Atlantic lejeunea Print factsheet

Facts
P l a n t a e H e p a t o p h y t a H e p a Kingdom Phylum

Class

Order

t o p s i d a J u n g e r m a Family Lejeuneaceae n n i a l e s Genus Si Length L ze of e creeping j stem: up e to 1 cm u n e a

Status
Classified as Endangered in the UK.

Description
Tumbuhan ini sangat kecil,This very small, rare plant is one of the 'leafy' liverworts, which forms thin yellow-green patches on rocks and other bryophytes.

Range
This species is endemic to Europe, being found only in the UK, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, the Canary Islands and Madeira. Its distribution in the UK is limited to the

Atlantic coastal regions and before 1970, it had been recorded from six sites, three in Cornwall and three in Scotland. However, in recent years, it has only been found at two of its Cornish sites, and its current status in Scotland is uncertain.

Habitat
This liverwort has been found growing on other species of liverwort and moss, as well as on rocks and elderly ash, elm or oak tree trunks.

Biology
Across its range, Atlantic lejeunea has a primarily oceanic distribution and favours areas with at least 160 wet days per year. It is found in sheltered and shady woodlands, in ravines, on north and north-east facing cliffs as well as rocky overhangs, all near to the coast.

Threats
The principle threats to this species are the deterioration of water quality throughout its range, through agricultural run-off and other forms of pollution, and the colonisation of much of its former habitat by encroaching rhododendron

and scrub. It is intolerant of excessive shade. Rhododendron ponticum is an invasive species, which has been threatening much of our native upland habitat over the last few decades. While many people find it an attractive sight, especially when the shrub is in flower, rhododendron has the potential to devastate any habitat it colonises. The plant can spread at a rapid rate and its canopy has the ability to reach areas some considerable distance from the roots. It is also toxic to many grazing animals and insects, so it is difficult to control in any way except by laborious cutting and clearance. As well as producing dense shade, which prevents the germination of anything beneath the plant, rhododendron also grows in association with a particular fungus around its roots. This fungus effectively poisons the ground for years, even after the rhododendron itself has been removed, and any plant attempting to colonise the site will be killed. Except, of course, more rhododendron.

Conservation
Atlantic lejeunea is listed in the UK Biodiversity Action Plans and included in English Nature's Species Recovery

Programme. Plantlife, who are the lead organisation for this liverwort, hope to be able to re-introduce it to suitable former sites during the next few years. As it is also a globally scarce species, information on management and propagation of the liverwort by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, will be made available to the World Conservation Monitoring Centre.

Authentication
Information supplied by English Nature. http://www.englishnature.org.uk

Glossary

Endemic: a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.

nya adalah spesies endemik ke Eropa, ditemukan hanya di Inggris, Irlandia, Spanyol, Portugal, Kepulauan Canary dan Madeira. Its distribusi di Inggris terbatas pada daerah pesisir Atlantik dan sebelum 1970, sudah tercatat dari enam situs, tiga di Cornwall dan tiga di Skotlandia. Namun, dalam beberapa

tahun terakhir, itu hanya ditemukan di dua lokasi yang Cornish, dan status saat ini di Skotlandia tidak pasti. . Prinsip ancaman untuk spesies ini adalah penurunan kualitas air di seluruh jangkauan, melalui pertanian run-off dan bentuk lain dari pencemaran, serta kolonisasi habitat banyak mantan dengan melanggar rhododendron dan gosok. Hal ini tidak toleran terhadap naungan berlebihan. ponticum rhododendron adalah spesies invasif, yang telah mengancam banyak habitat asli dataran tinggi kami selama beberapa dekade terakhir. Sementara banyak orang menemukan suatu pemandangan menarik, terutama ketika berada dalam semak bunga, rhododendron memiliki potensi untuk menghancurkan habitat itu colonises. Tanaman ini dapat menyebar dengan sangat cepat dan kanopi yang memiliki kemampuan untuk menjangkau daerah-daerah beberapa jarak yang cukup jauh dari akar. Hal ini juga racun bagi hewan pemakan rumput banyak dan serangga, sehingga sulit untuk mengontrol dengan cara apapun kecuali dengan memotong melelahkan dan clearance. Serta menghasilkan warna padat, yang mencegah perkecambahan apa pun di bawah tanaman,

rhododendron juga tumbuh di asosiasi dengan jamur tertentu di sekitar akarakarnya. Jamur ini secara efektif racun tanah selama bertahun-tahun, bahkan setelah rhododendron sendiri telah dihapus, dan setiap tanaman berusaha untuk menjajah situs akan dibunuh. Kecuali, tentu saja rhododendron, lebih.

