RADIO CHANNELS 521386S

Chapter 4: Antenna Fundamentals

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Contents
1. 2. Principles Antenna parameters

Figures: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and Department of Communications Engineering

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1. Principles

Free space 3D waves

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Field regions
Near / Fresnel region Reactive fields Far / Fraunhofer region Real fields 22 =

(4.1)

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Spherical coordinate system

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Infitesimal dipole or Hertzian dipole

0 1 1 = 0 1+ + 4
2

sin

0 1 = 0 1 + cos 2 2 0 1 = 1+ sin 4 (4.2)

= 0, = 0, = 0
Waves are locally plane. In far field, terms in 2 and higher can be neglected!

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2. Antenna parameters
Radiation pattern Magnitude of Poynting vector, multiplied by 2 Features: Lobes Half Power beamwidth Side-lobe Level Isotropic & Omnidirectional

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Directivity
(4.10)

Usually directivity , = In decibels = 10 log (4.11)

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Radiation resistance & efficiency

Radiation efficiency = = + (4.12)

Radiation resistance Loss resistance Input reactance

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10

Antenna is in resonance if input reactance = 0

Source impedance is = + and total antenna impedance is = + + If = , source is matched to the antenna If the matching is not ideal the degree of mismatch can be calculated by = = + (4.13)

Mismatch can be measured via the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) = 1 + 1 (4.14)

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11

Power gain
Or simply the gain of an antenna is = , = (, ) Commonly specified in two orthogonal polarizations called cuts. Usually presented as and cuts, copolar and crosspolar or azimuthal and elevation cuts. (4.15)

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12

Reciprocity

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13

Free space loss

The Friis equation = 4
2

(4.22)

In practical free space conditions, the received power may be less than predicted because of the polarization. Electric field can be expressed as
= 0 + = 0 (4.23)

where is the polarization vector of the wave. Polarization mismatch loss is expressed by 2 = =
Friis formula must be multiplied by this whenever

(4.25)