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{\ri0 \i0 \fs18 {\i0 \fs18 \ul0 } {\i0 \fs18 \cf1 {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 WILLIAM GOLDMAN } } {\i0 \fs18 \sa0

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} {\i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f0 \b1 {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f0 \b1 \sb0 9/20/2011 } } {\i0 \fs18 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f0 \b0 \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f0 \li0 \qc \b0 {\i0 \fs18 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f0 \b0 } {\i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f0 \b1 {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f0 \b1 \sb0 For Educational Use Only } } {\i0 \fs18 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f0 \b0 } }\i0 \ri0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f0 \li0 \qc \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadb60 \clpadfb3 \clpadl400 \clpadfl3 \clbrdrb \brdrs \brdrw20 \brdrcf17 \clb rdrl \trql \clvertalb \cellx9380 \clpadb60 \clpadfb3 \clpadl400 \clpadfl3 \clbrdrb \brdrs \brdrw20 \brdrcf17 \clb rdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs18 \cf1 \f0 \li0 \b0 {\i0 \fs18 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f0 \b0 } {\i0 \fs18 \cf18 \f0 \b1 {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf18 \strike0 \f0 \b1 \sb0 AN ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK FOR DISPUTE SYSTEMS..., 14 Harv. Negot. L.... } } {\i0 \fs18 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f0 \b0 } }\i0 \ri0 \fs18 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f0 \li0 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \intb l {\ri0 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f0 \li0 \qr \b0 }\i0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \f0 \li0 \qr \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs18 \cf1 \f0 \li0 \b0 }\i0 \ri0 \fs18 \ql \cf1 \f0 \li0 \b0 \intbl \cell \row }}}{\footer { {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadl60 \clpadfl3 \clbrdrt \brdrs \brdrw20 \brdrcf17 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \ clvertalb \cellx9300

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{\*\bkmkstart If4fc5a5498cd11de9b8c850332338889_Target}{\*\bkmkend If4fc5a5498cd 11de9b8c850332338889_Target} \par } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f5 \li0 \qc \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f5 \b0 \sb0 14 Harv. Negot. L. Rev. 123 \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b0 {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b0 {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb400 Harvard Negotiation Law Review \par } } } {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f5 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf23 \f5 \chcbpat22 \b1 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf23 \strike0 \f5 \b1 \sb0 Winter } } {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f5 \chcbpat2 \b0 } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f5 \b0 \sb0 } {\i0 \fs20 \cf23 \f5 \chcbpat22 \b1 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf23 \strike0 \f5 \b1 \sb0 2009 } } {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f5 \chcbpat2 \b0 \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b0 {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Article \par } } } {\ri100 \i0 \fs20 \cf23 \f5 \li100 \qc \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf23 \strike0 \f5 \b0 \sb200 AN ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK FOR DISPUTE SYSTEMS DESIGN \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=h&pubNum=176284&cite=0241504401&originatingDoc=If4fc5a5498cd11de9b8c850332 338889&refType=RQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=D ocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

Stephanie Smith }}} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 , Janet Martinez } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F1346443576_ID0ECAA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F1346443576_ID0ECAA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F1346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 1 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Copyright (c) 2009 Harvard Negotiation Law Review; Stephanie Smith; Janet Martin ez \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXAAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXAAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 I. Overview \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EBBAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EBBAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The use of the trial as the dominant form of dispute resolution is diminishing, } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F2346443576_ID0EHBA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F2346443576_ID0EHBA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F2346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 2 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 yet law schools continue to train young lawyers as if the courtroom will be the principal venue for addressing legal conflicts. The historically narrow focus o f legal curricula on litigation and appeals is insufficient to prepare young law yers for the world that awaits them. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F3346443576_ID0EPBA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F3346443576_ID0EPBA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F3346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 3 }}}

} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 While clients will continue to need attorneys who are effective in court, lawye rs are increasingly called upon to play a much wider range of roles. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EYBAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EYBAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Law graduates now serve not only as litigators, but also as general counsel, CEO s of for-profit and nonprofit entities, legislators, government counsel, diploma ts, and policy advocates. In these roles, law-trained professionals often must w ork \u8220\'3fupstream\u8221\'3f in the life of conflicts. They must understand how to prevent conflicts, manage } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_124_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_124_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *124 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 them more effectively and efficiently at an early stage, and successfully resol ve those that ripen into legally-framed disputes. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F4346443576_ID0ELCA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F4346443576_ID0ELCA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F4346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 4 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 They are called upon to be organizational problem solvers as members of multidi sciplinary teams. And--most interesting to us--attorneys in these broader roles sometimes have the opportunity to help organizations create or improve systems t hat prevent or address conflicts before and after they evolve into full-fledged disputes. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXCAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXCAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Twenty years ago, Ury, Brett and Goldberg articulated the notion of dispute syst ems design. Their work focused primarily on systems that included interest-based procedures for resolving industry-related disputes. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F5346443576_ID0ECDA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F5346443576_ID0ECDA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F5346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 5

}}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Systems have since been created and applied in an ever-widening variety of venu es. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELDAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELDAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Specific systems design courses are taught in a number of law schools, } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F6346443576_ID0ERDA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F6346443576_ID0ERDA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F6346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 6 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 but more commonly, systems design is addressed in a class or two during an alte rnative dispute resolution (ADR) or civil procedure course. We believe the utili ty of systems analysis and design bridges many of the silos of law school curric ulum, including civil procedure, contracts, remedies, commercial law, administra tive law, employment law, international human rights law, decision making and pr oblem-solving, and professional responsibility. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E4DAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E4DAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 This article proposes a framework for analyzing dispute systems. The framework s hould be useful to attorneys practicing in a wide spectrum of settings who may n eed to diagnose or design a dispute system, as well as to professors of law who wish to incorporate dispute systems analysis and design into their curricula. In the course we teach, we have applied the framework most often to help students understand dispute systems design in three contexts: 1) Analyzing a system histo rically to understand its evolution, functioning, and impacts (as might be done by an academic or a system design advisor); 2) Advising on the best process to c reate the design, or more likely redesign, mechanism for a system; and 3) Design ing (or redesigning) a system itself. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EPEAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EPEAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_125_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_125_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0

*125 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The fact is, attorneys are rarely faced with the need to design a system from s cratch. More often, they must improve existing, flawed systems, or adapt an exis ting system to a new context. Systems analysis skills may thus be used in situat ions as diverse as: \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 \u8226\'3f An attorney who negotiates contracts for joint business ventures as t hey select and draft language for the processes that will be used to prevent, ma nage and resolve conflicts that may arise; } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F7346443576_ID0EMFA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F7346443576_ID0EMFA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F7346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 7 }}} \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXFAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXFAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f A general counsel or outside counsel who revamps an employee grievanc e procedure or designs a payout system connected to the settlement of a multi-pa rty class action; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EDGAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EDGAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f A legal advisor or diplomat who counsels a country emerging from conf lict on how to create multi-tiered justice systems that address punishment as we ll as reconciliation in an effort both to achieve justice and prevent future vio lence; } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F8346443576_ID0EJGA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F8346443576_ID0EJGA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F8346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 8 }}} \par } }

} {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ERGAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ERGAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 \u8226\'3f A judge or court administrator who develops multiple settlement and c ase management processes to better serve litigants } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F9346443576_ID0EXGA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F9346443576_ID0EXGA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F9346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 9 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 ; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EAHAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EAHAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f A legislator or legislative staff member who develops new policy with enforcement mechanisms and an implementing regulatory scheme. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EMHAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EMHAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 In short, dispute systems analysis is an essential skill in systems design, and one that we believe should be widely taught in law schools and better understood by attorneys. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EYHAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EYHAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 This article includes an introduction to systems design concepts and terminology as a foundation for the proposed analytical framework. A case discussion involv ing the health care provider, Kaiser Permanente, illustrates how the framework a pplies; a series of shorter case studies highlight and expand upon aspects of th e framework. The concluding section considers the choices and tradeoffs faced by designers and emerging issues in this evolving field. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1

{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKIAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKIAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_126_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_126_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *126 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 A. What is Dispute Systems Design? } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F10346443576_ID0ESI}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F10346443576_ID0ESI} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F10346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 10 }}} \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1IAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1IAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A dispute system encompasses one or more internal processes that have been adopt ed } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F11346443576_ID0EAJ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F11346443576_ID0EAJ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F11346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 11 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 to prevent, manage or resolve a stream of disputes connected to an organization or institution. Under this definition, a system may involve only one formal pro cess, such as a binding arbitration program, or multiple processes, such as the multi-option ADR program at the US District Court for the Northern District of C alifornia. In fact, rarely if ever is just one process available. In most cases, multiple formal or informal process options are available within an organizatio n or institution. At the same time, external actors may offer dispute resolution services--for example, courts and administrative bodies in the public sector, a nd business, community, and religious associations in the private sector. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVJAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVJAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The available processes that may make up a given dispute system are manifold and increasing in number. Ury, Brett, and Goldberg divide the universe of dispute r esolution processes into three ways by which disputes are resolved: according to the parties\rquote interests, their rights, or their power. }

{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F12346443576_ID0E6J}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F12346443576_ID0E6J} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F12346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 12 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGKAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGKAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Interests encompass whatever the parties care about, including economic, relatio nal, political, and social values. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F13346443576_ID0EOK}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F13346443576_ID0EOK} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F13346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 13 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Disputes resolved according to interests are usually negotiated among the affec ted parties directly or with the assistance of a third party, and these processe s tend to yield the highest satisfaction with outcomes. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F14346443576_ID0ETK}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F14346443576_ID0ETK} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F14346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 14 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 These approaches, however, can require a significant investment of time. Intere st-based process options include mediation and the use of an ombuds. Resolving d isputes on the basis of rights requires a neutral third-party to apply agreed-up on rules to a set of facts to determine who prevails. Rights-based processes--in cluding binding arbitration and the traditional court trial--value procedural ju stice, } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_127_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_127_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *127 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 but due to their limited remedies, they may not address the full range of inter ests that are important to the parties. Disputes resolved according to power, e. g., strikes and lockouts (or at the extreme, violence or war) weight the outcome to the party with the most leverage, status and resources, but they may be cost ly in terms of relationships (and human life) or failure to vindicate rights. \par

} } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENLAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENLAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The dispute resolution spectrum below provides another way to think about this a rray of process options. The spectrum is bounded by extreme responses to conflic t: avoidance and violence. Between these extremes are options arranged according to the level of control the disputants have over process and outcome. Negotiati on, on the left, does not involve a third-party neutral, and the parties retain control over both the process and outcome. Toward the middle, mediation, involve s a third-party neutral who does not have the power to impose a binding decision . The processes on the right end of the spectrum, arbitration and trial, involve a third-party neutral who has the power to render a binding decision. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET FORTH AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 As you follow the spectrum from left to right, the processes generally become in creasingly formal; there is increasing control of a third party over the outcome , as well as the process; processes become more expensive in time and resources; and there is an increasing focus on the disputants\rquote rights as opposed to their interests. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F15346443576_ID0EUM}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F15346443576_ID0EUM} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F15346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 15 }}} \par } } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E2MAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E2MAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 B. Assessing the Quality of Dispute Systems \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFNAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFNAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 How can we know if a given dispute system is a \u8220\'3fsuccess,\u8221\'3f or a t least discern which systems are superior to others that address similar types of conflicts? The literature on systems design proposes a number of ideal goals, principles and criteria for judging the quality of an organizational system. Su sskind highlights the attributes of } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_128_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_128_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *128 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 fairness, efficiency, stability, and wisdom of outcomes. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F16346443576_ID0EYN}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F16346443576_ID0EYN} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F16346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 16 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Ury, Brett, and Goldberg focus on transaction costs, satisfaction with the outc ome, relationships among the disputants, and recurrence of the disputes. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F17346443576_ID0E4N}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F17346443576_ID0E4N} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F17346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 17 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Costantino and Merchant synthesize these qualities as: efficiency, effectivenes s (e.g., durability, nature of the outcome, and effect on the organizational env ironment) and satisfaction with the process, relationships, and outcome. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F18346443576_ID0EBO}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F18346443576_ID0EBO} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F18346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 18 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EIOAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EIOAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Commentators on dispute systems design have since proposed a number of character istics that bear on whether these criteria can be met. They propose that the bes

t systems involve: \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Multiple process options for parties, including rights-based and inte rest-based processes } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F19346443576_ID0E5O}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F19346443576_ID0E5O} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F19346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 19 }}} \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJPAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJPAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Ability for parties to \u8220\'3floop back\u8221\'3f and \u8220\'3flo op forward\u8221\'3f between rights-based and interest-based options } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F20346443576_ID0EPP}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F20346443576_ID0EPP} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F20346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 20 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXPAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXPAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Substantial stakeholder involvement in the system\rquote s design } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F21346443576_ID0E4P}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F21346443576_ID0E4P} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F21346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 21 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFQAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFQAE_1}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Participation that is voluntary, confidential and assisted by imparti al third-party neutrals } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F22346443576_ID0ELQ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F22346443576_ID0ELQ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F22346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 22 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETQAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETQAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f System transparency and accountability } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F23346443576_ID0EZQ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F23346443576_ID0EZQ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F23346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 23 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EBRAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EBRAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Education and training of stakeholders on the use of the available pr ocess options } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F24346443576_ID0EHR}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F24346443576_ID0EHR} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F24346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 24 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EPRAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EPRAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The quality of a system may also be judged by whether it conforms with or diverg es from legal and societal norms. Experts often address the importance of \u8220 \'3fjustice\u8221\'3f or \u8220\'3ffairness\u8221\'3f in a system, but how those terms are defined ranges widely. \u8220\'3fJustice\u8221\'3f in a general sense conveys a sense of fairness, rightfulness, and validity, or, more narrowly, an }

{\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_129_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_129_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *129 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 outcome pursuant to the authority or administration of law. Bingham highlights a range of \u8220\'3fjustice\u8221\'3f terms that cover a very broad array of fa irness concepts, including distributive, procedural, organizational, information al, interpersonal, corrective, retributive, deterrent, personal, and social dime nsions. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F25346443576_ID0EES}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F25346443576_ID0EES} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F25346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 25 }}} \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELSAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELSAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 II. A Dispute Systems Analytical Framework \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVSAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVSAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The balance of this article proposes a framework for organizing and guiding the analysis and design of dispute systems. This framework focuses on five key eleme nts: what are the goals that motivate the system? } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 What is the system\rquote s structure in terms of its process options and incen tives for use? Who are the stakeholders of the system? How is the system support ed in terms of financial and personnel resources? How successful and accountable is the system? \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQTAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQTAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 A. Goals \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1TAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1TAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The element of goals consists of two parts: to identify which types of conflicts the system seeks to address and what goals the system intends to accomplish. A dispute resolution system within an organization may address one, few or many ca tegories of conflicts. For instance, a company could design a system intended to resolve only internal employee disputes. Alternatively, the company could desig n a broader system that addresses disputes with external actors, such as clients or suppliers. At its most extensive, an integrated conflict management system ( ICMS) could address all or almost all of an organization\rquote s conflicts, amo ng internal stakeholders and between internal and external actors. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F26346443576_ID0EOU}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F26346443576_ID0EOU} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F26346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 26 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The more integrated approach could include goals on prevention and management a s well as resolution, and provide multiple access points for process interventio n. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F27346443576_ID0ESU}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F27346443576_ID0ESU} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F27346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 27 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZUAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZUAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Once the scope of conflict is defined, it is important to consider what the syst em intends to accomplish. Desired outcomes, and the } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_130_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_130_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *130 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 priorities among them, need to be established, both to clarify the policy direc tion ex ante, and to assess the system\rquote s success ex post. The range of po ssible objectives is extensive: \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

\u8226\'3f Conflict prevention? Management? Resolution? \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECWAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECWAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Efficiency/resource savings: Minimize time of stakeholders, instituti on and/or neutrals; Minimize cost for institution and/or stakeholders? Reduction of number or type of conflicts? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ERWAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ERWAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Relational: Transform or restructure relationships? Whose? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E5WAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E5WAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Safety: Prevent violence against parties? Protect property? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENXAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENXAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f System operation: Enhance access to the system? Decrease caseload? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E3XAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E3XAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Public recognition: Protect privacy? Provide public vindication? Crea te precedent? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EOYAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EOYAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Substantive outcome: Increase \u8220\'3fjustice\u8221\'3f ? How defin ed?