Actualization of the Catalogue of the genus Lejeunea Lib. (Hepaticae) of Latin America
M. Elena Reiner-Drehwald
Department of Systematic Botany, Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Gttingen, Untere Karsple 2, 37073 Gttingen, Germany email - www.gwdg.de/~sysbot (Last changes: 9 Aug 2004)

Since de appearance of the Catalogue of the genus Lejeunea Lib. (Hepaticae) of Latin America (Reiner-Drehwald 1999), many new publications dealing with the genus and other members of the Lejeuneaceae have been published. One of the aims of this list is to bring up to date the status of Lejeunea species by citing the new references. The format of this list follows basically the previous catalogue.

Species and infraspecific taxa described under Lejeunea are listed in alphabetical order. Bibliographic references for Lejeunea species are cited only for taxa included neither in the Index Hepaticarum (Geissler & Bischler 1987) nor in the mentioned catalogue (Reiner-Drehwald 1999). Accepted names are in boldface. Origin: countries of origin of the type or original material (invalid names) of the taxon are cited. Reference: selected references where species descriptions or comments are given are cited here. This section does not attempt to be complete and will be actualized in the future.

The major difference to the previous catalogue is the geographical area covered. While the first catalogue included species whose type material come from Am 2 to Am 6 (Mexico and West Indies to Chile and Argentina; as defined in the Index Muscorum), this list will also include in the future Am 1 (N. America, Bermudas), and those species whose type material come from Europe and Africa and are known to occur in America. A few species of this regions are already cited. For Europe and Macaronesia the check-list by Grolle & Long (2000) and for Africa (Afr 2 4) the catalogues of Grolle (1995), Wigginton & Grolle (supplemented by A.Gyarmati, 1996) and Wigginton (2002) should be consulted. The alphabetical lists of Lejeunea species are therefore separated according to the origin of their types in: America, Europe, Africa.

Home - Lejeunea page Female emperor moth Print factsheet

Facts KingdomAnimaliaPhylumArthropodaClassInsectaOrde rLepidopteraFamilySaturniidaeGenusSaturniaSizeF emale wingspan: 35 41 mm Male wingspan: 27 32 mmStatus

Common in the UK

Description
The adult emperor moth is a spectacular insect. Males have a complex pattern of grey, dark brown and orange markings on their upper forewings, with prominent eye spots, coloured black and yellow resembling the eyes of an owl. There are similar eye spots on the upper hindwing, these set against an orange background. Females also have the eye spots but set against a background that is a combination of buff-grey and white patterns. Both sexes have long fur on the thorax. When fully-grown, the caterpillars are handsome creatures, green with black bands around each segment of their body. They are also covered with pinkish or orange lumps, from which grow tufts of black hairs.

Range

The species is well distributed throughout the British Isles including the Channel Islands, the Scottish Western Isles and Ireland.

You can view distribution information for this species at the National Biodiversity Network Gateway. Habitat
Emperor moths prefer open scrub habitat on heathland, moorland, fens, along field margins and hedgerows, woodland rides and sand dunes.

Biology
The adult moths are only on the wing for a couple of months at the most, and during this time they do not feed. They appear in April and are day-flying, the males flying about rapidly in their search for females. Females rest during daytime and an un-mated female can attract a large number of males if she is found resting. Having mated, the females fly off in the early part of the night to lay their eggs in batches on a number of different species of plants. These include meadow sweet, heather, hawthorn, bramble and birch. The caterpillars hatch in late May and initially feed in groups. They overwinter as pupae.

Threats
The emperor moth is a common species and not considered threatened in the UK.

Conservation
There are currently no conservation programmes for the emperor moth.

There may be further information about this species available via the National Biodiversity Network Gateway. Authentication
Information supplied by English Nature. http://www.english-nature.org.uk

Glossary

Pupae: stage in an insects development when huge changes occur, which reorganise the larval form into the adult form. In butterflies the pupa is also called a chrysalis.

