ideal gases.
Physical situation MaxwellBoltzmann distribution Nomenclature v = velocity of atom/molecule, m = mass of each molecule (all molecules are identical in kinetic theory), (p) = Lorentz factor as function of momentum (see below) Ratio of thermal to rest mass-energy of each molecule: Equations Non-relativistic speeds

Relativistic speeds (Maxwell-Juttner distribution)

K2 is the Modified Bessel function of the second kind. Entropy Logarithm of the density of states Pi = probability of system in microstate i = total number of microstates where:

Entropy change

Entropic force

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df = degree of freedom Average kinetic energy per degree of freedom

Equipartition theorem

Internal energy

Corollaries of the non-relativistic Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution are below.

Physical situation Mean speed Nomenclature Equations

Root mean square speed

Modal speed

Mean free path

= Effective cross-section n = Volume density of number of target particles = Mean free path

Quasi-static and reversible processes

For quasi-static and reversible processes, the first law of thermodynamics is:

where Q is the heat supplied to the system and W is the work done by the system.

Thermodynamic potentials
The following energies are called the thermodynamic potentials,
Name Internal energy Symbol Formula Natural variables

Helmholtz free energy Enthalpy Gibbs free energy Landau Potential (Grand potential) ,

and the corresponding fundamental thermodynamic relations or "master equations"[2] are:

Table of thermodynamic equations

Potential Internal energy Enthalpy Helmholtz free energy Gibbs free energy

Differential

Maxwell's relations
The four most common Maxwell's relations are:
Physical situation Thermodynamic potentials as functions of their natural variables energy = Gibbs free energy Nomenclature = Internal energy = Enthalpy = Helmholtz free Equations

More relations include the following.

Other differential equations are:

Name GibbsHelmholtz equation H U G

Table of thermodynamic equations

Quantum properties
Indistinguishable Particles

where N is number of particles, h is Planck's constant, I is moment of inertia, and Z is the partition function, in various forms:
Degree of freedom Translation Partition function

Vibration

Rotation where: = 1 (heteronuclear molecules) = 2 (homonuclear)

Thermal properties of matter

Coefficients Joule-Thomson coefficient Equation

Compressibility (constant temperature)

Coefficient of thermal expansion (constant pressure)

Heat capacity (constant pressure)

Heat capacity (constant volume)

Derivation of heat capacity (constant pressure) Since

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Derivation of heat capacity (constant volume) Since

(where Wrev is the work done by the system),

Thermal transfer
Physical situation Net intensity emission/absorption Internal energy of a substance Nomenclature Texternal = external temperature (outside of system) Tsystem = internal temperature (inside system) = emmisivity CV = isovolumetric heat capacity of substance T = temperature change of substance Cp = isobaric heat capacity CV = isovolumetric heat capacity n = number of moles i = thermal conductivity of substance i net = equivalent thermal conductivity Series Equations

Meyer's equation

Effective thermal conductivities

Parallel

Thermal efficiencies
Physical situation Thermodynamic engines Nomenclature = efficiency W = work done by engine QH = heat energy in higher temperature reservoir QC = heat energy in lower temperature reservoir TH = temperature of higher temp. reservoir TC = temperature of lower temp. reservoir K = coefficient of refrigeration performance Thermodynamic engine: Carnot engine efficiency: Equations

Refrigeration

Refrigeration performance Carnot refrigeration performance

Table of thermodynamic equations

References
[1] Keenan, Thermodynamics, Wiley, New York, 1947 [2] Physical chemistry, P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0 19 855148 7

Atkins, Peter and de Paula, Julio Physical Chemistry, 7th edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, 2002 [ISBN 0-7167-3539-3]. Chapters 1 - 10, Part 1: Equilibrium. Bridgman, P.W., Phys. Rev., 3, 273 (1914). Landsberg, Peter T. Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990. (reprinted from Oxford University Press, 1978). Lewis, G.N., and Randall, M., "Thermodynamics", 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1961. Reichl, L.E., "A Modern Course in Statistical Physics", 2nd edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998. Schroeder, Daniel V. Thermal Physics. San Francisco: Addison Wesley Longman, 2000 [ISBN 0-201-38027-7]. Silbey, Robert J., et al. Physical Chemistry. 4th ed. New Jersey: Wiley, 2004. Callen, Herbert B. (1985). "Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Themostatistics", 2nd Ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

Table of thermodynamic equations Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=519398450 Contributors: Apple17, Boardhead, Ckk253, Dapeders, Dhollm, EncMstr, Hesacon, Ianalis, Jamoche, Jdpipe, KRMorison, Kbrose, Klaas van Aarsen, Koumz, Maschen, MaxEspinho, Meithan, Memming, Onegumas, PAR, PhilKnight, Pmetzger, Power.corrupts, Protonk, Roastytoast, Sadi Carnot, Saehry, Shorelander, Sumanch, Tetracube, Tommy2010, Utimatu, Vishktl, Werson, Youandme, Z = z + c, , 79 anonymous edits

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