\par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E4YAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E4YAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Fairness: Procedural? Substantive? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKZAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKZAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Reputation (of individuals, organization)? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWZAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWZAE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Compliance: To sanction or punish? Deter future disputes? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EF1AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EF1AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Satisfaction: Of all, or fewer than all, stakeholders? Durability of resolution? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EU1AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EU1AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Organizational improvement: To identify institutional weaknesses or i njustices and correct them? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EA2AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EA2AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Ultimately, the designer of the system } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F28346443576_ID0EG2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F28346443576_ID0EG2}

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F28346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 28 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 has the power to define the goals of that system and their relative priority. T he trade-offs required among competing goals may affect the quality of the resul ting system. A significant tension can be one between the goals of efficiency an d fairness or justice. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EV2AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EV2AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 B. Processes and Structure \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E62AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E62AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The second element of the framework involves process options and structure. Whic h processes are used to prevent, manage, and resolve disputes? How are those pro cesses defined, and how do they relate to each other within the context of the i nstitution? It may be useful to consider how the system has evolved over time. F urther, it is important to examine how the system is reinforced or constrained b y external systems, including the formal legal system, } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F29346443576_ID0ER3}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F29346443576_ID0ER3} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F29346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 29 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 and what } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_131_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_131_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *131 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 incentives and disincentives (financial, relational, legal or other) exist for using the system. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj

{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E63AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E63AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 As discussed previously, many different types of processes can be used to preven t, manage and resolve conflicts. Some organizations offer one formal process, su ch as mediation or arbitration, while others develop a range of processes for on e or more types of disputes. If multiple options are offered, those options may be linked together in an integrated system or they may exist ad hoc, as discrete , unlinked processes that evolved in different parts of the organization over ti me, often without centralized or strategic thought. } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Either way, the available processes may have different incentives (financial, t iming, or other) that encourage or discourage their use by different stakeholder s. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EU4AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EU4AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 An organization\rquote s freedom to design its internal conflict prevention, man agement, and resolution processes as it wishes may be constrained by courts, leg islatures or administrative bodies. Existing law may prohibit use of certain pro cesses or require that specific due process elements be included. Once designed, an organization\rquote s dispute system may be challenged in a court or legisla tive body if some stakeholders believe the processes included run afoul of legal or other societal norms. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EG5AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EG5AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 C. Stakeholders \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQ5AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQ5AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The third element is identification of various stakeholders and their relative p ower. For existing systems, it will be worthwhile to learn which stakeholders we re involved in the system\rquote s design and whose interests are represented. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E65AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E65AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Stakeholders may be the immediate parties in conflict, individuals or entities s ubsidiary to or constituents of those parties, or others directly or indirectly affected by the dispute\rquote s outcome. In creating a system, it is usually be

st to identify as many stakeholders as possible in order to understand and creat e a system that takes into account all significant interests, has legitimacy, an d is therefore more likely to garner credibility and produce durable outcomes. S ystem dysfunction can often be attributed to failure to adequately involve and a cknowledge the interests of key stakeholder groups. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ER6AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ER6AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 D. Resources \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E26AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E26AE_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A vital concern is the extent to which the system has adequate resources to oper ate. How is the system financed, and is its funding level adequate to achieve th e stated goals? What impact do the } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_132_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_132_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *132 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 amounts and sources of funding appear to have on the results of the system? On the human resource side, are neutrals adequately trained to provide high quality and ethical services? Do other personnel in the system (internal and external t o the organization) have sufficient skills, training, and supervision? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZAAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZAAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 A system can only achieve its goals if it is adequately supported. To avoid crea ting an elaborate set of processes with inadequate resources, however, may requi re making hard decisions that as noted above can have impacts on fairness, justi ce, and likelihood of success. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F30346443576_ID0EDB}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F30346443576_ID0EDB} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F30346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 30 }}} \par } }

} {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKBAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKBAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Also central to understanding the funding issue is the question of who pays. Fin ancing of the system by some parties and not others may create bias or a percept ion of bias. While having only one side pay increases the risk of bias, imposing financial costs on lower income parties may create burdens that effectively den y access in some cases. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E3BAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E3BAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 E. Success and Accountability \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGCAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGCAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The last element to assess is success. At the first level, one can ask to whom i s the system accountable? Is the system transparent in terms of its operation, a ccess to processes, and its results, and to whom? Second, does the system includ e an evaluation component, and if so, what is studied, when, and by whom, and to whom are the results made available? Finally, is the system successful when mea sured against its intended goals, as well as other relevant legal and societal n orms? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E5CAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E5CAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 A system\rquote s success is best judged if outcomes are made available to and s tudied by independent evaluators. Unfortunately, barriers such as cost, privacy concerns, difficulty, and wariness to exposure often preclude meaningful evaluat ion from taking place. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENDAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENDAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Evaluation is important in three primary respects. First, evaluation is necessar y for system operators to ascertain whether the system is functioning effectivel y. } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Are key stakeholder groups staying out of the system? Are costs proving to be f

ar in excess of projections? Are neutrals failing to deliver quality services or violating ethics rules? Are users satisfied with the options and services provi ded? Second, ongoing evaluation enables improvement of the system. Without ongoi ng evaluation, system operators would be unable to } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_133_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_133_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *133 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 identify shortcomings in an organization\rquote s dispute resolution processes. Third, it is important for users to understand how and how well the system oper ates. Transparency increases credibility and therefore participation, and encour ages further feedback from participants to system operators. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZEAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZEAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 At a minimum, evaluation should begin with internal monitoring, including some c ombination of data collection on usage, surveys, and focus groups designed to ob tain candid feedback from key stakeholder groups. Of course, independent externa l review is preferable and provides more detailed and objective assessment. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EIFAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EIFAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Below is a graphic summary of the framework we have described. Following this su mmary is a series of case studies using this framework. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_tbl2_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_tbl2_1}{ {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cell x10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EKIAE_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 THE ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK } {\i0 \fs16 \cf5 \f2 \b0 {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \super \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 31 } }\i0 \fs16 \super \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0

\clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EKIAE_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 1. }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EKIAE_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Goals }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 a) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Which types of conflicts does the system seek to address? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EM5BI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 b) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EM5BI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 What does the system\rquote s designer seek to accomplish? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EKIAE_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 2. }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EKIAE_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

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Processes and Structure }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 a) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Which processes are used to prevent, manage and resolve disputes? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EM5BI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 b) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EM5BI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 If there is more than one process, are they linked or integrated? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EFLBG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 c) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EFLBG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 What are the incentives and disincentives for using the system? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EWCBI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 d) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }}

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}\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EWCBI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 What is the system\rquote s interaction with the formal legal system? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx1320 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EINAG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 3. }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EINAG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Stakeholders }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx1320 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 a) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Who are the stakeholders? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx1320 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EM5BI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 b) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EM5BI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 What is their relative power? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx1320 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EFLBG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 c) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EFLBG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 How are their interests represented in the system? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EINAG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 4. }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EINAG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Resources }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 a) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 What financial resources support the system? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EM5BI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 b) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EM5BI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 What human resources support the system? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0

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\clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx1320 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EOUBI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 5. }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EOUBI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Success and Accountability }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx1320 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 a) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 How transparent is the system? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx1320 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EM5BI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 b) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EM5BI_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Does it include an evaluation component? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cell x1320 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cell x10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EFLBG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 c) }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EFLBG_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Is the system successful? }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row }} } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EINAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EINAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_134_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_134_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *134 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 III. Case Analysis: Kaiser Permanente \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWNAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWNAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 A. Background and Overview \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EAOAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EAOAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In 1997, Kaiser Permanente\rquote s } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F32346443576_ID0EGO}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F32346443576_ID0EGO} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F32346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 32 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 binding arbitration program was thrust into crisis. Six years earlier, Wilfredo Engalla, a Kaiser member, had filed a medical malpractice arbitration claim aga inst Kaiser alleging negligent failure to diagnose his cancer at an earlier stag e. Mr. Engalla died from the cancer 144 days later, long before the arbitration hearing had even commenced. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F33346443576_ID0ERO}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F33346443576_ID0ERO} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F33346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 33 }}}

} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Mr. Engalla\rquote s estate withdrew from the arbitration process. Several mont hs later the estate filed a malpractice suit in Superior Court and opposed Kaise r\rquote s petition to compel arbitration on the grounds that Kaiser had committ ed fraud by failing to provide a fair and timely arbitration process. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E4OAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E4OAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 As a condition of its medical service agreements, Kaiser required binding arbitr ation to resolve medical malpractice claims. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F34346443576_ID0EFP}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F34346443576_ID0EFP} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F34346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 34 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The process fit the standard private arbitration model: a three-arbitrator pane l, with limited discovery, issuing a binding award subject to an extremely limit ed right to appeal. Kaiser\rquote s written materials reflected its belief that arbitration was superior to litigation on the dimensions of speed, cost, protect ion of privacy, scheduling flexibility of parties and expert witnesses, finality , decisions that were \u8220\'3fmore fair and sound,\u8221\'3f and ability to en sure adequate compensation. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F35346443576_ID0ENP}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F35346443576_ID0ENP} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F35346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 35 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Kaiser\rquote s arbitration agreement stated that following the filing of an ar bitration claim, \u8220\'3fparty arbitrators \u8216\'3fshall\u8217\'3f be chosen within 30 days and neutral arbitrators within 60 days, and that the arbitration hearing \u8216\'3fshall be held within a reasonable time thereafter.\u8221\'3f } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8217\'3f } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F36346443576_ID0EEQ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F36346443576_ID0EEQ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F36346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 36 }}} \par }

} } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EMQAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EMQAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_135_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_135_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *135 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In 1997, the California Supreme Court, in Engalla v. Permanente Medical Group, rejected the Engalla estate\rquote s claim that the contract itself was unconsci onable, but found that there was \u8220\'3fevidence to support the Engallas\rquo te claims that Kaiser fraudulently induced Engalla to enter the arbitration agr eement in that it misrepresented the speed of its arbitration program.\u8221\'3f } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F37346443576_ID0EBR}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F37346443576_ID0EBR} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F37346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 37 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The case was remanded to the trial court to resolve conflicting evidence in con nection with the case. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F38346443576_ID0EFR}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F38346443576_ID0EFR} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F38346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 38 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EMRAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EMRAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The Supreme Court\rquote s opinion cited independent analysis of data collected from 1984 to 1986 to highlight how the system had fallen short of its stated goa ls in several critical respects. For example, the court noted, \u8220\'3fin only 1 percent of all Kaiser cases is a neutral arbitrator appointed within the 60-d ay period provided by the arbitration provision. Only 3 percent of cases see a n eutral arbitrator appointed within 180 days. On average, it has taken 674 days f or the appointment of a neutral arbitrator.\u8221\'3f } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F39346443576_ID0EGS}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F39346443576_ID0EGS} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F39346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

39 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 In spite of Kaiser\rquote s promise of a hearing within a \u8220\'3freasonable time\u8221\'3f after appointment of the neutral arbitrator, \u8220\'3fon average , it takes 863 days-almost 2 1/2 years-to reach a hearing in a Kaiser arbitratio n.\u8221\'3f } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F40346443576_ID0ETS}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F40346443576_ID0ETS} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F40346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 40 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1SAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1SAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Faced with fallout from the Engalla opinion, Kaiser looked to improve its arbitr ation system quickly. In addition to the pressure and publicity of the pending c ase, another likely concern for Kaiser management was discussion in the Californ ia legislature of limiting binding arbitration in the health care/consumer conte xt. The speed, cost effectiveness and fairness of Kaiser\rquote s arbitration sy stem were all called into question. In this uncertain and pressured context, Kai ser needed to decide quickly: \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f What the process scope of the redesign would be--just arbitration or consideration of additional disputing processes; \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6TAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6TAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Who would take the lead in redesigning the system; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELUAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELUAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f How many resources, human and financial, would be devoted this projec t; and \par

} } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXUAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXUAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f How quickly these changes needed to occur. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EDVAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EDVAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Given the lack of confidence demonstrated by the court in Kaiser\rquote s arbitr ation program, as well as the accusations by the Engalla family and others that Kaiser intentionally delayed arbitrations for its own benefit, Kaiser chose not to handle the design internally. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EPVAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EPVAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Instead, Kaiser chose to create and fund a three-person Blue Ribbon Advisory Pan el (\u8220\'3fBlue Ribbon Panel\u8221\'3f) of outside experts with a } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_136_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_136_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *136 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 reporter to help organize, shape, and document the process. The panel consisted of: \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 \u8226\'3f Eugene Lynch, a retired federal judge and an arbitrator and mediator for JAMS, a private provider of ADR services; \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETWAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETWAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Sandra Hern\u225\'3fndez, a physician and Executive Director of the S an Francisco Foundation; \par

} } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6WAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6WAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Phillip L. Isenberg, an attorney and retired member of the California State Assembly. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELXAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELXAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Kaiser instructed the Blue Ribbon Panel to \u8220\'3fsuggest improvements\u8221\ '3f to Kaiser\rquote s arbitration process \u8220\'3fin order to provide an arbi tration system that is sensitive to the members and fair to all parties involved .\u8221\'3f } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F41346443576_ID0E3X}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F41346443576_ID0E3X} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F41346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 41 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The group met for one day a week for a period of three months. Representatives of various stakeholder groups and experts on health care, arbitration, and ADR w ere invited to make presentations to the panel and discuss potential system desi gns. Outside of these meetings, panel members and the reporter also conducted re search, obtained written reports, and conducted interviews. In total, the panel received information from over 75 individuals. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EOYAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EOYAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The Panel\rquote s recommendations included the following } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F42346443576_ID0EUY}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F42346443576_ID0EUY} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F42346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 42 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 : \par } }

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Appointment of an Independent Administrator to manage the Kaiser arbi tration process; \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENZAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENZAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f A permanent stakeholder advisory committee; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZZAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZZAG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f A clear statement of goals and communication of those goals to stakeh olders; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EF1AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EF1AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f A more expedited and efficient process--including calendar benchmarks for completion of cases; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ER1AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ER1AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Encouragement of early settlement discussions; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E41AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E41AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Expansion of the pool of arbitrators; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJ2AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJ2AG_1}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f External audits and evaluation of the new process; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EV2AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EV2AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Written, reasoned decisions by arbitrators; and \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EB3AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EB3AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Making information about the arbitrators and their prior rulings avai lable to all parties at the time of arbitrator selection. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EN3AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EN3AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The recommendations also included several items beyond the core arbitration issu es, including creation of a mediation program and institution of an ombuds posit ion. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZ3AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Kaiser published the Blue Ribbon Panel Report and subsequently adopted almost al l of the panel\rquote s key recommendations. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F43346443576_ID0EB4}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F43346443576_ID0EB4} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F43346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 43 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 It } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_137_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_137_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *137 } }