Species related by

Family group Habitat Conservation status Print factsheet View image slideshow Email to a friend

Honey bee worker feeding Print factsheet

Facts
Also known as:the western honey bee Kingdom Phylum Arthropoda Animalia Class OrderInsecta FamilyHymenoptera GenusAp Apis (1) iidae You can view distribution information for this species at the Average length: 12 mm (2) National Biodiversity Network Gateway. Size

StatusHabitat
Honey bees live in hives, which need to be close to good sources of pollen and nectar (4). Evidence of beekeeping using artificial hives can be traced to 5000 years ago in Egypt; however, natural hives do occasionally occur. Before they were domesticated, honey bees made their nests in hollow trees in woodlands. Occasionally, colonies may still become

established in dead trees when they escape from a domesticated hive. The internal structure of the hive is built by the bees with wax (5).

Biology
The hive structure consists of wax 'honeycombs', each honeycomb is made of small cells, which are used to store food or to rear the brood. Bees feed on nectar and pollen taken from flowers; stores of honey (regurgitated nectar) and pollen (gathered on the legs in special 'pollen baskets') see them through the winter (5). Honey bees have a complex system of communication; when a good supply of flowers has been discovered, a returning forager can convey the location of the food to other workers by means of special dances. The discovery of a good foraging location is announced by the 'round dance' in which the forager circles around rapidly, while the 'waggle dance', involving a rapid movement of the tail, contains information on the distance and direction of the flowers in relation to the hive, using the sun as a compass (5). The queen is the only bee within the colony to lay eggs, the workers care for the brood, and carry out many other duties for the hive, including foraging and cleaning (5). The queen mates just once, on a 'nuptial flight' during spring, and stores enough sperm inside her body to allow her to fertilise her eggs for the rest of her life. Eggs are laid from March to October; each egg is deposited into a cell, and a small, white larva emerges after around 3 days. Workers provide the larva with food; after 6 days the pupal stage will develop, and the workers cap the cells containing fully developed larvae with wax. The adult bee will climb out of the cell 12 days later. Drones (males) are produced from unfertilised eggs, and appear in the colony during spring and early summer; they take three days longer to develop into adults than workers, and are ejected from the colony later in the year by the workers (5). Both worker and queen bee larvae are fed on a rich liquid known as 'royal jelly' in the first days of life. Workers are then fed on pollen and nectar, but larvae that continue to be given royal jelly develop into queens. The first new queen to emerge may sting the other developing queens to death. After mating she may either take the place of her mother (who may have departed the hive in a swarm, taking half of the workers with her), or establish a new colony (5).

Threats
Natural populations of honey bees have been severely affected by the activities of humans (6). Non-native subspecies have been widely introduced to many areas of Europe, and managed colonies have often interbred with native bees, causing a loss of unique genetic diversity in local populations (6). In Germany the native race Apis mellifera mellifera is now thought to be extinct, as it has been completely replaced by the introduced Apis mellifera carnica (6). A more recent threat to the species in Britain is the mite Varroa jacobsoni, which is devastating honey bee populations around the world (4) and was first found in Britain in 1992. These mites attack larvae, pupae and adults (3) and are very expensive to control;

in the last 15 years the expense involved has caused a worrying 40-45 % of beekeepers to abandon the craft. To make matters worse, strains of the mite with resistance to the chemicals used in their control have recently been found (4).

A widespread, usually domesticated species.

Description
The honey bee is probably one of the best-known of all insects in the world (3); it performs a vital role in the pollination of flowering plants, including our crop species (4) . There are three 'castes' within a bee hive, a 'queen' (the reproductive female), the 'drones' (reproductive males) and 'workers' (non-reproductive females) (3). All three castes are broadly similar in appearance; the body is covered in short hairs, and is divided into a head, a thorax and an abdomen, the head features two large eyes and a pair of antennae. The thorax bears two pairs of wings above, and three pairs of legs below and there is a slender 'waist' between the thorax and abdomen (5). The queen has a much longer and slender abdomen than the workers, and the drones can be identified by their broader abdomens and much larger eyes (5).

Range
The honey bee is widespread in Britain, and is often a domesticated species. This bee is native to Africa, Europe and the Middle East, and has been introduced to most parts of the world including America, Australia, and Asia. Despite its wide range, however, it is in urgent need of conservation (6).