Fishing Cased Hole

Fishing
What is there? Recovery Free Point and Back-off
www.GEKEngineering.com
Identifying the fish

What is it? Where is it? What is looking up? How damaged is it?
Only when you know the answers to these questions can you devise a fishing attempt.
www.GEKEngineering.com 2
The Importance of the Tally Book

For every piece of equipment that goes in a well, you should have:
Diameter of every body, neck, shoulders, etc. Length of each section and the overall length. Thread type & if pin or box will look up at each connection (many fish are unscrewed tools). Break strength of all weak joints or thin tools Drawing or photo of all unusual tools (place a rule in the photo)

Keep the Tally book current for every run, not changes. Successful fishermen are planners and note takers before the fish is lost. Keep records of where the string drags (depth, over-pull, changes in behavior) Compare depth readings with profile depths Record all fluid levels, tight spots, and fill tags.

When you loose a tool (and you will if you do well work for long).
Note behavior at the separation point Tag down gently to see if the fish is stuck or has dropped (if there is a known tight spot, you may not want to tag) Pull out of the well and carefully measure and account for all the BHA that has returned, and.

Check the recovered BHA and Compare the tools recovered with initial BHA from the Tally Book.
If the BHA is unscrewed, what is thread, and is pin or box looking up? Shoulders or smooth body present? If BHA has broken:
Does metal near the separation indicate fatigue or corrosion? Do drag marks indicate pipe collapse? Do one-sided marks or cuts hint at low side debris? Does debris on the recovered section suggest bridging?

If wire is recovered without the rope socket, NEVER assume that the wire has pulled off at the rope socket.
Tools for Examining the Fish

Impression blocks (confusion blocks?)
Flat bottom and tapered soft lead block. Set down just ONCE!
Cameras
Continuous surface readout on E-line Image capture (delayed updating) on E-line Slick line conveyed, recording cameras
Lead impression block of an obstruction in the tubing.
Collett bent in perhaps from CT run?

Camera Selection
The continuous surface readout allows running at speed into a well (50 to 100 ft/min) you can see what is coming. Image update cameras (1 to 6 seconds screen refresh) can only be run slowly if you dont know where the fish is you could hit the fish and destroy the down-looking camera if run too fast. Recording cameras, like the image update cameras, require knowledge of exactly where the fish is located. AND - water considerations.. www.GEKEngineering.com 11
Water for Camera Use

If water is used in the well for the camera run:
You must be able to read a newspaper through a water glass of the water that is to be pumped. Standard field brines are not suitable for camera use, even when filtered. A small positive water injection may be needed to sweep the wellbore during the camera run. If the well flows, the fluid in the wellbore will become opaque quickly. Camera movement will stir up some sediments from the pipe walls.
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DHVI
?
Fishing and Tubing Repair

Problems Solutions
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Typical Spear Configuration

Top connection/fishing neck
Catch and release mechanism
Catch spring
Adjustable stop
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Wireline Catching Tools

Top Hat"
Spear-type wireline catchers Internal catchers
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Wireline grab and overshot.
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Wireline Fingers
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Overshot note beveled guide area and inside grapple.
Release mechanism?
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Basket used to recover small objects
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Special tool used for odd shapes.
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Indexing system rotates mule shoe a few degrees by pick up and set down or by pumping, depending on mechanism.
Spear with grapple the grapples are interchangeable
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A wireline rasp used for removing small amounts of soft deposits. The rasp is very hard material dont loose this tool in the well, cannot mill it out easily.
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Swages right: a variety of sizes, left: a fluted swage
Typical use for swages is to attempt to enlarge ovaled or partially crushed tubing. Note: the tubing can become work hardened quickly.
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Fishing With Coiled Tubing

Load (tensile, shock, torsion?) limits jars deviation catch tools release options tubing cutoff
Tools
Overshots are primary catch tool. RCJB - reverse circulation junk baskets prongs, magnets, etc., available Release sub in the string Circulation sub jars and accelerators TV camera may be best tool of all. - Know what the fish looks like!
Fishing For Coiled Tubing

common causes of CT breaks catch tools
continuous overshots others???
release mechanisms engaging the fish deviated wells

Simple Overshot
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Causes of CT Breaks
previous damage (point) initiated breaks present damage initiation corrosion initiation collapse tension compression?
Catch Tools
overshots mostly - grapple?
must deal with oval tubes as a best option
continuous overshots - length limited baiting/milling efforts

square the CT top open the tube
rounder = better grip wireline entry
avoid spears (outward CT radial strength?)

