Week 11: Complex Numbers and Vectors Complex Numbers

If you were asked to solve the quadratic equation x 2 6 x + 34 , you would start be applying the quadratic formula with a = 1 , b = 6 and c = 34 Hence, x =
x= b b 2 4ac 2a

6 36 136 6 100 . x = 2 2

But, how do we find 100 ? 100 cannot be represented by a number, as there is no real number whose square is negative so therefore we define 100 = j10 . Example: Find Solution: 49
49
= j7 .

Example: Find 90.25 . Solution: 90.25 = j 9.5 . TRY: Find

169

Powers of j
j = 1

j 3 = j 2 j = ( 1) j = j
j4 = j2

j 2 = 1

( )

( )

= ( 1) = 1
2

Example: Find j 7 . 3 Solution: j 7 = ( j 2 ) j = ( 1) 3 j = j . Example: Find j 16 . 4 Solution: j 16 = ( j 4 ) = (1) 4 = 1 . Example: Find j 25 . 6 Solution: j 25 = ( j 4 ) j = (1) 6 j = j . TRY: Find Find
j 34

. 81 j .

Find Find

j 48 . j 123 .

Complex Numbers
Lets refer back to our original problem of solving x 2 6 x + 34 using the quadratic formula. We found that x =
6 100 and we said that 2
100 = j10 .

1/8

Thus x =

The result x = 3 + j 5 consists of 2 separate terms that cannot be combined any further. In the expression x = 3 + j 5 3 is called the real part of x 5 is called the imaginary part of x the two combined form a complex number. Hence, a complex number = real part + j (imaginary part)

6 j10 6 + j10 6 j10 = 3 + j 5 and x = = 3 j5 and therefore. x = 2 2 2

Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

In order to add and subtract complex number, we match like with like and then add and subtract as normal. Example: Solution: Find ( 4 + j 2) + ( 5 + j 6) Rewrite as 4 + j 2 + 5 + j 6
4 + 5 + j 2 + j6 4 + 5 + j ( 2 + 6) = 9 + j8

Example: Solution:

Find

( 6 + j 2) + ( 7 j3) 6 + j 2 + 7 j3 6 + 7 + j 2 j3 6 + 7 + j ( 2 3) =13 j

Example: Solution:

Find

( 3 + j 2) ( 2 j 6) 3 + j 2 2 + j6 3 2 + j2 + j6 3 2 + j( 2 + 6) =1 +8 j

TRY: Find ( 4 + j 7 ) ( 8 j 2 ) . Find ( 4 + j5) + ( 3 j 2) . Find ( 3 + j 5) ( 5 j 4 ) ( 2 j 3) .

Multiplication of complex numbers Example: Find ( 3 + j 4)( 2 + j 5)

Solution:

( 3 + j 4)( 2 + j5) = (3 2) + (3 j 5) + ( j 4 2) + ( j 4 j 5) = 6 + j15 + j8 + ( j 4 j 5)

= 6 + j 23 + j 2 20

We know that
2

6 + j 23 + j 20 = 6 + j 23 + ( 1) 20 = 6 + j 23 20 = 14 + j 23 .

j 2 = 1,

therefore

2/8

Example: Find ( 4 j 5)( 3 + j 2 ) Solution:

=12 j 7 j 2 10

( 4 j5)(3 + j 2 ) = (4 3) + (4 j 2) + ( j 5 3) + ( j5 j 2) =12 + j8 j15 ( j5 j 2)

j 2 = 1,

We know that
2

12 j 7 j 10 = 12 j 7 ( 1)10 = 12 j 7 +10 = 22 j 7 .

therefore

Example: Find ( 5 j 2)( 7 j 3)( 6 + j 4 ) Solution: Now

( 5 j 2)( 7 j 3)( 6 + j 4) = [ ( 5 7 ) + ( 5 j 3) + ( j 2 7 ) + ( j 2 j 3) ]( 6 + j 4) = [35 j15 j14 + j 2 6]( 6 + j 4 ) = [ 35 j 29 6]( 6 + j 4 ) = ( 29 j 29)( 6 + j 4 ) ( 29 j 29)( 6 + j 4) = ( 29 6) + ( 29 j 4) + ( j 29 6) + ( j 29 j 4)

= 174 + j116 j174 + j 2 116 = 174 j 58 +116 = 290 j 58.

