NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V Eastern Hemisphere

NDT-OPR-011 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS (ASME V ARTICLE 2)

Prepared By: Date: Approved By: Date:

Franzisca Costa 12 August 2010 John Deighan PCN LIII (100654) 12 August 2010

SUMMARY OF CHANGES SINCE PREVIOUS VERSION: Procedure updated as a result of ASME V 2010 release. Section 4 eye test error corrected. Section 16 Table 2 error in first cell corrected. Appendices 1 to 3 added.

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

CONTENTS 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 INTRODUCTION REFERENCES DEFINITIONS PERSONNEL SAFETY EQUIPMENT SURFACE CONDITION WELD IMAGE LOCATION IDENTIFCATION AND MARKING 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 13 14 16

10.0 FILM SCREEN COMBINATION 11.0 INTERCEPTION OF SCATTERED RADIATION 12.0 DIRECTION OF RADIATION 13.0 MINIMUM SFD/FFD AND GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS 13.1 OBJECT TO FILM DISTANCE 13.2 SOURCE TO FILM DISTANCE 13.3 GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS 13.4 DIAGNOSTIC FILM LENGTH / NUMBER OF EXPOSURES 14.0 OVERLAP OF FILM 15.0 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY 16.0 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS (IQIS) TABLE 1 STANDARD WIRE NUMBERS & NOMINAL DIAMETERS TABLE 2 MINIMUM IMAGE QUALITY VALUES 17.0 QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS 18.0 PROCESSING 19.0 VIEWING 20.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 21.0 TECHNIQUE COMPILATION 22.0 REPORTING 23.0 RECORDS AND STORAGE 24.0 INDEX OF TECHNIQUES APPENDIX 1 METHOD OF VALIDATING DENSITOMETERS APPENDIX 2 METHODS FOR DETERMINING MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ILLUMINATORS. APPENDIX 3 METHOD FOR ESTIMATING X-RAY FOCAL SPOT SIZE

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

1.0

INTRODUCTION This document describes the method used for radiographic examination of welds in all materials when working to ASME V Article 2. It is qualified for use only when read in conjunction with the relevant technique. Techniques are available on the Business Management System or on compact disk, as appropriate. In cases where the techniques do not meet local requirement they may be amended by appropriately qualified personnel as described in Section 21.

2.0

REFERENCES The documents referenced in this procedure, below, concern the method and not the design code. The design code acceptance criteria are referenced on the technique sheet or job sheet as applicable. Except in the case of superseded standards being specified, the current issue is applicable. Variations or customer specific requirements are detailed on technique sheets or job sheets. Changes to standards are controlled via e-mail reminders from an Internet based system, subscribed to by Oceaneering. The procedure is reviewed on the issue of new or revised standards. If there is no impact to the method then the procedure is not updated, but the record of the review stored in the database. Where there is an impact the procedures are revised and re-issued. ASME SECTION V ASTM E142 ASTM E747 ASTM E1742 SNT-TC-1A ASNT CP-189 SI 1999 No 3232 L121 BS EN 462-1:1994 BS EN 473:2000 RAD-SPR-010 CAL-OPR-016 NDT-OPR-019 Boiler and pressure vessel code - NDT Controlling the quality of radiographic testing Test method for controlling quality of radiographic testing using wire penetrameters Standard practice for radiographic examination Personnel Qualification and Certification in Non-Destructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification in non-destructive testing Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999. Working with Ionising Radiation (Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 ACOP) Non-destructive testing - Image Quality of radiographs- Part 1: Concepts, image quality indicators (wire type), determination of image quality value. Qualification and Certification of non-destructive personnel - General Principles. General Local Rules Sites. Amended to the specific location Calibration and Verification of Film Densitometers Film Processing and Darkroom Control

3.0

DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this procedure the following definitions apply. Single Wall method: (SWSI) A method of radiographic examination in which the source of radiation is outside the pipe and the film is close to the inside surface of the intervening wall, or in which the source is inside the pipe and the film is close to the outside wall. A method of radiographic examination in which the source of radiation is outside the pipe and the film is close to the outside of the pipe on the side remote from the source, the radiation passing through both walls of the pipe. An application of the double wall method providing a usable image of only a part of the weld adjacent to the film.