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Fishing Flattened CT
Baker continuous overshot for flattened CT
accepts collapsed CT trap design on catch mechanism releasing?
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Release Options
critical need - must be reliable! must be able to release
CT limited in tension, especially in deviation CT jars do wear out release actuation mechanism: how?/possible?
Always plan on fishing CT in stages
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Engaging the Fish

limited push with CT especially limited in deviated wells centralization of the fish milling improves engagement?
how much?
top dressing vs length milling
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Other Problems
Wireline!
Removal vs mashing it down Condition of wireline - H2S
Has wireline been parted or is it just stuck?

Using CT with hook as a stiff leg to free wireline.
Fishing Tools with Control Lines

RISK: The hydraulic control lines may form a birds nest in the tubing or in the BOP. On pulling the fish through the BOP, the control lines may peel back and jam between the BOP stack and fish.
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Initial Diagnosis: A tangle of cut and broken hydraulic control lines is on top of the tool. To avoid problems, a shroud was designed as a full bore tool that would pass through the BOP stack to centralize and contain the control lines.

The shroud leading edges scooped all the debris inside the tool body and the tool landed out on a debris gallery on the SSTT. The fish was then speared through the top of the shroud. The fish and shroud were recovered together. The shroud gave full containment of all debris and no further junk was added to the hole.
Deviated Wells
hydraulic centralizers larger overshots motor addition to fishing BHA
engagement potential increased? jarring potential decreased? release compromised?
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Horizontal and Deviated Well Problems

Engaging Fish Pushing it to Bottom Retrieval - load study in stages Fishing under snubbing conditions
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CT Fishing in Horizontals
Problems
centralization cutting beds tendency to bury fish in open hole CT limited by buckling
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Tools for Horizontal Fishing

most fishing tool acceptable horizontal centralizers reverse circulation and dual CT strings anchor and piston force tools
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Buckling/Lockup of CT
Fcrit. = 2A((EIW sin O)/d)1/2 where:
A = const. 0.93 for steel E = youngs modulus, psi W = buoyed pipe wt lb/ft O = hole inclination d = radial clearance between tube and csg., in I = moment of inertia = 0.04909 (OD2-ID2) OD = pipe OD (in) ID = pipe id, in
Max pipe or tool length that will go through a bend

L = 1/6 [R2 - (R - dd)]1/2 where:
L = maximum tool length, ft R = curve radius, inches dd = ID-ODtool
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Lockup in Vertical Wells

Causes:
doglegs tight clearances buckled tubing/casing
Solutions
stiffer CT straighteners cool backside???
CT Jar Types
Mechanical Hydraulic
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Jar Problems
Drag and buckling effects lessen mechanical jar effect Hydraulic jars less effective because of flex of string (down-jar)
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CT Jar Considerations
Flow through capacity Placement in the fishing string
above fishing tool when tool is releasable above hydraulic release on non releasing catch tool
Directional (change internal component to go from up- to down jar) Use with accelerator and weight stem?
Spang Jars
Dont work wire line on shallow problems where spangs can be across wellhead. May damage valves and if stuck, cannot close valve.
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Fishing Successes
Cased holes - goo success
gas lift valves wireline PSI systems packers and plugs inflatables etc.
Open holes - poorer record