TRY: Find ( 6 + j 7 )(10 j 3) Find (12 j 3)(14 j 5) Find ( 2 + j 3)( 4 j 6 )

Find ( 3 + j 9)( 6 j 2 ) Find 3(12 j 2 )( 6 j ) Find ( 7 + j )( 2 j 3)( 2 + j )

Example: Find ( 4 + j 2 )( 4 j 2 ) Solution:

( 4 + j 2)( 4 j 2 ) = (4 4) + (4 j 2) + ( j 2 4) + ( j 2 j 2) = 16 j8 + j8 ( j 2 j 2)
= 16 j 2 4 = 16 (1) 2 = 16 + 4 = 20

In this example, our result contains no imaginary part, only a real number. This is an exceptional case. Look at the 2 complex numbers that we have multiplied together; they are the same except for the middle sign. A pair of complex numbers like this are known are conjugate complex numbers and when two conjugate complex numbers are multiplied together, you always get only a real number. TRY: Find ( 2 + j 7 )( 2 j 7 )

3/8

Graphical Representation of a Complex Number

Although we cannot evaluate a complex number as a real number, we can represent it diagrammatically and a diagram representing a complex number is known as an Argand Diagram. On an Argand diagram, the x-axis represents the real part of the complex number the y-axis represents the imaginary part of the complex number. Therefore we can graphically represent the complex number 3 + j 2 . TRY: Draw an Argand diagram for 6 + j 7 . Draw an Argand diagram for 2 j 4 . Find and draw an Argand diagram for ( 2 + j 3) + ( 6 j 2 ) . Find and draw an Argand diagram for ( 3 + j 9 ) (12 j 3) .

Polar Form of a Complex Number

It is sometimes necessary, or more convenient, to express a complex number in Polar form. (With respect to the Argand diagram). We can see that, r 2 = a2 + b2 , r = a 2 + b2
b = r sin and z = r cos + jr sin As z = a + jb , this can be rewritten as
b a a = r cos tan =

= tan 1

b a

z = r ( cos + j sin )

This is known as the polar form of the complex number a + jb where

r = a 2 + b2
1 and = tan

b a

r is known as the modulus of the complex number z and can be written as mod z is known as the argument of the complex number and can be written as arg z

Example: Express z = 4 + j3 in polar form Solution: We know that for a + jb we have r = a 2 + b 2 and = tan 1 Therefore for 4 + j 3 we have a = 4, b = 3 so we calculate:
r = 4 2 + 3 2 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5 and = tan
1

b . a

Example: Given z = 2 + j 5 , find mod z and arg z . Solution: For 2 + j 5 we have a = 2, b = 5 so we calculate:
mod z = r = 2 2 + 5 2 = 4 + 25 = 29

3 . 4

and

arg z = = tan 1

5 . 2

4/8

TRY: Given z = 4 + j 7 , find mod z and arg z . Given z = 2 + j 4 , find mod z and arg z . Given z = 9 + j 4 , find mod z and arg z .

Vectors
Physical quantities can be divided into 2 main groups:

5/8

A scalar quantity is one that is defined completely by a single number with appropriate units e.g. length, area, volume, mass, time etc. When the units are stated the quantity is denoted entirely by its size or magnitude e.g. speed of 10 km/hour is a scalar quantity.

A vector quantity is defined completely when we know not only its magnitude (units) but also the direction in which it operates e.g. force, velocity, acceleration. A vector quantity involves direction as well as magnitude e.g. a velocity of 10 km/hour due north is a vector quantity.

Representing a vector.
A vector quantity can be represented graphically by a line drawn so that its length represents the magnitude of the vector and the direction of the line is the direction of the vector. A vector quantity AB is referred to as AB or bold type a.
AB

The

magnitude of the vector quantity is defined as direction to AB .

or

, or simply AB or a. Note

that BA would represent a vector quantity of the same magnitude but the opposite

Introduction to 3D vectors.
The axes of reference Ox, Oy and Oz are chosen so that they form a right handed set. Vector OP is defined by its components: A along Ox, B along Oy, C along Oz. The symbols i, j, k denote unit vectors. Let i = unit vector in Ox direction, j = unit vector in Oy direction, k = unit vector in Oz direction. Then OP = ai +bj +ck .