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 created an advisory group representing the key stakeholder groups. To run the r evamped arbitration system, Kaiser contracted with an outside attorney to create an Office of the Independent Administrator (OIA), located outside of Kaiser but funded by Kaiser. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ES4AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ES4AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The OIA\rquote s protocols and rules were developed in collaboration between the advisory group and Kaiser. As will be discussed further below, the annual repor ts published by the OIA indicate substantial progress in satisfying the key goal s of the redesign, including reduction in the time to arbitration, expansion of the numbers of arbitrators, and increased availability of information on arbitra tors, among others. The OIA\rquote s activities were substantially more transpar ent than the previous arbitration process, and ample data on arbitration cases w as made available on the OIA web site. Early annual OIA reports tracked the prog ress of each recommendation, and an independent audit of the OIA was conducted i n its fifth year, as proposed by the Panel. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EH5AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EH5AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Still, in the first several years after the OIA was established, Kaiser took no action on several of the Panel\rquote s recommendations, including those proposi ng mediation and establishing an ombuds office. Kaiser has subsequently created a hybrid of these two process options within its system. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EW5AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EW5AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 In the following section we will expand upon the five diagnostic elements (goals , structure, stakeholders, resources and success) and discuss their application within the context of the Kaiser case. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EC6AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EC6AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 B. Goals \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EM6AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EM6AG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Kaiser was initially focused exclusively on dispute resolution (not prevention o r management) for one narrow but important stream of disputes, those falling wit hin its mandated binding arbitration system. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F44346443576_ID0EU6}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F44346443576_ID0EU6} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F44346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 44 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In seeking to improve the system, Kaiser\rquote s stated goals included fairnes s and efficiency (in speed and cost) for all parties. Reputational and relations hip goals were also present, though not explicitly, as Kaiser sought to maintain and increase the approval of its members and their employers, who were critical to achieving its healthcare delivery mission, and key to retaining current and attracting future members. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EAABG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EAABG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_138_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_138_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *138 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Kaiser also had compliance goals, wanting to address the issues raised by the C alifornia Supreme Court in the Engalla case and the concerns expressed by the Ca lifornia legislature about the fairness of its binding arbitration procedures. K aiser\rquote s compliance goals presumably included avoiding what it perceived a s undesirable, externally imposed additional restrictions on its arbitration pro gram. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F45346443576_ID0EOA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F45346443576_ID0EOA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F45346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 45 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVABG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVABG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

The Blue Ribbon Panel\rquote s stated goals tracked the Kaiser mandate but elabo rated further. Although its mandate was to \u8220\'3frecommend improvements\u822 1\'3f in the existing dispute resolution system of arbitration, } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F46346443576_ID0E5A}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F46346443576_ID0E5A} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F46346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 46 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 the mandate was silent as to other possible dispute prevention, management and resolution processes. The Panel chose to explore and ultimately recommend some a dditional process options, effectively broadening the project goals and the resu lting scope of inquiry. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKBBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKBBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 C. Structure \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUBBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUBBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In the Kaiser case, the initial focus of the formal design project was on one pr ocess: binding arbitration. The Blue Ribbon Panel, however, also looked \u8220\' 3fupstream\u8221\'3f in the life of the disputes to explore how conflicts might be prevented or managed at an earlier stage. The Panel noted the existence of an internal grievance mechanism and other pathways for patients to raise concerns about their medical care. Although they did not have time to fully explore these conflict management and resolution options, the Panel did recommend creation of an ombuds program to assist members at the early stages of conflict. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F47346443576_ID0EFC}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F47346443576_ID0EFC} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F47346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 47 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 They also proposed a focus on earlier settlement of arbitrated cases and creati on of a mediation program. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F48346443576_ID0EJC}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F48346443576_ID0EJC} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F48346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

48 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQCBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQCBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 It is worth noting that the potential interest of the courts in the redesign of Kaiser\rquote s arbitration system was greater than in the development of most p rivate dispute resolution systems. As arbitration in the United States evolved f rom commercial transactions among parties of comparable power, } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F49346443576_ID0EZC}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F49346443576_ID0EZC} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F49346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 49 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 private arbitration agreements have historically been given great deference by the courts. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F50346443576_ID0E5C}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F50346443576_ID0E5C} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F50346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 50 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 However, courts } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_139_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_139_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *139 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 and legislatures in the United States are increasingly scrutinizing arbitration contracts between parties of unequal bargaining power, as with consumer and hea lth care agreements, and providing more protections for the consumer. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F51346443576_ID0EHD}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F51346443576_ID0EHD} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F51346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 51 }}} \par } } }

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EODBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EODBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 In many dispute systems, organizations will employ incentives to encourage stake holders to use the internal system. In one sense, Kaiser did not need to offer i ncentives to use the arbitration system over the court system because the arbitr ation process was mandatory for resolving members\rquote complaints. Even with only one available option, however, members were faced with the decision of whet her to use that process or not pursue the claim at all. Major disincentives to u se of the pre-Engalla arbitration process by Kaiser members included the high co st of the private arbitrators and the delays in appointment of arbitrators and h olding of hearings. Both cost and delay concerns were addressed by Kaiser\rquote s new procedures following the Panel\rquote s recommendations. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGEBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGEBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 After the Blue Ribbon Panel Report was issued, Kaiser developed a HealthCare Omb udsman/Mediator program, which provided a clearer process focused upstream in th e life of a dispute, to try to address problems at the \u8220\'3fpoint of care.\ u8221\'3f The addition of this process provided an interest-based option to supp lement the rights-based, binding arbitration process. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVEBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVEBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 D. Stakeholders \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6EBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6EBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In the Kaiser case, there were numerous stakeholder groups affected by Kaiser\rq uote s arbitration process. An abbreviated list of stakeholders } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F52346443576_ID0EIF}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F52346443576_ID0EIF} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F52346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 52 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 and some of their interests include: \par } }

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Kaiser management--responsible for the nonprofit organization; \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EBGBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EBGBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Kaiser doctors--who deliver the healthcare services and some of whom are sued for malpractice; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENGBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENGBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Kaiser nurses and other medical staff--in the same roles as the docto rs; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZGBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZGBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_140_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_140_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *140 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Patients (Kaiser \u8220\'3fmembers\u8221\'3f) - who use the health s ervices and some of whom become the injured parties; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJHBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJHBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Employers (whose employees are Kaiser members) - who select and contr act with Kaiser to be a health provider for their employees; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVHBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVHBG_1}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Plaintiffs\rquote counsel who represent members in medical malpracti ce cases - representing the interests of plaintiffs and also deriving their live lihood from these cases; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EBIBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EBIBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Defense counsel who represent Kaiser in medical malpractice cases - r epresenting Kaiser\rquote s interests and also making their living from these ca ses; \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENIBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENIBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Arbitrators- who serve in Kaiser cases and derive professional reputa tions and income. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZIBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZIBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 These stakeholder groups were well represented within the Kaiser process at all three levels: in the membership of the Blue Ribbon Panel, among the individuals whose opinions were sought as part of the redesign process, and in the make-up o f the Arbitration Advisory Committee, created to refine the system design and ov ersee the new arbitration scheme. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFJBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFJBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 First, the backgrounds of the three panelists and the reporter linked to a signi ficant number of stakeholder groups. Eugene Lynch is a former state and federal judge. At the time the panel was formed, Judge Lynch worked as a private mediato r and arbitrator in medical malpractice and other cases. Phil Isenberg is a lawy er and Kaiser member. A former legislator, he had chaired the Assembly Judiciary Committee, which has jurisdiction over legislation that would limit private use of arbitration processes. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F53346443576_ID0EZJ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F53346443576_ID0EZJ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F53346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 53

}}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Dr. Sandra Hern\u225\'3fndez is a medical doctor and consumer advocate who serv ed as the director of public health for the City and County of San Francisco. Fi nally, the reporter, Stephanie Smith, a co-author of this article, is an ADR tea cher and trainer and a former litigator in a private law firm. As Director of AD R Programs for the US District Court for the Northern District of California, sh e had helped redesign that court\rquote s ADR program. She had also served as an arbitrator and mediator, though never on Kaiser cases. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELKBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELKBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In their deliberations, the Blue Ribbon Panel sought information from all releva nt stakeholder groups, but the time limitation within which it worked prevented an analysis that was as in-depth as some } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_141_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_141_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *141 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 might have wished. The panel and its individual members interviewed over 75 ind ividuals, } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F54346443576_ID0EZK}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F54346443576_ID0EZK} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F54346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 54 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 broadly representing the stakeholder groups identified above. This breadth of o utreach was motivated by a desire to gather the best possible information and co unsel and to develop credibility for the panel\rquote s ultimate recommendations . \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFLBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFLBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The creation of the initial Arbitration Advisory Committee (AAC) also reflected representation of the key stakeholder groups. In the first annual report of the OIA, the AAC members were identified by name, professional affiliation and the n ames of the stakeholder groups they were representing, including: Kaiser members , consumers, employers who purchased Kaiser plans, plaintiffs\rquote attorneys, defense attorneys, Kaiser physicians, Kaiser nurses, and labor interests of Kai ser\rquote s organized employees and union members who are members of Kaiser\rqu

ote s health plan. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F55346443576_ID0EPL}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F55346443576_ID0EPL} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F55346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 55 }}} \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWLBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWLBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 D. Resources \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EAMBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EAMBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 All systems must struggle to find sufficient resources to support a quality prog ram. The issue of who bears these costs can influence whether and when the syste m is used and whether it is fair to the participants. In addition to financial r esources, a fair and effective system also requires adequate human resources, in cluding administrators and ADR professionals who are ethical and deliver high qu ality services. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ESMBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ESMBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 To address the high cost of arbitration to all parties, the Blue Ribbon Panel ur ged creating incentives to use a single, neutral arbitrator, rather than the tra ditional panel of three arbitrators. The Panel concluded that the benefits of ad ding two party arbitrators did not outweigh the costs. Kaiser followed the Panel \rquote s recommendation } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F56346443576_ID0E5M}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F56346443576_ID0E5M} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F56346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 56 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 by agreeing that if the claimant requested a single, neutral arbitrator, Kaiser would pay for that neutral arbitrator, and that if, following that request, Kai ser insisted on a three-person panel, Kaiser would compensate the neutral arbitr ator as well as its own party arbitrator. \par

} } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EHNBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EHNBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A major quality concern for critics of the old Kaiser system was the small size of the pool of arbitrators and the risk of \u8220\'3frepeat player } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_142_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_142_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *142 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 bias\u8221\'3f in Kaiser\rquote s favor. There was also a belief among some tha t Kaiser was in effect blackballing arbitrators who ruled against them, preventi ng them from serving on subsequent cases. These quality control and fairness con cerns were addressed by recommendations to expand the pool of arbitrators, provi de parties with more information about the arbitrators, and require written, rea soned, arbitration awards. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F57346443576_ID0E1N}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F57346443576_ID0E1N} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F57346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 57 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 By expanding the list of providers and making more information available, the s ystem would rely on parties, through the arbitrator selection process, to select the best arbitrators. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EDOBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EDOBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Since redesigning its arbitration system, Kaiser has continued to cover the cost of administering the system by contracting with a private attorney\rquote s off ice to serve as the Office of the Independent Administrator (OIA). Kaiser funds this office through a trust, administered by the Arbitration Oversight Board. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F58346443576_ID0ENO}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F58346443576_ID0ENO} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F58346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 58 }}} \par } } }

} {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUOBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUOBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 E. Success \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E5OBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E5OBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Ascertaining whether a system has met its goals requires data gathering and eval uation. In the Kaiser case, the OIA produces public annual reports on the progre ss of revamping the arbitration program and tracking its outcomes. Independent a nalysis is provided by the multi-stakeholder Arbitration Oversight Board, which supervises the OIA and publishes its own statement on the OIA annual reports. At year five after creation of the new arbitration system, an independent audit oc curred as recommended by the Blue Ribbon Panel. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETPBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETPBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 These reports showed substantial success in meeting a number of the efficiency a nd fairness goals set by Kaiser and the Blue Ribbon Panel. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6PBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6PBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 1. Speed, Target Time Line for Appointment of Arbitrators and Holding of Arbitra tion Hearings \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELQBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELQBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 By the end of the first year of the revamped program, the time of appointment of neutral arbitrators in Kaiser cases had been cut from an average of 674 days, a s cited in Engalla, to 43 days. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F59346443576_ID0ETQ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F59346443576_ID0ETQ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F59346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 59 }}} }

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 By year nine, the average time had increased to 68 days, still substantially fa ster than in Engalla. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F60346443576_ID0EYQ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F60346443576_ID0EYQ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F60346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 60 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The California Supreme Court had noted that the time from filing to the first d ay of arbitration was 863 days. } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_143_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_143_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *143 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 By the end of the first year of the new system, average time to the last day of arbitration hearing had been reduced to 213 days. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F61346443576_ID0EER}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F61346443576_ID0EER} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F61346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 61 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELRBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELRBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 2. Cost - Incentives for Use of One Arbitrator Rather Than a Three-Person Panel \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXRBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXRBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 In the first year of the new system, claimants in 35% of cases chose to shift th e cost of the neutral arbitrator to Kaiser. By 2005, the vast majority of cases were being handled by a single neutral, and Kaiser paid that arbitrator\rquote s fee in 81% of those cases. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F62346443576_ID0EBS}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F62346443576_ID0EBS} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F62346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

62 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EISBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EISBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 3. Concerns About Quality and Fear of Biased Arbitrators \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUSBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUSBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In keeping with the Blue Ribbon Panel\rquote s recommendations, the OIA establis hed a large panel, recruiting, screening and approving 323 arbitrators by the en d of year one. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F63346443576_ID0E3S}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F63346443576_ID0E3S} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F63346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 63 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Fear of repeat player bias was further diminished over the years as very high p ercentages of neutral arbitrators who made awards of over $500,000 against Kaise r were selected to serve on subsequent cases. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F64346443576_ID0EAT}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F64346443576_ID0EAT} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F64346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 64 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EHTBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EHTBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Kaiser implemented the Panel recommendation that arbitrators be required to rend er written, reasoned decisions. These decisions, after being redacted to protect the privacy of the parties, were made available to plaintiffs\rquote and defen se counsel during the arbitrator selection process to enable them to consider po ssible arbitrator bias. \par } } }