Fishing
Routine Recovery: gas-lift valves, gauges, packers, plugs Fishing: slickline, E-line, BHAs, debris, coiled tubing,
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Fishing with CT
Best use: Where stiff , continuous motion and circulation are needed Improvements: larger CT, hydraulic jars, low-speed, high-torque motors (limits on jar action), larger injectors Catch tools for CT: Must take in to account the shape of the CT top (may be flattened, bent over, ovaled or necked down.
g6.tif CT Fishing String
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CT Fishing String
g7.tif
No release on catch tool, but hydraulic disconnect built in above the tool.
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g8.tif Fishing String Horizontal
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If this string of CT was in a horizontal well, where in the wellbore would it lie? g12.tif
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Best Practices
First, run a gauge ring on slick line or CT that is slightly larger than the CT. Consider what happens if you get onto the fish and cant move it - release mechanism? Fishing in large diameter hole or casing makes it difficult to engage the fish.
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Best Practices - Cutting CT

If you have to cut CT when stuck, cut it in the tubing - makes it much easier to fish. Cut the CT with a overshot nipper tool that leaves a square shoulder - this allows entry into the CT.
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Deep Cuts of Stuck CT

Cut at surface, go through CT with slickline and chemical cutter
cutter must be properly sized for CT CT needs to be in tension - free point?
Dont pull it in two with the injector if you can avoid it.
Severed edge is necked down Location of severed top is unpredictable
Tools
Overshots are primary catch tool. RCJB - reverse circulation junk baskets prongs, magnets, etc., available Release sub in the string Circulation sub jars and accelerators TV camera may be best tool of all. - Know what the fish looks like!
Special Case of Fishing with CT

Recovery of 9200 ft of slickline from well in Trinidad
recovered in one piece recovered with CT
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Slickline Recovery
Slickline tool stuck at 9200 ft - slickline not parted! Used CT - parted wire at surface and threaded it through bottom of the CT and out a side entry sub a foot above CT bottom. Ran CT down the well until tool was encountered, pushed it loose and reeled slickline back as CT pulled out.
Unusual Considerations
Large tool effects
swab/surge clearances in profiles bending stresses and resistance wall drag (friction forces)
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Friction Reduction
Friction reducer additives can result in a 15% to 17% drop in friction force. Use of an FR additive can drop total fraction as much at 30% when used with a CT straightener. Stiff, small BHAs have been carried easier through washout and tight spots.
CT Straightner
Mechanical Device
takes out residual bend in CT - lowers frictional resistance stresses the pipe, fatigue use on the end 20 to 50 ft of CT where friction needs to be cut use where CT must enter small diameter (close to CT diameter) profiles
Friction Reducer Drawback

Formation damage increased - most good friction reducers are polyacrylamides - no breaker! Some formations very susceptible to formation damage by any polymers or surfactants.
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CT Motors
Power increases almost exponentially with motor size. Powering motors with straight nitrogen gas is often difficult - not enough lubrication. Volatile oils hard on stator rubbers - use of saturated nitriles helps performance. High temperature (400 to 500 F) motors are available.
Motor Reliability
Surface Test of Every Motor is HIGHLY Recommended
smaller motors - tighter clearances - tight bearing packs many new motors wont turn small motors are low power - 80 ft-lbs of torque? Surface test not an absolute guarantee of downhole performance
Motor Stalling
Small motors most susceptible - low torque Causes
too much load on CT load applied too quickly - motion control on injector aggressive bits?
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Torsional Yield Strength

Ty = Sy(OD4 - (OD - 2 t wall-min)4)/105.86 OD Where: Ty = Torsional Yield Strength, lb-ft t wall-min = thinnest wall, in Sy = yield strength of the CT, psi OD = CT OD
Theoritical Torsion Strength vs CT OD for 0.151" Wall Thickness 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
Theoritical Torsion Strength, psi
1.5
2.5
CT OD, inch
3.5
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Torque
Usually we dont push the torque limit in workovers
need to rotate is limited smaller motors very limited in torque
This changes in CT Drilling, especially with big motors
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Alternatives to CT for Fishing