Magnitude of a vector
For the vector quantity OP = r = ai +bj +ck , then the magnitude of the vector in terms of the unit vectors is OP = r = a 2 +b 2 +c 2 . Example: Solution: TRY: Given Given Given PQ = 4 i +3 j + 2k find If PQ = 4i +3 j + 2k , then PQ
OA = 2i +4 j-3k

PQ

.
29

4 2 +3 2 + 2 2 = 16 +9 + 4 =

find OA . OB =1i-2 j +3k find OB .

6/8

Addition and Subtraction.

Example: Let a = 2i + 3 j + 5k and b = 4 i + 1j + 6k , Find a + b . Solution: a + b = 2i + 3 j + 5k + 4i + 1j + 6k = 6 i + 4 j + 11k . Example: Let a = 2i + 3 j + 5k and b = 4 i + 1j + 6k , Find a b . Solution: a + b = ( 2i + 3 j + 5k ) ( 4i + 1j + 6k ) = 2i + 3 j + 5k - 4i 1j 6k = 2i + 2 j 1k .

Scalar products (and dot products).

If a and b are 2 vectors, the scalar product of a and b is defined as the scalar (number) abcos where a and b are the magnitudes of the vectors a and b and is the angle between them. The scalar product is denoted by a.b (often called the dot product):
a.b = abcos = a

projection of b on a = b projection of a on b

In both cases the result is a scalar quantity. For a = a1i + a 2 j + a 3 k , b = b1i + b2 j + b3 k then
a.b = ( a1i + a 2 j + a 3 k )( b1i + b2 j + b3 k ) = a1ib1i + a1ib2 j + a1ib3 k + a 2 jb1i + a 2 jb2 j + a 2 jb3 k + a 3 kb1i + a 3 kb2 j + a 3 kb3 k = a1b1ii + a1b2 ij + a1b3 ik + a 2 b1 ji + a 2 b2 jj + a 2 b3 jk + a 3 b1ki + a 3 b2 kj + a 3 b3 kk.
1 , k.k = 1 . Note: i.i = (1)(1) cos 0 =1 , similarly j.j =

Also: i.j = (1)(1) cos 90 = 0 , similarly j.k = 0 , k.i = 0 . Putting these altogether in the formulation above gives:
a.b = a1b1 ( 1) + a1b2 ( 0 ) + a1b3 ( 0 ) + a 2 b1 ( 0 ) + a 2 b2 ( 1) + a 2 b3 ( 0 ) + a 3 b1 ( 0 ) + a 3 b2 k ( 0 ) + a 3 b3 ( 1)

Therefore to find the scalar product we just sum the products of the coefficients of the unit vectors along the corresponding axes: a.b = a1b1 + a 2 b2 + a 3 b3 . Example: Solution: Given a = 2i + 3 j + 5k and b = 4 i + 1j + 6k find the dot product (or scalar product) a.b . a = 2i + 3 j + 5k and b = 4 i + 1j + 6k to Comparing a = a1i + a 2 j + a 3 k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3 k respectively we can see that a1 = 2, a 2 = 3, a 3 = 5, b1 = 4, b2 = 1, b3 = 6.

7/8

Therefore we can calculate

a.b = a1b1 + a 2 b2 + a 3 b3 . = ( 2 4) + ( 3 1) + ( 5 6) = 8 + 3 + 30 = 41 .

Example: Solution:

a1 = 3, a 2 = 2, a 3 = 1, b1 = 2, b2 = 3, b3 = 4.

Given a = 3i-2 j + 1k and b = 2i + 3 j-4k find the dot product (or scalar product) a.b . a = 3i-2 j + 1 k and b = 2i + 3 j-4k to Comparing a = a 1i + a 2 j + a 3k and b = b 1i + b 2 j + b 3k respectively we can see Therefore we can calculate

that

a.q = a 1b 1 + a 2b 2 + a 3b 3 . = ( 3 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 1 4 ) = 6 6 4 = 4

TRY: Given a = 4i + 1j 3k and b = 1i + 3 j-7 k , find a + b , a b , a b . Given Find: a) b) c) d) e) f)

OA = a = i + j +4k

OB = b = 8i + 2k
OC = c = 5i 2 j +11 k

b-a c-b

the magnitude of the vector OB , i.e. the magnitude of the vector OC , i.e. a.b the scalar product b.c the scalar product

OB OC

8/8