Ship Hydrodynamics2

Propeller Cavitation
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2/28/2010 2
Recall EGL and HGL for a propeller
HGL
1 2 4 3
HGL
EGL
EGL
g
V
2
2
1

4
p

1
p
0
1
= z
0
4
= z
1
V
2
V
4
V
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Let us look at the pressure
just beind the propeller
When propeller is in action,
water is accelerated
V
2
increases and P
2
decreases
2
V
4
V
0
2
= z
1 2 4 3
HGL
EGL
g
V
2
2
1

1
p
0
1
= z
1
V
g
V
2
2
2

2
p
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Pending on V
2
we have three possibilities for P
2
P
2
/ above the system centerline (above atmosphere +ve gage pressure)
P
2
/ drops to system centerline (atmosphere zero gage pressure)
P
2
/ falls below the system centerline (sub atmosphere -ve gage pressure)
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2
V
4
V
0
2
= z
1 2 4 3
HGL
EGL
g
V
2
2
1

1
p
0
1
= z
1
V
g
V
2
2
2

2
p
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What is the limit for water to stay in a liquid state?
The limit is that when the pressure is equal to the pressure at which vapor starts to form
Or when the pressure is equal to the water vapor pressure
P
V
=1.7kN/m
2
= 0.174 m H
2
0
P
A
=98kN/m
2
= 10 m H
2
0
+ve(gage)
Zero Gage
-ve(gage)
+ve
Zero Absolute
P/ (m)
0.17
0.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
In absoulte scale:
P > P
vapour
water is liquid
When P= P
vapour
vapor forms
i.e. bubble forms
i.e. water boils
i.e. flow cavities form
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Types of cavitation
Sheet
Bubble
Cloud
Tip vortex
Hub vortex
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consequences of cavitation occurrence
Bubble forms, then collapse close to the blade boundaries causing
Vibration
Noise
Pitting
Material damage
Loss of thrust,
Lower propulsion efficiency
Conclusion:
Cavitation should be avoided by proper design of propeller and proper operation
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2/28/2010 9
Effect on thrust
coefficient
K
T
Non Cavitating Propeller
J
Cavitating Propeller
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Effect on propeller
efficiency
q
0
Non Cavitating Propeller
J
Cavitating Propeller
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Propeller Cavitation Charts
At any blade section position r,
margin against cavitation is:
define s as cavitation number
) ( ) ( r h P r P
A
+ =
v A
P r h P + ) (
( )
pressure Dynamic
cavitation against in M
r
arg
= o
( )
( )
2
5 . 0
R
v A
V
P r h P
r

o
+
=
At 0.7R blade section
( )
( )
R
R
v A
V
P r h P
R
7 . 0
2
5 . 0
7 . 0

o
+
=
V
A
RPM
R
P
A
Thrust
h
r
r
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Burrill cavitation diagram
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Required Blade Area
A useful formula for obtaining a first indication as to the required expanded blade area
ratio was derived by Keller (1966),
where
T thrust
Z number of propeller blades
P
A
atmosheric pressure
P
V
vapour pressure
h propeller centerline immersion
k constant varying from 0 (for transom stern naval vessels) to 0.2
(for high powered single screw vessels)
( )
( )
k
D p h p
T Z
EAR
v A
+
+
+
=
2
3 . 0 3 . 1

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Example: The propeller in the previous example was designed using B4.40 propeller
series chart. It is required to Check whether this propeller will or will not cavitate. Use :
1- Keller criterion.
2- Burril cavitation chart
V
s
=21 knots
R
T
=888.64 kN
7.5 m
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The results obtained are:
Estimated QPC 0.75
Wake fraction, w 0.20
Thrust deduction fraction, t 0.20
Relative rotative efficiency, q
R
1.00
RPM 102
Expanded Blade Area Ratio 0.4
Value of o 95
19.56 feet
(5.96 m)
P/D 1.26
Open water Efficiency q
o
0.77
feet
n
V
D
A
c
=
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Solution
The required thrust is
The Keller area criterion for a single screw vessel gives:
Hence, the used blade area is not enough to avoid cavitation
2/28/2010
( ) ( ) s m w V V
A
/ 64 . 8 2 . 0 1 8 . 10 1 = = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
kN
V t
P
V t
RV
t
R
T
E
9 . 1044
8 . 10 15 . 0 1
9592
1 1 1
=

=
( )
( )
2 . 0
3 . 0 3 . 1
2
+
+
+
=
D p h p
T Z
EAR
v A

( )
( )
633 . 0 2 . 0
96 . 5 1000 * 72 . 1 5 . 7 * 81 . 9 * 1025 1000 * 98
1000 * 9 . 1044 4 * 3 . 0 3 . 1
2
= +
+
+
= EAR
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If Burril cavtitation limit is given by:
( )
( ) | |
( )
( )
2 2
7 . 0
2
7 . 0
7 . 0
2
7 . 0 2
7 . 0
7 . 0
5 . 0
7 . 0
ln 03892 . 0 2533 . 0
5 . 0
2
R V V
V
P R h P
V
A T
A R
R
v atm
R
R
R
b
O + =

=
+ =
u

o
o
u
( )
2 2
2
2 2
7 . 0
2 2
7 . 0
/ 47 . 564 96 . 2 *
60
102 * * 2
* 7 . 0 64 . 8
7 . 0
2
s m V
R V V
R
A R
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
O + =
t
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( )
( )
1446 . 0
47 . 564 * 1025 * 5 . 0
1000 * 72 . 1 98 . 2 * 7 . 0 5 . 7 81 . 9 * 1025 1000 * 98
5 . 0
7 . 0
7 . 0
7 . 0
2
7 . 0
7 . 0
=

=

=
R
R
R
v atm
R
V
P R h P
o
o
u

o
( )
( ) | |
( )
( ) | |
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
place take will Cavitation Hence
V
A T
V
A T
V
A T
V
A T
V
A T
it
R
b
actual
R
b
actual
R
b
it
R
b
R
R
b
lim
2
7 . 0
2
7 . 0
2
2
7 . 0
2
lim
2
7 . 0
2
7 . 0 2
7 . 0
5 . 0 5 . 0
32 . 0
47 . 564 * 1025 * 5 . 0
98 . 2 * 4 . 0 / 1000 * 1045
5 . 0
0317 . 0 1446 . 0 ln 03892 . 0 2533 . 0
5 . 0
ln 03892 . 0 2533 . 0
5 . 0
u u
t
u
u
o
u
>
= =
= + =
+ =
0.144
0.32
0.032
( )
R
R
v A
R
V
P R h P
7 . 0
2
7 . 0
2
1
7 . 0

o
+
=
2
2
1
R
P
V
A T

Cavitati
on

Limit
No Cavitation
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2/28/2010 19