Wireline
in horizontals? - yes
Tubing or DP
slower but more strength, control surface pressures?
Snubbing
slower, surface rotation
Really Unusual Alternatives for Fishing

junk shots explosives acids
none recommended with CT
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Tractors
Wireline tractors taking work away from CT-wireline in the North Sea area. One wireline tractor was stuck - another sent down to retrieve it - successful. SPE 38757
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Tractors
Electric Tractors available now. Hydraulic CT models coming? Test facility in Aberdeen
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Downhole Camera view of parted pipe
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The image shows that the cones of the bit are crushed and embedded into the 9-5/8 casing at the collar. Damage to the threads where large forces were applied to move the bit can also be seen. The operator eventually milled through the bit with two concave mills
Source: DHV : Downhole Video www.GEKEngineering.com International
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Downhole Camera view of exploded gun?
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Debris in the latch mechanism of a downhole tool.
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Depth Effects
Fishing can be difficult at increasing depth since accelerators rely to some extent on cable/coil tension/stretch for assistance. The best bet in this situation is to use two accelerators with short stroke "upstroke" jars (spring type) in conjunction with a heavy duty fishing cable.
Workover Fishing Operations

Common Applications Methods Problems and Solutions
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Common Fishing Tools

Magnets Overshots Spears Wireline grabs and.
junk baskets bailers the rest of the string
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Spear Information
Run a shoulder on all spears Thread on fish known? - taper taps Release feature on BHA?
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Oil Jars
Weak part of wireline oil jars is the head to rod connection. Breaks often leave the rod sticking up. Compress rod back into the tool and use overshot to seize the body of the tool.
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Braided Cable
Braided cable doesnt fatigue as much as slickline, but has to be reheaded to prevent breakage of individual strands in the rope socket. Fishing with the braided cable cant develop as much wire speed as with slickline but can pull much harder. Use spangs and oil jars.
Fishing deviated wells

Large fishing tool (overshot) problems in passing the tools around the doglegs and curves. Overshot tends to ride downward and dig out the bottom of the curve.
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Tubing Elongation
delta L = (F L)/(E An) where: delta L = tube stretch, inches F = axial force on tubing, lbs L = free length of tubing, ft An = nom. x-sect area, in2 E = Youngs modulus, 30 x 106 for steel
Determining Free Point - part 1

1. Pull pipe into tension with at least 500 lb of load over the hanging weight of tubing in the hole. Make a visible reference mark on the pipe Increase pull on the pipe in increments of 1000 lb over original tubing weight. Measure amount of pipe stretch (delta L)
Free Point - part 2

Subtract original weight reading from final pull weight (FD) Read Correct Free Point Constant (CFPC) from Table Use Equation:
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Free Point - part 3

L = delta L CFPC / FD where: L = minimum length of free pipe delta L = stretch, inches CFPC = Free Point Constant (from table) FD = pull force, 1000 lb
Free Point Example

Determine the minimum length of free CT when a 10,000 ft length of 1.25, 0.087 wall CT stretches 39 inches with an applied pull of 5000 lb over tubing weight. CFPC = 760 (table), FD = 5000/1000 = 5 L = delta L * CFPC / FD = 39*760/5 L = 5928 ft
1.25 CT Stretch Tables

CT Size 1.25 x 0.087 1.25 x 0.095 1.25 x 0.102 1.25 x 0.109 1.25 x 0.125 1.25 x 0.134 1.25 x 0.156 x-sect area 0.304 in2 0.328 in2 0.351 in2 0.374 in2 0.420 in2 0.451 in2 0.512 in2
CFPC 760.0 820.0 877.5 935.0 1050.0 1127.5 1280.0

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CT Size 1.50 x 0.095 1.50 x 0.102 1.50 x 0.109 1.50 x 0.125 1.50 x 0.134 1.50 x 0.156 x-sect area 0.399 in2 0.428 in2 0.456 in2 0.512 in2 0.552 in2 0.629 in2
CFPC 997.5 1170.0 1140.0 1280.0 1380.0 1572.5