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWTBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWTBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 4. Accountability and Transparency \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECUBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECUBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The substantial amount of data collected annually by the OIA and made available online vastly increased the transparency of the Kaiser system. The reports by th e stakeholder advisory group and the external auditor further advanced the accou ntability and transparency goals. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ERUBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ERUBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_144_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_144_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *144 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 F. Summary \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6UBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6UBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In the Kaiser case, as in many cases, a crisis spurred significant changes to a dispute system. In reaction to the California Supreme Court opinion, Kaiser wise ly created a Blue Ribbon Panel that represented an array of stakeholder interest s and proceeded to design a process that received input from a broad spectrum of stakeholder representatives. This stakeholder engagement resulted in recommenda tions and an improved Kaiser system that better met the needs of those stakehold ers on the dimensions of fair process, transparency, accountability and cost and delay reduction. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ERVBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ERVBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Systems design principles encourage providing multiple process options, includin g interest-based options, and allowing parties to choose from among them. The Ka

iser system falls short of the ideal as it continues to require binding arbitrat ion, not allowing members to pursue their cases in court. But Kaiser improved th e quality of its system by adding a mediation/ombuds component, some years after the Blue Ribbon Panel Report, that provides information and an interest-based o ption for addressing a dispute at an earlier stage. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F65346443576_ID0E5V}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F65346443576_ID0E5V} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F65346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 65 }}} \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFWBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFWBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 IV. Short Case Examples \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EPWBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EPWBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The Kaiser case provided a fairly detailed application of the framework we outli ne in this article, including analysis of goals, structure, stakeholders, resour ces and success. The Kaiser case arose from a crisis situation in 1997 and focus ed primarily on dispute \u8220\'3fresolution,\u8221\'3f specifically the binding arbitration process in the United States. While any number of cases might be si milarly analyzed according to the five elements, we will test the framework\rquo te s utility by varying critical attributes, examining cases with non-crisis tri ggers, multiple process options, new technologies and non-U.S. contexts. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EBXBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EBXBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California was also focused on a rights-based process, the trial, but had a broader set of goals: to expand the array of dispute resolution options to better serve the citizens who come t o the court for assistance. This broader goal resulted in designing an ADR progr am offering a much wider array of processes than Kaiser, and posed challenges in how to } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_145_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_145_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *145 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200

integrate the multiple options into a coherent and efficient structure given re source limitations. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVXBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVXBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Management at General Electric went beyond Kaiser\rquote s goal of dispute resol ution to fashion its Early Dispute Resolution Program, moving upstream to try to prevent and manage those conflicts more effectively and efficiently, as measure d against company-wide program goals. Here, we examine the perspective of the co rporate general counsel whose broader set of goals led to an expanded process st ructure and an explicit evaluation process. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EEYBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EEYBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 In the case of eBay, we will use the framework to explore some of the implicatio ns of an important change since 1997, when the Kaiser case occurred: the vast gr owth and increasing sophistication of the on-line universe. The case presents tw o new issues that the eBay system designers had to address: first, the developme nt of on-line process tools that could be used in a range of disputes, and secon d, how to select and apply the most appropriate of these tools to prevent, manag e and resolve conflicts that arise in eBay\rquote s special business environment , where parties often have never met face-to-face and where such meetings would be costly and impractical. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETYBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETYBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Finally, we move out of Kaiser\rquote s US-based context into two fora in the in ternational realm. In Kaiser, and most other US-based cases, the existence of a well functioning, reasonably predictable court system underlies and supports man y of the choices system designers make. Such governmental institutions and their processes, almost taken for granted in analyzing US cases, may not exist in int ernational contexts or, if they exist, may not play the same role as their US co unterparts. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFZBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFZBG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 We explore the new frontier of this international realm through two cases. The W orld Trade Organization (WTO) represents one of many international governance fr ameworks, created by treaty and not under the control of any one outside judicia l or legislative body. The framework will probe the mechanisms that have evolved

within the WTO over the last fifty years to resolve conflicts in the legislativ e, implementation and enforcement phases. In closing, we will explore how the fr amework suggests issues be considered in societies emerging from war that are de signing processes and systems to prevent, manage and resolve disputes. This area of transitional justice involves trying to achieve the goals of justice and rec onciliation, which can be in tension, in a context of limited resources. Such sy stems are often designed amidst chaos in which local courts and legislative bodi es are being created or recreated and international tribunals may also have juri sdiction. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EA1BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EA1BG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_146_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_146_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *146 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 A. The ADR Program of the U.S. District Court For the Northern District of Cali fornia \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EO1BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EO1BG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 We examine the ADR program of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (\u8220\'3fNorthern District\u8221\'3f) in 1991, following passage of the federal Civil Justice Reform Act of 1990 (CJRA), } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F66346443576_ID0EU1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F66346443576_ID0EU1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F66346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 66 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 which encouraged experimentation in ADR and case management in all federal tria l courts. Under the CJRA, the Northern District was designated one of five \u822 0\'3fdemonstration districts,\u8221\'3f directed to \u8220\'3fexperiment with va rious methods of reducing cost and delay in civil litigation, including alternat ive dispute resolution . . . .\u8221\'3f } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F67346443576_ID0EE2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F67346443576_ID0EE2} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F67346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 67

}}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EL2BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EL2BG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 By 1991 there were already multiple dispute resolution options available in the Northern District in addition to trial. Under the leadership of then Chief Judge Robert Peckham, the court had added non-binding arbitration, early neutral eval uation (ENE), } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F68346443576_ID0EU2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F68346443576_ID0EU2} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F68346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 68 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 and judicially-hosted settlement conferences to its dispute process array. Whil e some courts\rquote primary goal in using ADR is reduced caseload, the Norther n District was always clear that its goal was to provide additional, high qualit y process options to better meet the needs of litigants. Magistrate Judge Wayne D. Brazil, the judicial officer who guided and supervised the court\rquote s ADR program in this period, commented on the high cost of litigation and the small number of cases that reached trial or even had significant contact with a judge, } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F69346443576_ID0E42}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F69346443576_ID0E42} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F69346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 69 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 and concluded that \u8220\'3ffree or low cost ADR programs represent one of the very few means through which courts can provide any meaningful service to many litigants.\u8221\'3f } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F70346443576_ID0EK3}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F70346443576_ID0EK3} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F70346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 70 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ER3BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ER3BG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 }

{\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_147_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_147_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *147 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Following broad consultation with key stakeholder groups, including the judges, the clerk of the court, the court\rquote s ADR staff } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F71346443576_ID0E23}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F71346443576_ID0E23} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F71346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 71 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 and the district\rquote s CJRA Advisory Group, } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F72346443576_ID0E53}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F72346443576_ID0E53} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F72346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 72 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 the court decided to maintain its array of existing ADR options and to add medi ation. Mediation was chosen in order to offer an interest-based option with the potential of enabling parties to preserve their relationship, create a broader, more creative array of settlement options than the court could order, reach more durable solutions and reduce cost and delay. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EK4BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EK4BG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 By offering multiple options for dispute resolution, the court faced a set of im portant policy questions and design challenges in how best to determine which ca ses should be paired with which processes. Questions included: \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f What role should be played by parties, their counsel, the judge and t he court ADR administrators in deciding whether to use ADR? \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJ5BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJ5BG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f What role should each play in selecting the ADR process option and th e timing of that ADR event? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EV5BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EV5BG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f To what degree should the court encourage or require use of an ADR op tion? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EB6BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EB6BG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Should certain cases be exempt from particular ADR options, or all AD R options? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EN6BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EN6BG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Who should pay for these new services, and how much? \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZ6BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZ6BG_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The court\rquote s solution, christened the \u8220\'3fMulti-Option Pilot Program ,\u8221\'3f } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F73346443576_ID0EAA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F73346443576_ID0EAA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F73346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 73 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 required counsel to discuss the court\rquote s ADR options with their clients a nd confer with opposing counsel to try to agree on a process option. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F74346443576_ID0EFA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F74346443576_ID0EFA}

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F74346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 74 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 If the parties failed to agree on a process or opted against the use of ADR, th e new rules required counsel } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F75346443576_ID0EIA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F75346443576_ID0EIA} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F75346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 75 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 to participate in an \u8220\'3fADR phone conference\u8221\'3f with the court\rq uote s ADR staff. These calls provided individualized attention, educating and a dvising counsel on the potential benefits and costs of the various ADR options a vailable. If the parties still could not agree on an option, or if they agreed t hat no } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_148_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_148_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *148 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 option was appropriate, the ADR administrator would either recommend an ADR pro cess to the judge or recommend that no ADR was appropriate. The goal was to educ ate and engage all of the key stakeholders in order to determine which dispute r esolution process would be most appropriate. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6AAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6AAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Although the Multi-Option Pilot Program presumed that every case would utilize o ne ADR option early in the life of the case, judges could approve requests for d elaying ADR or exempt the case from ADR if it appeared the process would not be productive. This approach reflected an effort to balance the court\rquote s goal s of encouraging parties to makes use of helpful processes, while at the same ti me refraining from pressuring or requiring parties to participate in a program t hat would likely be a waste of time and money. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F76346443576_ID0EJB}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F76346443576_ID0EJB} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F76346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 76 }}} \par }

} } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQBAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQBAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Resource limitations influence different approaches to creating an ADR operation . Two major staffing models are used in court ADR programs. Courts with a \u8220 \'3fstaff-neutral\u8221\'3f model employ specially trained court staff to serve as the ADR neutrals. This model is used in a number of the Federal Circuit Court s of Appeal and a smaller number of district courts. Due largely to cost conside rations, however, many courts use a panel model, relying upon private practition ers to serve as ADR neutrals on a court-administered or court-sponsored panel. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F77346443576_ID0EEC}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F77346443576_ID0EEC} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F77346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 77 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Although Congress provided limited funds for additional staff under the CJRA, t he funding was not sufficient to hire enough staff to serve as neutrals in a sig nificant number of cases. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F78346443576_ID0EJC}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F78346443576_ID0EJC} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F78346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 78 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Accordingly, the Northern District elected to expend its limited staff resource s to screen, recruit, train and supervise panels of private neutrals for the med iation, ENE and arbitration programs. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F79346443576_ID0ENC}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F79346443576_ID0ENC} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F79346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 79 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUCAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUCAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_149_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_149_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *149

} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Compensation was handled differently for the different ADR processes. The court , pursuant to a statute that predated the CJRA, provided very modest compensatio n for arbitrators. Judges handling settlement conferences received no compensati on beyond their normal salaries. No other public funds were available to pay ADR neutrals. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENDAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENDAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 As a result, the new rules provided that mediators and ENE evaluators would volu nteer their preparation time and first four hours of the mediation or evaluation meeting. } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 After this point, if the parties chose to continue the session, the evaluator o r mediator could charge for the services. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F80346443576_ID0EYD}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F80346443576_ID0EYD} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F80346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 80 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 These new rules reflected a compromise between the desire to offer a free servi ce, in the same manner as trials and judicially-hosted settlement conferences, w hile also acknowledging that the small, but growing, cadre of highly skilled ADR professionals was providing a service that deserved compensation. It was also s een as unreasonable and unrealistic to expect the most highly skilled attorneys } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F81346443576_ID0E5D}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F81346443576_ID0E5D} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F81346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 81 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 to donate the extended numbers of pro bono hours necessary to provide high qual ity services for the anticipated, expanding caseload. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F82346443576_ID0ECE}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F82346443576_ID0ECE} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F82346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 82 }}} \par }

} } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_tbl3_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_tbl3_1}{ {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cell x3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cell x10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Prevention Processes } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Management Processes } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Resolution Processes } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Judicially-hosted case management conferences } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Arbitration } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 ENE } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 ENE } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Mediation } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Mediation } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Settlement Conferences } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cell x3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cell x10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0

} }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Trial } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w }} } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E4GAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E4GAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Summary \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EHHAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EHHAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Although the Northern District is an institution founded on the importance of ri ghts-based resolution processes, the court saw the benefit of adding interest-ba sed and other ADR processes to better } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_150_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_150_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *150 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 serve the needs of their clientele, federal court litigants. In order to preven t a fragmented, confusing system, however, the Court created an integrated struc ture to educate stakeholders about the array of available options and involve th em all in deciding which dispute resolution process could be most helpful and wh en. The court\rquote s web site, booklet and ADR staff helped parties and their counsel understand how the different processes compared in terms of likely party satisfaction; flexibility, control and participation; improved case management; improved understanding of the case; and potential to reduce hostility between p arties. If parties could not agree on a specific ADR process or whether any ADR process was likely to be beneficial, the judge assigned to the case made the dec ision as part of the court\rquote s case management process. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F83346443576_ID0E3H}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F83346443576_ID0E3H} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F83346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 83 }}} \par } } }

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EDIAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EDIAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 An additional challenge was how to offer quality processes without placing the f inancial burden on the recipients. Ideally, public funds would have been availab le to fully support ADR programs as well as trial and trial-related activities. In light of the limited available financial support, trade-offs were required. F or the mediation and ENE options, the court\rquote s solution was to impose some costs on the mediators and evaluators, by requiring them to donate their prepar ation time and the first four hours of the process, but thereafter, at the elect ion of the parties, shift the cost burden to the parties if the process proved o f sufficient value. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EYIAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EYIAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The pilot program proved to be a beneficial first step in dispute system redesig n as it allowed experimentation and refinement of the model, created allies of t he pilot judges, and increased the comfort level and competence of counsel who a ppeared before the court. The pilot program was evaluated, pursuant to CJRA mand ate, by the Federal Judicial Center, the research arm of the federal courts. The study, led by Donna Stienstra, reported that over 60% of counsel believed that use of the court\rquote s ADR options had reduced time to disposition and the co st of their cases, with median cost savings per party } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_151_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_151_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *151 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 estimated at $25,000. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F84346443576_ID0ELJ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F84346443576_ID0ELJ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F84346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 84 }}} } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \super \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 , } } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F85346443576_ID0EOJ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F85346443576_ID0EOJ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F85346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 85 }}} }

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 In 1999, the court refined and expanded the program court-wide, where it is sti ll in use. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F86346443576_ID0ESJ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F86346443576_ID0ESJ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F86346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 86 }}} \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZJAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZJAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 B. General Electric \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EDKAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EDKAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Above, we analyzed the Kaiser case, with its single dispute resolution process t hat was redesigned in short order pursuant to a court decision. The Northern Dis trict case involved the development and integration of multiple processes over t ime. } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The General Electric case also involved the development of multiple integrated processes, but broadened from the goal of just resolving disputes, to preventing and managing them as well. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F87346443576_ID0EQK}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F87346443576_ID0EQK} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F87346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 87 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXKAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXKAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In 1995, P.D. Villarreal, Counsel for Litigation and Legal Policy at General Ele ctric (GE), was faced with mushrooming litigation and a mandate to apply the Six Sigma Quality Initiative to his litigation department. Jack Welch, CEO of GE, h ad instituted Six Sigma, a management approach rooted in manufacturing with the aim of achieving defect-free process 99.99966% of the time. Litigation managemen t was considered a process, too, and thus needed to be defined, measured, analyz ed, improved and controlled.

} {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F88346443576_ID0EFL}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F88346443576_ID0EFL} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F88346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 88 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 GE was a founding member of the Center for Public Resources, } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F89346443576_ID0EIL}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F89346443576_ID0EIL} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F89346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 89 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 a nonprofit } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_152_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_152_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *152 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 association of corporate, law firm and individual members that promotes alterna tive dispute resolution for litigated cases, and thus supported use of ADR on a nominal basis. Over the next two years, Villarreal transformed GE\rquote s manag ement of corporate disputes from ad hoc to a system. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZLAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZLAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 At a general level, Six Sigma required that legal management meet the goal of re ducing defects in its legal procedures. At a more concrete level, GE\rquote s la wyers needed to learn to think from their clients\rquote point of view by quant ifying standards of satisfaction. It wouldn\rquote t be enough for a lawyer to w in a case for the company, if the time, expense and publicity outweighed the gai n. Thus, the goals for the client were: \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Quick resolution of disputes \par } } } }

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWMAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWMAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Inexpensive resolution of disputes \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECNAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECNAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Minimal waste of executive and management time \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EONAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EONAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Reduced damage to important business relationships \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1NAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1NAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 \u8226\'3f Minimized uncertainty of results \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGOAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGOAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 As GE probed its options, it expanded its goals beyond efficient handling of spe cific disputes to include preventing and managing conflict at earlier stages. Th e stakeholders affected by these goals included not only upper and middle-manage ment employees, but GE\rquote s inside and outside counsel, vendors, customers, and partners. Overall, GE sought increases in efficiency and relationship preser vation in order to advance its corporate profitability. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EYOAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EYOAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Over the next few years, GE developed its Early Dispute Resolution (EDR) program . First, in-house counsel prepared an early case assessment and management plan over a period of 60-90 days after the business unit identified a significant dis pute. The assessment included a review of the industry and corporate context, ab breviated review of the facts and law, damage analysis (best and worst case scen arios), important principles/precedents, judge/neutral, venue/jurisdiction, oppo

sing counsel, legal fees through stages of defense, non-economic costs and benef its, and a preliminary dispute management plan (including ADR and litigation). A t Level 1, the business personnel closest to the dispute would initiate informal business to business discussions. If unsuccessful, the case would move to Level 2, at which point a GE dispute resolution team, comprised of an attorney and ma nager, would try to work with the other party to utilize an external, third-part y neutral (mediator or arbitrator) to resolve the dispute. (Separate processes w ere provided for employment and product } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_153_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_153_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *153 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 disputes.) At Level 3, management might elect to try a case for reasons of prin ciple, precedent or cost effectiveness, or because settlement at earlier levels was unsuccessful. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E2PAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E2PAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Two other processes supplemented case management: an Early Warning System to pro actively identify litigation trends at the earliest stage and an After Action Re view by management and litigation counsel to review each case, the lessons learn ed, and recommend actions to prevent or mitigate future problems. } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 GE created a structure of linked processes to constitute a more integrated conf lict management system. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F90346443576_ID0EFQ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F90346443576_ID0EFQ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F90346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 90 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_tbl4_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_tbl4_1}{ {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cell x3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cell x10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Prevention Processes }