Double Wall method

Double Wall, Single Image method (DWSI)

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

Double Wall, Double Image method (DWDI) Source to film distance (SFD) Source to object distance (SOD) Object to film distance (OFD) Source size 4.0 PERSONNEL

An application of the double wall method providing a usable image of both walls. Coverage of the whole weld can be accomplished on two or more films depending on pipe diameter, thickness and set-up. The distance between the radiation source and the film measured in the direction of the radiation beam. The distance between the radiation source and the source side of the test object measured along the central axis of the radiation beam. The distance between the radiation side of the test piece and the film surface measured along the central axis of the radiation beam The size of the effective focal/source size of the radiation source.

The personnel carrying out radiography shall be experienced, accustomed to the equipment to be used and to producing radiographs that will comply with this procedure. Unless otherwise specified by the client or contract, the radiographic team employed for site work shall at all times include a qualified technician to meet at least one of the following; EN 473 (PCN Level 2 or equivalent) CSWIP Grade 2 SNT Level II

The qualification level is specified on the technique sheet. Qualified technicians shall be capable of reading the letter sizes equivalent to those defined as Jaeger 1 (times roman N4.5) and shall be tested for colour blindness particularly in the colours or shades to be used in subsequent testing. This shall be carried out annually and a record of the tests shall be maintained on file. All other personnel will at all times be under the supervision of the appointed qualified person and be familiar with this procedure. All members of radiographic crews shall be classified persons as defined in the Ionising Radiations Regulations. There will be a Radiation Protection Supervisor available on site while radiography is being carried out. Radiographic interpretation shall be carried out by suitably experienced and qualified personnel (level 2), and they must be familiar with the applicable acceptance standard. 5.0 SAFETY All work shall be performed in accordance with Company Operating Procedures, Safety Procedures and local rules. Also, where applicable, clients local rules such as "Permit to Work" systems shall be observed. The radiographer must have a copy of the Company Local Rules (and client Local Rules, where applicable) available during the period of the inspection. Only classified personnel who are fully capable of ensuring the safety of themselves and others shall carry out radiography. There will be a Radiation Protection Supervisor available on site while radiography is being carried out. Prior to radiography on site, barrier rope, warning signs & lights shall be erected and positioned around the area of exposure as a controlled area. Radiation monitors shall be used at all times to ensure that the level of radiation does not exceed a dose rate of 7.5 Sv/hr (micro-sieverts per hour) at the erected barriers. 6.0 EQUIPMENT Gamma-ray containers shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations and checked in accordance with the approved code of practice (ACOP) and the appropriate radiation safety procedure.

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

The operator, prior to and upon completion of each job, shall check delivery tubes and wind-out cables for damage. X-ray generators shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations and checked in accordance with Company Operating Procedures. The radiation energy to be used shall result in radiographs which meet achieve the required density and IQI sensitivity requirements. 7.0 SURFACE CONDITION Surfaces shall be free from spatter; attachments or any irregularities such as weld ripples, grinding/chipping marks or any others that may interfere with the interpretation of the radiographs. Alteration to the weld or parent material finish shall only be carried out by the fabricator or maintenance contractor. Any doubtful indications shall be identified on the test report. 8.0 WELD IMAGE LOCATION The weld shall be positioned as close to the centre of the film as the geometry of the work-piece permits. Welds in the as welded condition do not require their location shown by markers, but welds which are dressed flush must have their location shown by the use of lead arrows adjacent to the weld, a minimum of 10mm from the weld toe. 9.0 IDENTIFCATION AND MARKING Unless specified by the client or contract, wherever practicable, identification markers shall be placed on the source side of the item under inspection. Each section of material being radiographed shall have suitable symbols affixed to uniquely identify: The Job or Workpiece,. (Job Number, Drawing Number. Line Number, Spool Number, Part Number as applicable), The weld number, or location, The Section of the weld, Date, Welder (if applicable).