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CT Size 1.75 x 0.109 1.75 x 0.125 1.75 x 0.134 1.75 x 0.156 1.75 x 0.175 x-sect area 0.538 in2 0.605 in2 0.652in2 0.745 in2 0.831 in2 CFPC 1345.0 1512.5 1630.0 1862.5 2077.5
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CT Size 2.00 x 0.109 2.00 x 0.125 2.00 x 0.134 2.00 x 0.156 2.00 x 0.175 x-sect area 0.619 in2 0.698 in2 0.753 in2 0.861 in2 0.962 in2 CFPC 1547.5 1745.0 1882.5 2152.5 2405.0
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CT Size 2.375 x 0.125 2.375 x 0.134 2.375 x 0.156 2.375 x 0.175 2.375 x 0.190 x-sect area 0.837 in2 0.904 in2 1.035 in2 1.158 in2 1.241 in2 CFPC 2092.5 2260.0 2587.5 2895.0 3102.5
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Working Tensile Loads of Conveyances Wireline 0.072 0.082 0.092 0.108 CT 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.375 Tubing 2.375 2.875 3.5 3-1/2" DP Working Load 720 930 1160 1827 Weight of Wire/Tube 0.014 0.018 0.023 0.031 Running Speed 100-150 ft/min
21900 26600 31440 49520
1.332 1.623 1.915 3.011
50-100 ft/min
57,000 79,200 119,200 189,000
4.6 6.4 9.2 15.5 www.GEKEngineering.com
5 - 15 ft/min
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Material that can unravel can be very difficult to fish.
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Surface display of a jetting sub the problem is that energy imparted by the jet falls off rapidly.
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BHA 1
16 Cutlip Guide, Overshot

BHA 2
17 Concave Mill www.GEKEngineering.com
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BHA 3
11-3/4 Cutlip Guide, Overshot, www.GEKEngineering.com Short Catch Grapple
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BHA 5
www.GEKEngineering.com 16 Cutlip Guide, Magnet
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Fishing Tools
Pre-Run
Post-Run
www.GEKEngineering.com 16 Cable Catcher Sub
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Fishing Tools
16 Burning Shoe
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Fishing Tools
8www.GEKEngineering.com x 2-3/4 Taper Tap
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Fishing Tools
5-3/4 x 2 Spear www.GEKEngineering.com
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Fishing Tools
4-7/8 Wireline Magnet www.GEKEngineering.com
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Fishing Cased Hole

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Fishing Cased Hole

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Fishing

What is there? Recovery Free Point and Back-off

Identifying the fish

The Importance of the Tally Book

The Importance of the Tally Book

The Importance of the Tally Book

The Importance of the Tally Book

The Importance of the Tally Book

Tools for Examining the Fish

Lead impression block of an obstruction in the tubing.

Collett bent in perhaps from CT run?

Water for Camera Use

Fishing and Tubing Repair

Typical Spear Configuration

Catch and release mechanism

Wireline Catching Tools

Spear-type wireline catchers Internal catchers

Wireline grab and overshot.

Overshot note beveled guide area and inside grapple.

Basket used to recover small objects

Special tool used for odd shapes.

Spear with grapple the grapples are interchangeable

Swages right: a variety of sizes, left: a fluted swage

Fishing With Coiled Tubing

Fishing For Coiled Tubing

release mechanisms engaging the fish deviated wells

continuous overshots - length limited baiting/milling efforts

avoid spears (outward CT radial strength?)

Always plan on fishing CT in stages

Engaging the Fish

Has wireline been parted or is it just stuck?

Fishing Tools with Control Lines

Fishing Tools with Control Lines

Fishing Tools with Control Lines

Horizontal and Deviated Well Problems

Tools for Horizontal Fishing

Max pipe or tool length that will go through a bend

Lockup in Vertical Wells

Open holes - poorer record

g6.tif CT Fishing String

g8.tif Fishing String Horizontal

Best Practices - Cutting CT

Deep Cuts of Stuck CT

Special Case of Fishing with CT

Friction Reducer Drawback

Torsional Yield Strength

Theoritical Torsion Strength, psi

This changes in CT Drilling, especially with big motors

Alternatives to CT for Fishing

Really Unusual Alternatives for Fishing

none recommended with CT

Downhole Camera view of parted pipe

Source: DHV : Downhole Video www.GEKEngineering.com International

Downhole Camera view of exploded gun?

Debris in the latch mechanism of a downhole tool.

Workover Fishing Operations

Common Fishing Tools

Fishing deviated wells

Determining Free Point - part 1

Free Point - part 2

Free Point - part 3

Free Point Example

1.25 CT Stretch Tables