}\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Management Processes } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Resolution Processes } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Early Warning System to identify litigation trends } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Level 1: Informal business discussion and direct negotiation } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Level 2: Mediation or arbitration } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cell x3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cell x10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 After Action Review: Lessons learned to mitigate future problems } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Level 3: Adjudication } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w }}

} {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXSAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXSAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The EDR program required a significant resource investment in training for both management and legal counsel to synchronize the complex corporate bureaucracy. A pilot effort was instituted with the airline engine division. Offering mediatio n, arbitration, and a grievance procedure, the EDR program successfully prevente d any division cases going to trial. In monetary terms alone, savings were in th e many millions of dollars; total savings were likely even greater, if managemen t timesaving and preservation of key business relationships were reflected. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F91346443576_ID0EHT}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F91346443576_ID0EHT} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F91346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 91 }}} \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EOTAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EOTAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Summary \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EYTAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EYTAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 EDR has become fundamental to best practice business problem solving at a number of multinational corporations, including Motorola and Schering Plough. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F92346443576_ID0EAU}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F92346443576_ID0EAU} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F92346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 92 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 GE\rquote s Six Sigma approach helped redefine the legal counsel\rquote s objec tive from winning lawsuits to preventing and managing conflicts more efficiently to enhance overall profitability. Corporate adoption of EDR required two fundam ental shifts. The } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_154_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_154_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *154 } }

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 first was to anticipate and prevent disputes through its early warning process, thus moving \u8220\'3fupstream\u8221\'3f from dispute resolution to dispute pre vention and management. The second was a focus on pursuing more interest-based p rocesses for resolving disputes. In these efforts, GE worked closely with its ou tside counsel, who needed to broaden their skill sets to assist in this expanded role of process counselor and advisor. As major corporate clients, such as GE, increasingly seek outside counsel with this expanded, systems design skill set, the successful law firms will be those that can respond to clients\rquote growi ng need for full spectrum representation. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E4UAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E4UAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 C. eBay \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EHVAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EHVAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Since 1997, the year of the Kaiser case, the world has experienced an explosion of online platforms to facilitate a myriad of commercial and personal transactio ns. Emblematic of this revolution is eBay, the leading online auction web site, which employs over 15,000 employees and has more than 200 million users. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F93346443576_ID0ESV}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F93346443576_ID0ESV} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F93346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 93 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In 2008, over $60 billion in total merchandise was traded on eBay, with over 70 0 million new items listed in the 4th quarter alone, on 20 localized web sites r eaching 90 countries. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F94346443576_ID0EXV}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F94346443576_ID0EXV} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F94346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 94 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Although less than 1 percent of these transactions generate problems, those tha t do arise are not easily resolved by traditional litigation due to geography an d procedural requirements. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F95346443576_ID0E3V}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe

ference_F95346443576_ID0E3V} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F95346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 95 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 From its inception, eBay founder Pierre Omidyar articulated an umbrella of good faith business guidelines and anticipated the importance of creating informatio nal processes to clarify communication and resolve misunderstandings before onli ne transactions became disputes. The case of eBay presents two types of innovati on: online techniques that can substitute for previous face-to-face and telephon ic commercial interactions, and an integrated structure of online processes for resolving eBay disputes. eBay\rquote s system demonstrates how online interactio ns have the capacity for increased transparency (both in terms of information, a nd of access), and for increased accountability. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELWAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELWAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 eBay\rquote s overall business goal is to maximize the potential for online busi nesses to thrive. Such business depends on buyers receiving } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_155_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_155_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *155 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 the goods they intend to purchase, and sellers receiving payment, both in a tim ely manner. Thus, eBay has been willing to commit its financial and personnel re sources to provide a dispute resolution system that reflects goals of accessibil ity, low cost, high speed, privacy, voluntariness and independence - all in the interest of increasing its business profits and maintaining trust in the online marketplace. In fact, trust is essential to the long-term success of eBay. Buyer s must trust the integrity of the listings, and sellers must trust the predictab ility of payment, in order for online business to exist. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EIXAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EIXAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Potential stakeholders are numerous: individual and corporate business buyers an d sellers; repeat and one-time traders; eBay\rquote s own management, employees, shareholders and directors; third-party vendors (e.g. escrow services); mediato rs; and insurance appraisal companies. Essentially everything that can be bought and sold at retail is available on eBay. The stakes are clearly high for eBay t o mitigate any problems in closing transactions quickly and to the satisfaction of buyers and sellers.

\par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1XAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1XAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 eBay has used information and communications technology to structure its system with multiple processes, integrated in eBay\rquote s online platform. Disputants have different types of mechanisms available: \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJYAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJYAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The Feedback Forum rating system allows buyers to comment on transactions and cr eate a reputation for future transactions, both for individual sellers and the s ystem overall. This automated process allows buyers to get information and set r easonable expectations. After a transaction, eBay buyers can submit feedback by awarding +1 for positive, 0 for neutral, and -1 for negative. If a seller gets t oo many negative ratings in too short a period of time, that member\rquote s acc ount will be suspended, and they will be designated NARU (Not a Registered User) . \u8220\'3fDetailed seller ratings\u8221\'3f enable anonymous feedback, with fi nancial incentives for good performance and penalties (such as being thrown off the site) for bad. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EBZAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EBZAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The Resolution Center provides a central online hub so that users can see all of their transactional issues in one place, communicate easily with their transact ion partners and track them to resolution. A series of processes act like a prog ressive filter to resolve disputes. Through direct negotiation, parties can comm unicate via an internet forum to describe issues and possibly agree on resolutio n. Approximately 60% of filed disputes are resolved at this stage, at no charge. A step ladder of software-assisted processes including mediation, evaluation an d arbitration are available if direct negotiation does not lead to successful re solution. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZZAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZZAI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_156_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_156_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *156 }

} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Community Court is a pilot program on eBay that allows a seller to appeal a neg ative feedback rating. Both parties submit materials to describe their perspecti ve on the dispute, which is then reviewed by a jury of randomly-selected eBay me mbers, who vote on whether the feedback was fair. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EM1AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EM1AI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Bulletin boards are available for trading questions, opinions and socializing. T he Answer Center provides hundreds of expert community members to answer and res olve issues. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E21AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E21AI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The eBay processes described above are not exclusive, but offered as an accessib le alternative or supplement to other consumer complaint processes, e.g., credit card chargebacks, small claims court and the Internet Fraud Complaint Center. B y making its information and resolution processes accessible online, and by inte grating automated enforcement of outcomes, there are temporal and financial ince ntives to pursue these internal processes. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_tbl5_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_tbl5_1}{ {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cell x3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cell x10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Prevention Processes } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Management Processes } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Resolution Processes }

}\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Feedback Forum } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Feedback Forum } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Direct Negotiation } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Community Watch } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Mediation } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cell x3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cell x10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Bulletin Boards } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0

{\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Arbitration } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w }} } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E54AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E54AI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Summary \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EI5AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EI5AI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A key feature of the eBay dispute settlement system is that the processes functi on in the same technological domain as the underlying business transactions. The goal of eBay is to maximize the volume of commercial transactions on the site, so minimizing disputes and expediting their resolution is critical to the busine ss goals. eBay has engaged its stakeholders by encouraging continuous buyer/sell er feedback. An evaluation process has led to design improvements in a structure of integrated processes that are voluntary, quick and low-cost. The heart of mo st disputes is information exchange, which is vastly facilitated by the benefits of new internet-enabled processes over traditional telephone, face-to-face, or even e-mail communication. As noted, a majority of disputes are resolved amicabl y through the information exchange facilitated by direct negotiation online, and serve to enhance reputation of the site. These processes could easily have wide r application in a range of commercial contexts. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EG6AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EG6AI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 D. World Trade Organization \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQ6AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQ6AI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The World Trade Organization (WTO), together with its antecedent, the General Ag reement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)--span 60 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_157_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_157_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *157

} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 years of institutional practice in resolving international trade disputes. The WTO now hosts the most frequently utilized international dispute settlement proc ess in the world. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EEABI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EEABI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 At the end of World War II, as part of the Bretton Woods negotiations on interna tional commercial and financing institutions, 23 countries drafted the GATT trea ty to govern trading relations. The GATT\rquote s primary purpose was to reduce trade barriers that would impede the free movement of goods and services across borders. The GATT comprises a complex set of reciprocal trade commitments among the contracting parties, along with rules to minimize government actions that li mit the importation of products. Parties to the GATT are obligated to limit tari ffs, avoid discrimination among nations, avoid discrimination between domestical ly produced and imported goods, and avoid the use of quotas and other restrictio ns on imports. Over the next 40 years, the GATT\rquote s signatories conducted a series of nine negotiating rounds to expand the treaty\rquote s scope of covera ge. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E3ABI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E3ABI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The Uruguay Round (negotiated from 1986 to 1994) was not simply a revision of th e original GATT treaty, but a fully reconceived institutional structure - the Wo rld Trade Organization - plus an elaborate series of rules and remedies, all ado pted by consensus as a single undertaking. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F96346443576_ID0EEB}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F96346443576_ID0EEB} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F96346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 96 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The designers of the new WTO were the 130+ member-countries who signed the WTO agreements in 1994. What they put in place was a network of decision-making proc esses that differ, depending on the dimension of conflict. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQBBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQBBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 The literature on WTO dispute settlement focuses on the Understanding on Rules a

nd Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (the \u8220\'3fDSU\u8221\'3f) , adopted as part of the Uruguay Round, which resolves disputes at the policy en forcement level. The DSU sets forth specific steps for pursuing a trade dispute through a series of four processes: formal consultation, panel review, appellate review, and implementation of the recommendations for compliance. Here the deci sion makers are appointed trade-expert panelists, appellate judges, and all WTO members sitting as the Dispute Settlement Body. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECCBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECCBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 From a systems design perspective, we believe a more comprehensive analysis woul d incorporate how the WTO manages and resolves conflict not only during policy e nforcement but also during the } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_158_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_158_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *158 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 earlier phases of policy making and policy implementation. Such an analysis wou ld examine the processes utilized in each phase and explore whether these proces ses were or were not effective within the phase, and moreover whether they were effectively integrated with an eye toward achieving the WTO\rquote s goals. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWCBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWCBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In these three phases of WTO activity, the stakeholders remain substantially the same, but the goals are distinctly different. As with most international organi zations, the primary stakeholders are the member nations, their constituent mini stries, legislatures and citizens, industry and nongovernmental organizations. A t the policy making level, WTO member-countries\rquote delegations participate in ministerial conferences every two years (e.g., as in the currently ongoing Do ha Round). The primary process used in this phase is direct formal and informal negotiations among the countries to compose an agenda of what issues should be r egulated by new policy measures. After the agenda is created, numerous trade neg otiation committees struggle for years to integrate a package of provisions into an agreement that can achieve consensual support. Intense conflict to the point of impasse has arisen in the last several years among the 150+ member countries over the scope of new rules, for example on agricultural subsidies. In past rou nds, the \u8220\'3fGreen Room\u8221\'3f - comprised of \u8220\'3ffriends of the chair\u8221\'3f of the negotiating committee - often formed the coalition with t he most leverage; however, often it was a cross-cutting coalition of middle-size d countries that bridged the gaps to achieve consensus. That consensus has elude d current negotiations. \par

} } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXDBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXDBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Between these policymaking negotiations and the policy enforcement measures spec ified in the DSU, lies an interim phase: policy implementation, wherein each WTO member must translate the international rules adopted in each trade negotiating round into implementing legislation. The Trade Policy Review Mechanism was the process established to assist members in understanding and adhering to the WTO r ules through a series of mandated periodic country reviews. The WTO staff conduc ts an in-depth analysis of a country\rquote s legal, economic and political syst ems. The report is distributed to all WTO members, who then have an opportunity to ask the reviewed country questions about its policies. Conflicts can arise ov er whether the reviewed country has implemented its WTO obligations effectively in national policy, and, if not, what remedies are recommended. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EPEBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EPEBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Thus, the key stakeholders, the WTO member-country delegates, sit in multiple ca pacities: as formal negotiators in the Ministerial Conferences to make internati onal trade policy, as the Trade Policy } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_159_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_159_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *159 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Review Body to determine whether countries have indeed nationally implemented W TO policy, and as the Dispute Settlement Body to determine whether a specific co untry has complied with its obligations relative to a trading partner. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EAFBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EAFBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 While the stakeholders and resources are comparable across the three key policy processes examined here, the goals and relative success vary. In policymaking, t he scope of the goals is broadest--security and predictability in multilateral t rade relations--yet the process requires achievement of consensus for adoption. The implosion of the Doha Round reflects the overwhelming procedural and substan tive complexity of multiparty negotiations that are significantly impaired by th e power dynamics between large developing nations and large developed-country pa rties. } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Countries with relatively less power cannot impose consensus, but they can bloc k it.

\par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVFBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVFBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 In policy implementation, the goal is more focused: fact-finding and capacity bu ilding to enable countries\rquote adoption of already-committed trade measures. The process is regularized, applied to all member countries, and less dominated by the power of individual members. Problems that surface in the process at thi s stage serve as an early warning, a form of conflict prevention. This process i s a partially rights-driven (since it is mandated by WTO rules) consultation on the interests of the target country, its trading partners, and the WTO as an ins titution. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKGBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKGBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In policy enforcement, the goal is to preserve the rights and obligations of mem ber countries, with the subsidiary objectives of solving trade disputes while ma intaining institutional integrity. Here, the process is primarily rights-driven, but power (in terms of resources to prosecute or defend) is a significant facto r. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F97346443576_ID0EVG}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F97346443576_ID0EVG} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F97346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 97 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Between 1995-2003, nearly two thirds of disputes filed in the WTO were resolved by the time an arbitration panel was established, but before submission of argu ments. This suggests that the legal process provides an important opportunity of public notice, but that the processes of mutual or facilitated consultations ca n achieve a satisfactory resolution relative to the perceived outcome that would be rendered by a panel and/or appellate review. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_tbl6_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_tbl6_1}{ {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cell x3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cell x10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

Prevention Processes } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Management Processes } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Resolution Processes } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Trade negotiation rounds } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Dispute Settlement Understanding: conciliation, arbitration, appellate review, i mplementation } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx3360 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Trade Policy Review Mechanism } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cell x3360

\clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \trql \clvertalt \cellx6720 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \cell x10080 \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Operating Committees } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \in tbl {\ri50 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li50 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } }\i0 \ri50 \fs20 \ql \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li50 \b0 \intbl \cell \row }} } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EHJBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EHJBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_160_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_160_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *160 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Summary \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVJBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVJBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A shift by the WTO to increased emphasis on the policy implementation phase coul d offer benefits on several fronts: the transaction costs are moderate, relative to the high costs for all countries to engage in policy making and policy enfor cement; satisfaction with outcome and processes is likely to be higher with poli cy implementation to the extent that parties retain relatively more control; and the effect on relationships is positive, which suggests that among the process options, a higher emphasis on policy implementation--a rights-interest hybrid--w ould advance the overall goals of the WTO. Systemically, policy implementation r elieves pressure on the policymaking process with more practice-based informatio n, and alleviates stress on policy enforcement by anticipating and potentially r esolving problems before concrete disputes emerge. Institutionally, the WTO is f airly clear about the goals for each phase - policy making, implementation and e nforcement - but has been less explicit about integrating its goals and processe s across phases. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj

{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EHKBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EHKBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 In terms of best practices, process models from other sectors could be construct ively applied by the WTO. Focusing just on the enforcement phase, for instance, there are a number of processes available--negotiation, conciliation, and mediat ion--that are not fully utilized. Like the Northern District ADR case above, a p ilot program that offered interests-rights hybrids might open the door to less c ostly dispute resolution. The Trade Policy Review Mechanism audits clearly uncov er conflicts in their early stages, but the WTO lacks a companion process with t hird-party neutrals to enhance the WTO\rquote s transparency, accountability and compliance. In large industrial countries, there would seem to be sufficient re sources and commercial familiarity with domestic ADR processes to pilot such opt ions. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6KBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6KBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 E. Transitional Justice \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJLBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJLBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_161_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_161_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *161 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Application of the framework can help illuminate the choices and trade-offs in a wide variety of system contexts. One emerging system challenge is how best to design transitional justice mechanisms as part of evolving governance systems in countries emerging from conflict. Below is a short introduction to some of the questions faced by policymakers. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6LBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6LBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A threshold issue in areas emerging from conflict is whether the system designer s seek justice, reconciliation, reparations or some combination of these goals. Numerous authors have explored the possible tension between truth and justice, a nd between justice and reconciliation. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F98346443576_ID0EKM}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F98346443576_ID0EKM} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F98346443576_1" }{\fldrslt

{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 98 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Resources for these transitions are always very tight, requiring difficult choi ces and trade-offs as to which goals will be selected and which will be given pr iority. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETMBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETMBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Designers must address whether they will create one process or many to pursue th ese goals. In an effort to avoid impunity for war crimes, trials will likely be a significant component. However, criminal prosecutions can be pursued in a numb er of venues, including a national or local tribunal in the country where the cr imes occurred, a UN-created special international tribunal addressing crimes wit hin one country, } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F99346443576_ID0E6M}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F99346443576_ID0E6M} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F99346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 99 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 an international-national hybrid court, } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F100346443576_ID0EC}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F100346443576_ID0EC} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F100346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 100 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 or the International Criminal Court, which has jurisdiction over disputes occur ring in a range of countries. Prosecutions coming out of an extended period of v iolence may occur in more than one forum. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EONBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EONBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 System design principles would recommend considering inclusion of interest-based process options, such as reconciliation or forgiveness processes, in addition t o rights-based trials. Many countries, from Guatemala and Argentina, to South Af rica and Liberia, have used truth and reconciliation commissions in an attempt t o achieve a range of goals, including reconciliation, forgiveness, and healing, as well as fact-finding.