The symbols may consist of lead letters and/or flashed identification. Numbers or pipe tapes shall be positioned so that their image shall appear on the radiograph, to ensure identification of the radiograph, and the area of the weld being inspected. Whenever possible, these shall be positioned outside the area of interest Radiographs of weld repairs shall be suitably identified as such. For example Repair 1 unique item identification, suffixed by ...R1 Repair 2 unique item identification, suffixed by ...R2 etc.

Unless specified by the client or contract, a datum shall be marked on each work-piece using suitable markers not detrimental to the material being inspected (e.g. paint or wax markers). The datum shall be taken from easily describable parts of the part (e.g. 12 o'clock position moving clockwise or an intersecting weld) or a sketch may be supplied. A record detailing the identification of the radiographs shall be made on the NDT Report 10.0 FILM SCREEN COMBINATION Radiographic Film Unless otherwise specified by the Client or contractual agreement a fine grain, high contrast type film shall be used. (e.g. AGFA - D7 or equivalent). The technique sheet details the requirements for the applicable standard and class of technique, as appropriate. Intensifying Screens Intensifying screens shall be used in all techniques except where otherwise indicated on the technique sheets NDT-OPR-011 Issue 3 Rev 1 Page 5 of 16

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

Cassettes The film screen combination shall be encased in a flexible/rigid cassette and all precautions shall be taken to ensure good film to screen contact. For double wall, double image methods or butt welds in plates, the cassette shall be placed as close as possible to the surface of the weld, remote from the source. Unless otherwise specified either on the technique or on the report there is only one film per cassette. 11.0 INTERCEPTION OF SCATTERED RADIATION In order to reduce the effects of scattered radiation the beam from the source shall be collimated, whenever possible. Where scattered radiation is expected or suspected then the film/cassette combination shall be shielded. The effects of backscatter shall be reduced using at least 1mm thick lead sheets placed behind the film cassette. Undercut or side scatter, may be inhibited by the use of lead shot, edge blocking, or by filtration. A method for checking for the adequacy of shielding from backscatter radiation is to place a lead letter "B" on the cassette remote from the source of radiation. The dimensions of the letter shall be at least 13mm high & 1.5mm thick. A light image of the "B" will be cause for rejection of the film. considered as adequate protection from backscatter. 12.0 DIRECTION OF RADIATION Unless otherwise specified, the central beam of radiation shall be directed to the centre of the diagnostic area at an angle normal to the material surface wherever possible. Where specifically required by the client or contract, the alignment may be altered to detect defects with a specific orientation, (e.g. fusion face defects where the exposure may be made with the beam directed along the fusion face). The relevant technique sheet shall provide a sketch, which details the direction of radiation. 13.0 MINIMUM SFD/FFD AND GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS 13.1 Object to film distance The distance between the film and the adjacent weld surface shall be kept to a minimum. The nominal OFD (object to film distance) is normally the object or weld thickness. However, consideration shall be given to any unavoidable gap between the weld surface and film cassette and so the actual OFD shall be defined as the sum of the nominal object to film distance plus any unavoidable gap. For the double wall, double image method, the nominal OFD shall be considered as the outside diameter of the pipe. 13.2 Source to film distance The minimum source to film distance (SFDmin) is dictated by the maximum allowable geometric unsharpness value(Ug) and the object to film distance (OFD). SFDmin = SOD + OFD Where SFDmin is the minimum source (or focal) to film distance SOD is the source (or focal) to object distance OFD is object to film distance as described above No image or a darker image of the letter is

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

13.3 Geometric Unsharpness The geometric unsharpness values required is contained in the technique sheets The geometric unsharpness value can be determined by using the following calculation: Ug Where; Ug F OFD SOD = F x OFD SOD

= = = =

geometric unsharpness source or focal spot size object to film distance as described above source to object distance (source to film distance less OFD).