} {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F101346443576_ID0EZ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F101346443576_ID0EZ} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F101346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 101 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In addition, system design principles, as presented in the framework, would als o suggest that decisions on which and how many forums should be utilized, and wh ich } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_162_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_162_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *162 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 cases and prosecutions should occur in which venues, should be approached in a coordinated, integrated fashion. Given the multiplicity of stakeholders and deci sion-makers, such coordination is rare. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKOBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKOBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Application of the framework would also suggest putting some resources into prev ention and management of future disputes, rather than focusing solely on resolut ion. In countries devastated by war, prevention and management goals could be me t through designing and improving governance processes to provide functioning co urts and justice mechanisms, but also by strengthening civil society\rquote s ca pacity to prevent and manage disputes, thereby reducing the need for future atte ntion by the court system or the military. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZOBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZOBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The stakeholders in an area emerging from war will vary with the location and co ntext of the conflict. Representatives from the different combatant groups will always be key stakeholders. Citizen representation will be critical, including k ey subgroups of victims, which could include women, ethnic or religious minoriti es, or youth, if for instance they were abducted and forced to become child sold iers. Neighboring countries, regional actors, and sometimes superpowers will hav e an interest in the conflict, as will countries that become donors or contribut e troops to peacekeeping and peace building efforts. Such efforts may be impleme nted through multinational bodies such as the United Nations, European Union or African Union, any of which may have their own institutional interests and const raints to address. } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200

Failure to include all relevant stakeholders can result in systems that lack fu ndamental fairness and justice, and may also sow the seeds of future conflict if the voices of those groups are not heard and their needs are not addressed. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUPBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUPBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Resource constraints are always an important topic, but are particularly critica l in addressing transitional justice issues. Countries emerging from war are usu ally devastated economically. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F102346443576_ID0E6}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F102346443576_ID0E6} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F102346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 102 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Multinational and bilateral donors usually bear the cost burden, which can rise into hundreds of millions of dollars for some international criminal tribunals. A clear understanding of goals and the resources needed to achieve them should help avoid system failures. In the area of transitional justice, and development in fragile states more } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_163_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_163_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *163 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 broadly, donor countries often commit to give aid, then fail to follow through, decreasing the chances for success. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F103346443576_ID0EO}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F103346443576_ID0EO} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F103346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 103 }}} \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVQBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVQBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Success in transitional justice can be difficult to measure, depending on the go als selected. If the goal is punishment of war criminals, a key measure is the n umber of trials and convictions. When the goals are reconciliation and preventio n of future violence, the measurement is much more difficult and the time line f or determining success becomes attenuated. Assuming that efficiency is one of th

e goals, the trade-offs become more fraught. As noted above, international tribu nals and the International Criminal Court are extremely expensive, with some que stioning the vast resources spent to convict a small number of individuals. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENRBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENRBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A clearer stakeholder analysis early in the process design could help clarify wh ose goals should take priority in determining these resource choices and tradeof fs. The international community, driven by the desire to avoid impunity and expa nd and enforce human rights norms, may spend substantial sums prosecuting the po litical leaders who unleashed the atrocities. The affected public may support th ese outcomes or may have broader goals or higher priorities, such as punishing l ower level soldiers who committed the atrocities and conducting indigenous recon ciliation efforts. } {\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F104346443576_ID0E2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe ference_F104346443576_ID0E2} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F104346443576_1" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 104 }}} } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Given the limited resources available, the public might even prefer greater inv estment in the rebuilding of the economy, education system and stable governance . \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EESBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EESBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 V. Conclusion \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EOSBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EOSBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The framework described in this article represents an effort at creating a simpl e but comprehensive list of issues to consider in designing and assessing system s to address conflict. While not all elements will be equally important or compl ex in all cases, each should be considered and evaluated in order to map and und erstand the choices available in structuring processes to prevent, manage and re solve conflicts. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E4SBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E4SBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_164_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_164_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *164 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Implicit in our analysis is that the choice of goals makes a difference to outc omes, as does the process or set of processes chosen to implement those goals. I n the context of court ADR, a court could design its ADR program with primary at tention to the goal of public service, offering options to litigants that better meet their interests with processes that could be more speedy and less costly t han a court trial. Or, it could emphasize the goals of docket reduction and effi ciency for the court itself, designing a system that pressures litigants into us ing an ADR process that provides them insufficient benefits, thereby increasing their costs and impairing their access to justice. Similarly, a company seeking to reduce its litigation costs could do so by successfully addressing disputing parties\rquote interests at an earlier stage, resulting in potentially better o utcomes, faster resolution and lower costs for all parties. } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200 Or, to achieve the same efficiency goal, it could create a system that pressure s parties to use a deficient ADR process or prevents or discourages their access to court. The choice of goals, the design of processes to meet those goals, and the level of resources dedicated to the system will affect the quality of the s ystem\rquote s outcomes. \par } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E3TBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E3TBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The elements of the framework appear to have applicability across a range of org anizations and institutions, broadly defined. While this essay primarily address es the \u8220\'3fwhat\u8221\'3f and the \u8220\'3fhow\u8221\'3f of dispute syste ms design and operation, additional research and experimentation by practitioner s is needed to test the goals and assumptions underlying different system design choices and evaluating them for their impact on stakeholders and alignment with organizational and societal values. We welcome a dialogue with other practition ers and academics to increase the utility of this model framework and to refine it based on further empirical and scholarly work. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EOUBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EOUBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_165_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_165_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0

*165 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Appendix: Glossary of Conflict Resolution Processes \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 This glossary is based on definitions from the CPR International Institute for C onflict Prevention and Resolution, available at http:// www.cpradr.org/ClausesRu les/ADRPrimer/tabid/340/Default.aspx; the ADR Program of U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, available at http:// www.adr.cand.uscourts .gov/adr/adrdocs.nsf/354c0e78f4dde1a6882564e1000be228? OpenView; Goldberg, Sande r, Rogers and Cole, Dispute Resolution: Negotiation, Mediation, and Other Proces ses, 5th ed.; and Douglas H. Yarn, Dictionary of Conflict Resolution (San Franci sco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc., 1999). \par } } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJVBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJVBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Arbitration \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETVBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETVBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 An adjudicative method of dispute resolution in which an independent, impartial and neutral third party (an arbitrator or arbitral panel) considers arguments an d evidence from disputing parties, then renders a decision (\u8220\'3faward\u822 1\'3f). Arbitration may be binding (contractual) or non-binding (court-connected ), with levels of procedural formality varying according to the parties\rquote contractual agreement or court rule. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECWBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECWBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Adjudication \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EMWBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EMWBI_1}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The resolution of disputes by a neutral third party vested (by law or agreement) with authority to bind the disputants to the terms of an award or decision. Tri al and arbitration are the common adjudicative processes. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E2WBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E2WBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Baseball Arbitration \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFXBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFXBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A form of arbitration in which each party submits a proposed monetary award to t he arbitrator. At the conclusion of the hearing, the arbitrator is required to s elect one of the parties\rquote proposed awards, without modification. (Also kn own as final offer arbitration.) \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXXBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXXBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Bounded Arbitration \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EBYBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EBYBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Parties agree that the arbitrator\rquote s final award will be adjusted to a bou nded range that the parties have previously agreed upon. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENYBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENYBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXYBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXYBI_1}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 An umbrella concept in conflict resolution embodying a range of processes apart from court trial. ADR includes a wide range of } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_166_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_166_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *166 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 processes, e.g., mediation, arbitration, ENE and a variety of hybrid processes. (Also called \u8220\'3fappropriate dispute resolution.\u8221\'3f) \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EOZBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EOZBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Arb-Med \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EYZBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EYZBI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A hybrid process by which an arbitrator is asked to serve as mediator to assist the parties in resolving the dispute at hand, prior to issuance of the award. Se quentially, the arbitration hearing is held, and the arbitrator determines the a ward, but does not deliver the decision unless the interim mediation effort does not result in agreement. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EH1BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EH1BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Case evaluation \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ER1BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ER1BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Court-connected process in which a single lawyer or panel of lawyers evaluates c ases referred by a judge and provides an advisory opinion to the parties as to t heir respective case strengths, weaknesses, and value. } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The term may have different meanings in different jurisdictions, and may be inte rchangeable with Early Neutral Evaluation (ENE), but the latter includes case ma nagement as well as evaluation.

\par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EA2BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EA2BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Collaborative Law \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EK2BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EK2BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Collaborative Law provides for an advance agreement entered into by the parties and the lawyers in their individual capacities, under which the lawyers commit t o terminate their representations in the event the settlement process is unsucce ssful and the matter proceeds to litigation. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EW2BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EW2BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Conciliation \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EA3BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EA3BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A process by which the third party, who may or may not be neutral, encourages th e parties to settle their dispute. The role of the conciliator varies in neutral ity and decisionmaking authority. In U.S. domestic practice, conciliation is mor e focused on improving communication and clarifying issues between the parties w ith less emphasis on the substance. In international practice, conciliation is a more formal process that may include both inquiry and mediation. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EV3BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EV3BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Cooperative Law \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E63BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E63BI_1}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Cooperative Law is a process which incorporates many of the hallmarks of Collabo rative Law but does not require the lawyer to enter into a contract with the opp osing party providing for the lawyer\rquote s disqualification. Cooperative Law may include a written agreement to make full, voluntary disclosure of all financ ial information, } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_167_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_167_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *167 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 avoid formal discovery procedures, utilize joint rather than unilateral apprais als, and use interest-based negotiation. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ET4BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ET4BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Court-Annexed ADR \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E44BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E44BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Alternative dispute resolution administered by, or otherwise institutionally aff iliated with, a court. Some courts require or urge disputants to participate in various ADR processes, and may require counsel to certify that they have explain ed ADR options to their clients. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EM5BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EM5BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Dispute Resolution Board (DRB) \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EW5BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EW5BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A party-appointed panel chaired by a trained neutral, which generally is formed at the start of a construction project and meets regularly to follow work progre ss and to provide guidance to the parties on differences before they become disp utes. In the event that the DRB is called upon to hear a ripened dispute, it can make recommendations, awards that are binding for a period of time, awards that are binding but appealable, or final and binding decisions, depending on the ag

reement of the parties involved in the project. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EF6BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EF6BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Early Neutral Evaluation (ENE) \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EP6BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EP6BI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 An ENE evaluator (an experienced attorney with expertise in the subject matter o f the case) hosts an informal meeting of clients and counsel to hear each side p resent its basic evidence and arguments. The evaluator identifies areas of agree ment, focuses areas at issue, writes a private evaluation of the case\rquote s p rospects and presents it to the parties. The parties may attempt settlement prio r to presentation of the evaluation. The evaluator may also help the parties dev ise a plan for expedited discovery, assess realistic litigation costs, and explo re whether a follow up session would help case settlement. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EEACI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EEACI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Facilitation \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EOACI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EOACI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In facilitation, a neutral process expert conducts meetings and coordinates disc ussions among a group of individuals or parties with divergent views to reach a goal or complete a task to the participants\rquote mutual satisfaction. May be associated with disputes over public resources or public policy in which there a re many stakeholders. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E4ACI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E4ACI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_168_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_168_1}

{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *168 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Fact Finding \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELBCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELBCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Independent process by which a technically proficient neutral determines the fac ts relevant to the controversy. The process separates the function of defining t he problem from developing a solution. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1BCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1BCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Integrated Conflict Management System \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EECCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EECCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Form of conflict management within an organization that offers multiple processe s for prevention, management and resolution of disputes, and integrates their us e. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQCCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQCCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Mediation \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1CCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1CCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Mediation is a voluntary, confidential, facilitated negotiation in which a neutr al aims to assist the parties in reaching a consensual resolution of a dispute o n terms that the parties themselves agree upon. In some forms of mediation, the mediator, if competent to do so and if requested by both parties, may eventually (1) offer an opinion on the parties\rquote likelihood of success in an adjudic ated proceeding, and/or (2) offer a proposed \u8220\'3fbest resolution\u8221\'3f that the mediator considers is the fairest, most commercially rational outcome

to the dispute. However, the mediator has no authority to impose an outcome on t he parties and controls only the process of the mediation itself, not its result . \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EMDCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EMDCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Med-Arb \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWDCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWDCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A hybrid process pursuant to which, by agreement, the parties engage in mediatio n with the intention of submitting all unresolved issues to final and binding ar bitration. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECECI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECECI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Minitrial \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EMECI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EMECI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A hybrid process by which the parties present a limited form of their legal and factual contentions to a panel of representatives selected by each party, or to a neutral third party, or both. The objective is to provide senior party represe ntatives with an opportunity to balance the strength of their claims against the contentions of their adversary, with an eye to resolving the matter on commerci al rather than legal terms. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E2ECI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E2ECI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Negotiation \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFFCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFFCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A process of exchanging information, interests, positions and proposals through direct communication of the parties in an effort to resolve a dispute. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ERFCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ERFCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 } {\i1 \fs20 \cf24 \f2 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_111958_169_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_111958_169_1} {\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf24 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 *169 } } {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Neutral \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6FCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6FCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 An impartial third-party who participates in resolution of a dispute according t o the authority granted by the parties (or in the case of a judge, by law) to ma nage the process and/or determine an outcome. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELGCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELGCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Ombuds (also, Ombudsman or Ombudsperson) \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVGCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVGCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A third party within an organization who deals with conflicts on a confidential basis and gives disputants information on how to resolve the problem at issue. A n ombuds may also serve as a mediator. (This definition applies to an organizati onal ombuds, as opposed to the original, \u8220\'3fclassical\u8221\'3f ombudsman .) \par } } } }

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EHHCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EHHCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Partnering \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ERHCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ERHCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Dispute prevention and management process involving team-building activities to help define common goals, improve communication and foster a problem-solving att itude among a group that works together in performance of a contract. Developed and used primarily in the construction industry. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EAICI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EAICI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Settlement Conferences \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKICI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKICI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A judicial officer helps the parties negotiate a settlement. Some settlement jud ges use mediation techniques to improve communication among the parties, probe b arriers to settlement and assist in formulating resolutions. Settlement judges m ay articulate views about the merits of the case or the relative strengths and w eaknesses of the parties\rquote legal positions. Settlement judges may meet wit h one side at a time, and some settlement judges rely primarily on meetings with counsel. \par } } } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b1 {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6ICI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6ICI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200 Summary Jury or Bench Trial \par } } {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj {\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJJCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJJCI_1} {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A summary bench or jury trial is a flexible, non-binding process designed to pro mote settlement in complex, trial-ready cases. The judge will hear an abbreviate d presentation of evidence, may offer an advisory verdict, and may offer parties

an opportunity to ask questions and hear the reactions of the judge or jury. \par } } } } }{ {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadl200 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrl \ trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Footnotes } }\i0 \ri20 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F1346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F1346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F1346443576_ID0ECAA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 1 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Stephanie Smith is Lecturer in Law at Stanford Law School. Ms. Smith was the fir st Director of ADR Programs for the U.S. District Court for the Northern Distric t of California. Janet Martinez is Senior Lecturer in Law and Director of the Go uld Program on Negotiation and Mediation at Stanford Law School. Both Smith and Martinez have been teaching courses in negotiation, advanced negotiation, ADR, m ediation and systems design at Stanford, Hastings College of the Law and Harvard for over fifteen years, and now jointly teach a course on dispute systems desig n at Stanford using the analytic framework set forth in this article. \par } } {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The authors acknowledge and thank Maude Pervere for her comments on this article and for her leadership as the first Director of the Gould Program from 1996 to 2005 during which time she and Ms. Smith designed and taught Stanford\rquote s f irst course on Dispute Resolution Systems Design. The authors also thank Magistr ate Judge Wayne Brazil, Larry Susskind, Donna Stienstra, Sheila Purcell, Colin R ule, P.D. Villarreal, Lisa Bingham and the participants in Stanford Law School\r quote s Wednesday Faculty Lunch who commented on early drafts, and Adam Rachlis for his research assistance. \par

} } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F2346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F2346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F2346443576_ID0EHBA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 2 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See Marc Galanter & Hon. William G. Young, } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=0329739395&pubNum=1242&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt 1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)#co_pp_sp_1242 _73" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Vanishing Trials, Vanishing Juries, Vanishing Constitution, 40 Suffolk U. L. Rev . 67, 73 (2006) }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 . \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F3346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F3346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F3346443576_ID0EPBA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 3 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl

{\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 William M. Sullivan et al., Educating Lawyers: Preparing for the Profession of L aw 24 (2007). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F4346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F4346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F4346443576_ID0ELCA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 4 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 But note that not all conflicts should be prevented. See Deborah M. Kolb and Sus an S. Silbey, Enhancing the Capacity of Organizations to Deal with Disputes, 6 N egot. J. 297, 297-304 (1990); Laura Nader, } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=0103673667&pubNum=1494&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt 1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Controlling Processes in the Practice of Law: Hierarchy and Pacification in the Movement to Re-Form Dispute Ideology, 9 Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol. 1, 1 (1993) }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 ; David Johnson et al., Constructive Controversy: Value of Intellectual Opportun ities, in The Handbook on Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice 69, 69-77 (Mo rton Deutsch and Peter T. Coleman eds., 2nd ed. 2006). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0

{\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F5346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F5346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F5346443576_ID0ECDA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 5 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 William L. Ury et al., Getting Disputes Resolved: Designing Systems to Cut the C osts of Conflict (1988) \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F6346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F6346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F6346443576_ID0ERDA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 6 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Including the law schools at Stanford, Harvard, Penn State, the University of Mi ssouri, Ohio State, and Marquette, to name a few. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F7346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F7346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F7346443576_ID0EMFA" }{\fld rslt

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 7 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See Robert Scott and George Triantis, Anticipating Litigation in Contract Design , 115 Yale L.J. 818, 823-25 (2006). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F8346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F8346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F8346443576_ID0EJGA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 8 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See discussion of transitional justice, infra at IV.E. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F9346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F9346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F9346443576_ID0EXGA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 9 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl

{\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See discussion of US District Court for the Northern District of California case , infra at IV.A. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F10346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F10346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F10346443576_ID0ESI" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 10 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The controversy continues over the terms \u8220\'3fconflict\u8221\'3f and \u8220 \'3fdispute\u8221\'3f when discussing systems design. We favor the term \u8220\' 3fdispute\u8221\'3f for conflicts that have evolved into defined, focused disagr eements, often framed in legal terms, with \u8220\'3fconflict\u8221\'3f encompas sing a broader category. See, e.g., Jennifer Lynch, Beyond ADR: A Systems Approa ch to Conflict Management, 17 Negot. J. 207, 215 n.3 (2001). We use the term \u8 220\'3fDispute Systems Design\u8221\'3f in recognition that it has become the te rm of art and because a more inclusive term, such as \u8220\'3fConflict and Disp ute Prevention, Management and Resolution Systems Design\u8221\'3f would be cumb ersome. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F11346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F11346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F11346443576_ID0EAJ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

11 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 These processes may have been created at one time or over the history of an orga nization. Organizational systems also could include informal behaviors never con sciously \u8220\'3fdesigned\u8221\'3f . See, e.g., Mary Rowe, People Who Feel Ha rassed Need a Complaint System With Both Formal and Informal Options, 6 Negot. J . 161, 172 (1990). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F12346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F12346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F12346443576_ID0E6J" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 12 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See Ury et al., supra note 5, at 3-9. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F13346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F13346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F13346443576_ID0EOK" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 13 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }}

} }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Vindication of rights can also be an \u8220\'3finterest.\u8221\'3f \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F14346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F14346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F14346443576_ID0ETK" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 14 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See Ury et al., supra note 5, at 14. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F15346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F15346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F15346443576_ID0EUM" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 15 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

There are a number of additional process options, such as Early Neutral Evaluati on (ENE), as well as hybrids and variants of these basic processes, including me d-arb and arb-med, many of which are described more specifically in the glossary in the Appendix. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F16346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F16346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F16346443576_ID0EYN" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 16 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Lawrence Susskind & Jeffrey Cruikshank, Breaking the Impasse: Consensual Approac hes to Resolving Public Disputes 21-32 (1987). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F17346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F17346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F17346443576_ID0E4N" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 17 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Ury et al., supra note 5, at 11-13. \par

} } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F18346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F18346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F18346443576_ID0EBO" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 18 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Cathy Costantino & Christina S. Merchant, Designing Management Systems: A Guide to Creating Productive and Healthy Organizations 168-89 (1995). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F19346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F19346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F19346443576_ID0E5O" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 19 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See, e.g., Soc\rquote y of Prof\rquote ls in Disp. Resol., Designing Integrated Conflict Management Systems- Guidelines for Practitioners and Decision Makers in Organizations 10-14 (2001), available at http:// digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu /icr/2. \par } }

} }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F20346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F20346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F20346443576_ID0EPP" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 20 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See, e.g., Ury et al., supra note 5, at 52-56 (on loop-backs for power and right s contests). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F21346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F21346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F21346443576_ID0E4P" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 21 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See, e.g., id. at 69-72. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr

3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F22346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F22346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F22346443576_ID0ELQ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 22 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See, e.g., Soc\rquote y of Prof\rquote ls in Disp. Resol., supra note 19, at 17. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F23346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F23346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F23346443576_ID0EZQ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 23 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See, e.g., Ury et al., supra note 5, at 61-62 (on post-dispute analysis, feedbac k and fora for discussion); Soc\rquote y of Prof\rquote ls in Disp. Resol., supr a note 19, at 24-26 (on evaluation and monitoring); Costantino & Merchant, supra note 18, at 64 (on feedback) and 168-88 (on evaluation). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080

\intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F24346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F24346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F24346443576_ID0EHR" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 24 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See, e.g., Ury et al., supra note 5, at 78-79; Costantino & Merchant, supra note 18, at 134-50. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F25346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F25346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F25346443576_ID0EES" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 25 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Lisa Blomgren Bingham, } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=0344288721&pubNum=1494&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt 1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Designing Justice: Legal Institutions and Other Systems for Managing Conflict, 2 4 Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol.1 (2008) }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 . \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w }

{\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F26346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F26346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F26346443576_ID0EOU" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 26 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See Mary Rowe, Dispute Resolution in the Non-Union Environment: An Evolution Tow ard Integrated Systems for Conflict Management?, in Workplace Dispute Resolution : Directions for the 21st Century 79 (Sandra E. Gleason ed., 1997); Soc\rquote y of Prof\rquote ls in Disp. Resol., supra note 19, at 8-9. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F27346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F27346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F27346443576_ID0ESU" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 27 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The concept of ICMS is to pursue a systematic approach to preventing, managing, and resolving conflict, including to: advocate a problem-solving approach into a n organization\rquote s culture; provide options for all kinds of problems; prov ide multiple access points; provide both rights-based and interest-based options for addressing conflict; provide systemic support for coordinating the multiple access points and options. See Soc\rquote y of Prof\rquote ls in Disp. Resol., supra note 19, at 10. \par } }

} }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F28346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F28346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F28346443576_ID0EG2" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 28 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Or the employer of the designer, if an outside designer is used. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F29346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F29346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F29346443576_ID0ER3" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 29 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 All private systems exist within the context of society\rquote s public dispute resolution mechanisms, most notably the court system, which interacts with priva te systems in at least two important ways. First, courts provide public dispute resolution mechanisms (trials, appellate processes and sometimes ADR procedures) that will be options for disputants in some, but not all, cases. Second, courts have the authority to rule on whether the private systems, in whole or in part, are acceptable under the law of the jurisdiction. \par } }

} }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F30346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F30346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F30346443576_ID0EDB" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 30 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Even if a system begins with adequate funds, subsequent budget reductions can ra dically alter the chances of success. See discussion of transitional justice, in fra at IV.E. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 31 } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li120 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \ intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Maude Pervere and Stephanie Smith developed the original version of this analyti c framework in 2002, derived from their experiences in designing and analyzing a wide range of systems and from concepts in the literature of that era. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600

\clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F32346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F32346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F32346443576_ID0EGO" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 32 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In California, what most people refer to as \u8220\'3fKaiser\u8221\'3f is compri sed of four entities: the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (the HMO); Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (the hospital group); and The Permanente Medical Group, Inc . and Southern California Permanente Medical Group (the doctors\rquote entities ). For purposes of this article, these groups will be referred to collectively a s \u8220\'3fKaiser.\u8221\'3f \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F33346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F33346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F33346443576_ID0ERO" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 33 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1997137898&pubNum=3484&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt 1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)#co_pp_sp_3484 _852" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Engalla v. Permanente Medical Group, Inc., 64 Cal. Rptr. 2d 843, 852 (Cal. 1997) }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 (Mr. Engalla died on October 23, one day after the selection of the neutral arb itrator for the case and \u8220\'3falmost three months more than the 60 days for the selection of the arbitrators represented in the Service Agreement ....\u822 1\'3f)

\par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F34346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F34346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F34346443576_ID0EFP" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 34 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 As of 1997, the Group Medical and Hospital Services Agreement provided that arbi tration was mandated for any \u8220\'3falleged violation of any duty incident to or arising out of or relating to this Agreement, including any claim for medica l or hospital malpractice, for premises liability, or relating to the coverage f or, or delivery of, services or items pursuant to this Agreement, irrespective o f the legal theories upon which the claim is asserted.\u8221\'3f Eugene F. Lynch et al., The Kaiser Permanente Arbitration System: A Review and Recommendations for Improvement 6-7 (1998), available at http:// www.oia-kaiserarb.com/oia/Forms /BRPReport.pdf. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F35346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F35346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F35346443576_ID0ENP" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 35 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj

{\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. at 8. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F36346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F36346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F36346443576_ID0EEQ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 36 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1997137898&pubNum=3484&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt 1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)#co_pp_sp_3484 _857" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Engalla, 64 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 857 }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 . \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F37346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F37346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F37346443576_ID0EBR" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 37 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj

{\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1997137898&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transiti onType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. at 865-66. }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} \par } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F38346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F38346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F38346443576_ID0EFR" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 38 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1997137898&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transiti onType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. at 862. }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} \par } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F39346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F39346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F39346443576_ID0EGS" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 39 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin

dType=Y&serNum=1997137898&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transiti onType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. at 853. }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} \par } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F40346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F40346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F40346443576_ID0ETS" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 40 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F41346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F41346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F41346443576_ID0E3X" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 41 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Lynch et al., supra note 34, at app. A. \par } }

} }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F42346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F42346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F42346443576_ID0EUY" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 42 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. at 31-45. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F43346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F43346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F43346443576_ID0EB4" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 43 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Some changes were implemented by Kaiser prior to the issuance of the Blue Ribbon Panel\rquote s report. These changes included expedited processes for managing cases in which the claimant is terminal and developing and implementing a proces s for indigent claimants to obtain relief from payment of some arbitration costs . See Id. at app. C. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro

w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F44346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F44346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F44346443576_ID0EU6" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 44 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 As noted above, the Service Agreement mandated arbitration for several categorie s of cases. However, the Blue Ribbon Panel concluded that \u8220\'3fapproximatel y 90% of all [Kaiser] arbitration cases allege medical malpractice.\u8221\'3f Id . at 7. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F45346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F45346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F45346443576_ID0EOA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 45 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 It also had to be mindful of compliance needs with regard to California state ag encies that regulated health care in general and HMOs in particular. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0

\clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F46346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F46346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F46346443576_ID0E5A" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 46 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. at 3. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F47346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F47346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F47346443576_ID0EFC" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 47 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. at 43-44. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0

{\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F48346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F48346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F48346443576_ID0EJC" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 48 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. at 41. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F49346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F49346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F49346443576_ID0EZC" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 49 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See Jerold S. Auerbach, Justice Without Law? 112 (1983). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F50346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F50346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F50346443576_ID0E5C" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 50

}\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1967129541&pubNum=780&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1 .0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Mfg. Co., 388 U.S. 395 (1967) }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 ; } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=1984104100&pubNum=780&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1 .0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Southland v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1 (1984) }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 . \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F51346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F51346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F51346443576_ID0EHD" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 51 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See, e.g., Motor Vehicle Franchise Contract Arbitration Fairness Act, } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=L&pubNum=1000546&cite=15USCAS1226&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cb lt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)#co_pp_d86d0 000be040" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 15 U.S.C. \u167\'3f 1226(a)(2)

}\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 (2002). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F52346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F52346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F52346443576_ID0EIF" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 52 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Some of the stakeholder groups were organized, with powerful representative bodi es. Nurses were represented by the California Nurses Association. Plaintiffs\rqu ote lawyers belonged to groups such as the California Trial Lawyers Association (subsequently renamed the Consumer Attorneys of California.) Patients were not organized, but health-oriented consumer organizations, such as Consumers Union, often promoted their interests. While employers were not organized as a group, C alPERS, the public employees retirement system in California, funded health bene fits for a large number of Californians in the Kaiser system. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F53346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F53346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F53346443576_ID0EZJ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 53 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj

{\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Because Mr. Isenberg had only recently ended his position as a member of the Cal ifornia Assembly, he did not make any contacts with legislators or legislative s taff as part of the Blue Ribbon Panel process, in keeping with the legal require ments prohibiting contacts within 12 months after leaving office. Lynch et al., supra note 34, at 4. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F54346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F54346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F54346443576_ID0EZK" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 54 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 For the full list of interviewees, see id. at app. E. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F55346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F55346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F55346443576_ID0EPL" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 55 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj

{\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Office of the Independent Administrator of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan Inc ., First Annual Report of the Mandatory Arbitration System for Disputes With Hea lth Plan Members 80-81(2000), available at http://www.oia-kaiserarb.com/oia/Form s%20&%20Reports/annrptyr1.PDF. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F56346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F56346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F56346443576_ID0E5M" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 56 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Lynch et al., supra note 34, at 41-42. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F57346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F57346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F57346443576_ID0E1N" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 57 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. at 35-36, 38-40. \par

} } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F58346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F58346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F58346443576_ID0ENO" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 58 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The Arbitration Oversight Board is the successor to the Arbitration Advisory Com mittee. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F59346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F59346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F59346443576_ID0ETQ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 59 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 OIA First Annual Report, supra note 55, at i. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w }

{\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F60346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F60346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F60346443576_ID0EYQ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 60 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Office of the Independent Administrator of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan Inc ., Ninth Annual Report of the Mandatory Arbitration System for Disputes With Hea lth Plan Members 21 (2007), available at http://www.oia-kaiserarb.com/oia/Forms/ 9th%20Report.pdf. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F61346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F61346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F61346443576_ID0EER" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 61 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 OIA First Annual Report, supra note 55, at i. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600

\clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F62346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F62346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F62346443576_ID0EBS" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 62 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Office of the Independent Administrator of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan Inc ., Seventh Annual Report of the Mandatory Arbitration System for Disputes With H ealth Plan Members 128, available at http://www.oia-kaiserarb.com/oia/Forms/7th% 20Exhibits%20H-L.pdf. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F63346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F63346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F63346443576_ID0E3S" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 63 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Individuals who had \u8220\'3fserved as attorney of record or as a party arbitra tor for or against Kaiser\u8221\'3f within the prior five years were not eligibl e at serve as a neutral arbitrator. OIA First Annual Report, supra note 55, at 3 -4. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600

\clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F64346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F64346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F64346443576_ID0EAT" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 64 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 All but three of the 28 neutral arbitrators who were members of the OIA pool in 2005 and who made awards of $500,000 or more before 2005 were selected to serve again in 2005. OIA Seventh Annual Report, supra note 62, at 3-4. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F65346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F65346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F65346443576_ID0E5V" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 65 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Since creation of the mediator/ombuds program in Kaiser\rquote s California regi on in 2002, the number of arbitrations has declined significantly, from 1,053 ar bitration filings in 2002 to 823 filings in 2007. OIA Ninth Annual Report, supra note 60, at iii, 45-46. An interesting question for future research would be wh y that number has dropped so significantly and whether the mediation/ombuds prog ram played a causal role. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr

3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F66346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F66346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F66346443576_ID0EU1" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 66 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Civil Justice Reform Act, } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=L&pubNum=1000546&cite=28USCAS471&originatingDoc=If4fc5a5498cd11de9b8c85033 2338889&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType= DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 28 U.S.C. \u167\'3f\u167\'3f 471 }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=L&pubNum=1000546&cite=28USCAS482&originatingDoc=If4fc5a5498cd11de9b8c85033 2338889&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType= DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 482 (1990) }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 . \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F67346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F67346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F67346443576_ID0EE2" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 67 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }

}\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Civil Justice Reform Act, } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=l&pubNum=1077005&cite=UUID(I64F9DF3484-E4487483A89-366B0D269FF)&originatio nContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc. History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Pub. L. 101-650, \u167\'3f 104, 104 Stat 5089 }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 , 5097 (1990) (prior to 1991 amendment). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F68346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F68346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F68346443576_ID0EU2" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 68 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In Early Neutral Evaluation (ENE), an evaluator (an experienced attorney with ex pertise in the subject matter of the case), hosts an informal meeting of clients and counsel to hear each side present its basic evidence and arguments. The eva luator identifies areas of agreement, focuses topics at issue, writes a private evaluation of the case\rquote s prospects and offers to present it to the partie s. If a settlement is not reached, the evaluator presents the evaluation, and ma y help the parties devise a plan for expedited discovery, assess realistic litig ation costs, and explore whether a follow up session would help case settlement. See United States District Court Northern District of California, Alternative D ispute Resolution Program, available at www.adr.cand.uscourts.gov (last visited March 10, 2009). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0

\clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F69346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F69346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F69346443576_ID0E42" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 69 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Judge Brazil cited studies showing that \u8220\'3ftwenty to thirty-five percent of civil cases leave the federal system without any action by or direct contact with a judge\u8221\'3f and nearly three-quarters leave \u8220\'3fbefore a judge holds a pretrial conference.\u8221\'3f Wayne D. Brazil, } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=0315310218&pubNum=1494&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt 1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)#co_pp_sp_1494 _244" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Should Court-Sponsored ADR Survive?, 21 Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol. 241, 244-45 (2006) }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 . \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F70346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F70346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F70346443576_ID0EK3" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 70 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin

dType=Y&serNum=0315310218&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transiti onType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. at 245. }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} \par } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj \intbl \cell \row } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F71346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F71346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F71346443576_ID0E23" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 71 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 As a demonstration district under the CJRA, the Northern District was able to ob tain additional resources to hire several staff, described infra n. 79. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F72346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F72346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F72346443576_ID0E53" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 72 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Under the CJRA, each district was required to form a multi-stakeholder advisory group, including representatives from the bar and litigants. \par

} } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F73346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F73346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F73346443576_ID0EAA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 73 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Five judges volunteered to participate in the pilot program. The pilot format pr ovided an opportunity to start small, experiment and refine the system based on experience. Most, but not all, case categories were included in the program. For a discussion of the benefits of starting with a pilot program, see Costantino, supra note 18, at 152-67. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F74346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F74346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F74346443576_ID0EFA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 74 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 As an alternative to requesting a court-based ADR option, parties were free to r etain a private ADR provider of their choosing. \par }

} } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F75346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F75346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F75346443576_ID0EIA" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 75 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Attorneys were required to participate; clients were encouraged to do so (though it occurred only rarely.) \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F76346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F76346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F76346443576_ID0EJB" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 76 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 A purely voluntary system was thought by some to be unlikely to be used signific antly in these early days of court ADR due to the possible resistance of lawyers , then largely untrained and unaccustomed to these procedures, and perhaps conce rned about possible loss of income if cases resolved earlier when using ADR. \par } } }

}\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F77346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F77346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F77346443576_ID0EEC" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 77 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The rough division of court ADR delivery options into these two categories overs implifies the terrain. For a more detailed discussion of five different models a nd their strengths and weaknesses, see Wayne D. Brazil, } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=0112633553&pubNum=1494&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt 1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Comparing Structures for the Delivery of ADR Services by Courts: Critical Values and Concerns, 14 Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol. 715 (1999) }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 . Note that some federal district courts provide no ADR options beyond use of ju dges, particularly magistrate judges, for court-sponsored settlement assistance. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F78346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F78346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F78346443576_ID0EJC" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 78 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj

{\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 The ADR Director and Deputy Director mediated some cases in these early days. Su bsequently, additional court ADR staff time has been devoted to mediation of cas es. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F79346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F79346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F79346443576_ID0ENC" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 79 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 With CJRA funds, the court hired three new full time staff: two attorneys and an administrative assistant. Additional critical judicial and court staff supporte d the ADR program. Magistrate Judge Wayne Brazil was the judicial officer who su pervised and guided the ADR program, in addition to his full-time docket as a ju dicial officer. Court clerk staff helped administer arbitration and ENE. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F80346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F80346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F80346443576_ID0EYD" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 80 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj

{\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 As of 2009, the mediator or evaluator can charge $300 for hours five through eig ht, and a rate of his or her choosing thereafter, if the parties choose to conti nue. ADR L.R. 6-3(c). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F81346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F81346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F81346443576_ID0E5D" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 81 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Initially only attorneys could serve as ADR neutrals in the Northern District\rq uote s programs. Subsequently the program was expanded to allow other trained pr ofessionals to serve as mediators. See ADR L.R. 2-5(b)(3). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F82346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F82346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F82346443576_ID0ECE" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 82 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

For a more in-depth discussion on the \u8220\'3fcompetition\u8221\'3f between co urt ADR and private sector ADR providers, see Brazil, supra note 69, at 271-77. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F83346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F83346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F83346443576_ID0E3H" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 83 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 ADR L.R. 3-2. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F84346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F84346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F84346443576_ID0ELJ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 84 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See Donna Stienstra et al., Report to the Judicial Conference Committee on Court Administration and Case Management: A Study of the Five Demonstration Programs Established Under the Civil Justice Report Act of 1990 17-20 (1997). \par }

} } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F85346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F85346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F85346443576_ID0EOJ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 85 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Evaluation of court ADR programs is difficult and results vary. See, e.g., James S. Kakalik et al., An Evaluation of Mediation and Early Neutral Evaluation Unde r the Civil Justice Reform Act (1996) (examining federal district courts, not in cluding the Northern District of California). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F86346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F86346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F86346443576_ID0ESJ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 86 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Brazil, supra note 77, at 721 n.6. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro

w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F87346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F87346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F87346443576_ID0EQK" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 87 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Mary Rowe, ombudsman, special assistant to the president and adjunct professor a t MIT in Cambridge, Mass., has spearheaded development of integrated conflict ma nagement systems in the workplace. See, e.g., Mary P. Rowe, Specifications for a n Effective Integrated Complaint System, in Sexual Harassment on Campus, 202-13 (Bernice Sandler & Robert Shoop eds., 1996); Mary Rowe & Corinne Bendersky, Work place Justice, Zero Tolerance and Zero Barriers: Getting People to Come Forward in Conflict Management Systems, in Negotiations and Change: From the Workplace t o Society 117-40 (Thomas Kochan & Richard Locke eds., 2002); Jennifer Lynch, } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=0294617491&pubNum=105909&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cb lt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Integrated Conflict Management Programs Emerge as an Organization Development St rategy, 21 Alternatives to High Cost Litig. 99 (2003) }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 . \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F88346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F88346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F88346443576_ID0EFL" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 88 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }}

} }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 P.D. Villarreal, Unnecessary Litigation: A System Flaw - GE Launches Zero Defect Campaign, Metropolitan Corp. Couns., Aug. 1999 at 1, 36. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F89346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F89346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F89346443576_ID0EIL" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 89 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 CPR, the Center for Public Resources, is now known as IICPR: the International I nstitute for Conflict Prevention and Resolution, available at http://www.cpradr. org. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F90346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F90346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F90346443576_ID0EFQ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 90 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj

{\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 ICMS is defined as \u8220\'3fa systematic approach to preventing, managing, and resolving conflict that focuses on the causes of conflict within the organizatio n ....\u8221\'3f Soc\rquote y of Prof\rquote ls in Disp. Resol., supra note 19, at 8. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F91346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F91346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F91346443576_ID0EHT" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 91 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Michael Wheeler and Gillian Morris, GE\rquote s Early Dispute Resolution Initiat ive (A), Harvard Business School Case 9-801-395, June 19, 2001, at 9. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F92346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F92346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F92346443576_ID0EAU" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 92 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj

{\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 P.D. Villarreal now serves as Vice President and Associate General Counsel for L itigation, Employment Law and Conflict Management at Schering-Plough. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F93346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F93346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F93346443576_ID0ESV" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 93 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Colin Rule, Making Peace on eBay, ACResolution, Fall 2008, at 8-11. For early th inking in this area, see generally Robert C. Bordone, } {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin dType=Y&serNum=0109009346&pubNum=111958&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cb lt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.History*oc.Search)" }{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Electronic Online Dispute Resolution: A Systems Approach - Potential, Problems, and a Proposal, 3 Harv. Negot. L. Rev. 175 (1998) }\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 . \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F94346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F94346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F94346443576_ID0EXV" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

94 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Interview with Colin Rule, Director of Online Dispute Resolution, eBay and PayPa l, in San Francisco, Cal. (Apr. 7, 2009). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F95346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F95346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F95346443576_ID0E3V" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 95 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Id. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F96346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F96346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F96346443576_ID0EEB" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 96 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj

{\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Decision-making by consensus means \u8220\'3fthe body concerned shall be deemed to have decided by consensus on a matter submitted for its consideration, if no Member, present at the meeting when the decision is taken, formally objects to t he proposed decision.\u8221\'3f WTO Agreement, Art. IX. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F97346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F97346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F97346443576_ID0EVG" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 97 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 In a review by co-author Janet Martinez of WTO disputes from 1995-2003, over hal f of the 304 cases involved the largest four trading countries as complainant an d/or respondent. In nearly half of the cases, the largest industrialized countri es were both complainant and respondent. The balance of cases were equally distr ibuted among industrialized versus developing, developing versus industrialized, and developing versus developing countries. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F98346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F98346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F98346443576_ID0EKM" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 98 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }

}\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See, e.g., Priscilla Hayner, Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and At rocity (2001); Alex Boraine, Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: The Third Way, in Truth v. Justice 141 (Robert I. Rotberg & Dennis Thompson eds., 2000). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F99346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F99346443576_1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F99346443576_ID0E6M" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 99 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 These include the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F100346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F100346443576_ 1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F100346443576_ID0EC" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 100 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj

{\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 These include the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Special Tribunal for Ca mbodia. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F101346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F101346443576_ 1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F101346443576_ID0EZ" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 101 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 Commentators both advocate for the potentially transformative power of truth and reconciliation commissions (see generally Boraine, supra note 98) and ask wheth er in some cases forgiving and forgetting may be preferable to a system that for ces citizens to revisit the atrocities committed (see generally Rosalind Shaw, R ethinking Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: Lessons from Sierra Leone (U.S. Inst. Peace, Special Rep. 130, Feb. 2005)). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F102346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F102346443576_ 1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F102346443576_ID0E6" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 102 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }

}\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 And even in the rare cases in which the country in question has resources, they are often difficult to tap in the period of instability, as seen, for example, i n the limited success of efforts to use Iraq\rquote s oil wealth in the rebuildi ng of that nation following the U.S. intervention. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F103346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F103346443576_ 1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F103346443576_ID0EO" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 103 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} } }\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 See generally Good Intentions: Pledges of Aid for Postconflict Recovery (Shepard Forman & Stewart Patrick, eds. 2000). \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w } {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb100 \clpadfb3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr 3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \cellx600 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadb90 \clpadfb3 \clpadl90 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri120 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 {\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0 {\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F104346443576_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F104346443576_ 1} {\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F104346443576_ID0E2" }{\fld rslt {\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 104 }\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \cf5 \ul0 \f2 \strike0 \b0 \sb0 }} }

}\i0 \ri120 \fs20 \ql \cf1 \f2 \li120 \b0 \intbl \cell \intbl {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\ri20 \i0 \fs18 \cf1 \f2 \li20 \b0 \qj {\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 At a projected cost of $212 million, the Special Court for Sierra Leone has issu ed 13 indictments, resulting in 5 convictions as of March 2008. \u8216\'3f \u821 6\'3fThe ownership is not there,\u8217\'3f said John Caulker, executive director of Forum of Conscience, who travels widely in Sierra Leone to speak with war vi ctims. \u8216\'3fThere\rquote s no way you can call that a court for Sierra Leon eans when most Sierra Leoneans can\rquote t even access the court.\u8217\'3f\u82 16\'3f Craig Timberg, Sierra Leone\rquote s Special Court\rquote s Narrow Focus, Washington Post, March 26, 2008, at A11. \par } } } }\i0 \ri20 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \li20 \b0 \sb0 \qj \intbl \cell \ro w }}{ {\trowd \itap0 \trleft0 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrb \ clbrdrl \trql \cellx4320 \clpadt20 \clpadft3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr20 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrb \ clbrdrr \trql \cellx10080 \intbl {\ri44 \i0 \ql \fs16 \cf25 \f2 \li44 \b1 {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf25 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0 End of Document } }\i0 \ri44 \fs16 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf25 \strike0 \f2 \li44 \b1 \sb0 \intbl \cell \i ntbl {\ri44 \i0 \fs16 \cf25 \f2 \li44 \qr \b0 {\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf25 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0 \u169\'3f 2011 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. } }\i0 \ri44 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf25 \strike0 \f2 \li44 \qr \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \r ow }} } }\sect }