13.4 Diagnostic film length / number of exposures The technique sheets provide the details of the minimum number of exposures required or diagnostic length of each exposure. 14.0 OVERLAP OF FILM The separate radiographs of a welded joint shall overlap sufficiently to ensure that no portion of the joint remains un-examined. Unless otherwise specified, the minimum overlap shall be 25mm either side of the diagnostic area. 15.0 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY The film density requirements of the material under examination shall be detailed on the technique sheet. When using gamma radiography the minimum density allowable is 2.0 and when using X-Rays the value is 1.8. For composite viewing of multiple films the minimum density for any on film is 1.3. The maximum density for any of the above is 4.0. However the viewer in use must be capable of reading the density shown. The density shall be measured using a calibrated digital or analogue transmission densitometer. The densitometer used shall be calibrated by comparison with a certified stepwedge density strip traceable to a national standard. Densitometer calibration and validation is carried out, By the MERC department or locally as appropriate, against the requirements of CAL-OPR-016. 16.0 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS (IQIS) The method of indicating that the required quality of radiograph has been obtained is by the use of an IQI and The method of indicating that the required quality of radiograph shall be in accordance with ASME V Article 2. IQIs can be the wire, or hole/step type, but in the absence of further instruction the type to be used shall be the wire type, that conform to the requirements of ASTM E747. Positioning and number of IQIs to be used shall be in accordance with ASME V Article 2 as detailed on the relevant Technique sheets. IQI's shall be selected appropriate to the thickness of the specimen and placed as follows: On the source side of the specimen, whenever possible. When placement on the source side is not possible then the lead symbol F shall be attached to the IQI to indicate film side placement. In contact with the weld such that the lengths of the wires lie perpendicular to the length of the weld. Where geometric configuration permits IQI identification numbers, or where applicable, the lead letter F, shall not be positioned in the area of interest. NDT-OPR-011 Issue 3 Rev 1 Page 7 of 16

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

The IQI characteristics and image quality values required from the radiographic techniques of this procedure are defined in Tables 2 and 3 as follows: Table 1: Standard wire numbers and their respective nominal diameters. Table 2: The minimum image quality value (essential wire diameter) required for both Source side and Film side. The designated visible wire to achieve the required sensitivity shall be determined from Table 3 (extracted from T-276) shown below or from ASME V Article 2, Table T276. Any specific contract requirements shall be specified on the relevant technique sheet, which shall detail the precise standard, IQI model and type. If required to express a value in terms of percentage sensitivity, this can be calculated as below:% Sensitivity = of the thinnest wire/hole visible X 100 Thickness of section being radiographed*

* Thickness of diagnostic area, not penetrated thickness Table 1 Standard Wire Numbers & Nominal Diameters

ASME IQI Designation

Set A X X X X X X Set B Set C Set D

Wire Identity
Wire number W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W 10 W 11 W 12 W 13 W 14 W 15 W 16 W 17 W 18 W 19 W 20 W21 ASME Nominal wire diameter (mm) 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.33 0.41 0.51 0.64 0.81 1.02 1.27 1.60 2.03 2.54 3.20 4.06 5.08 6.35 8.13 EN 462-1Nominal wire diameter (mm) 3.2 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.25 1.0 0.8 0.63 0.5 0.4 0.32 0.25 0.2 0.16 0.125 0.1 0.08 0.063 0.050 N/A N/A

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

Note:

Alternative wire IQIs designed and manufactured in accordance with other national or international standards may be used provided that the essential designated wire diameter on the Alternative IQI is equal to or less than the relevant size/s detailed above.

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

Table 2

Minimum Image Quality Values

Single Wall Techniques Essential IQI Wire

Nominal Thickness (t) in mm

Up to 6.4 Above 6.4 to 9.5 Above 9.5 to 12.7 Above 12.7 to 19.0 Above 19.0 to 25.4 Above 25.4 to 38.1 Above 38.1 to 50.8 Above 50.8 to 63.5 Above 63.5 to 101.6
Notes:

Source Side
W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13

Film Side
W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12

Consideration shall be given to weld reinforcements. Where applicable, the IQI essential wire designation shall be based on the weld thickness. Weld thickness shall be considered to be the combined total of nominal single wall thickness + any applicable estimated weld reinforcements. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the weld thickness.

17.0 QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to the extent that they cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the object being radiographed. Such blemishes include, but are not limited to: Fogging Processing defects such as streaks, water marks, or chemical stains Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges or tears Loss of detail due to poor screen-to-film contact False indications due to defective screens

18.0 PROCESSING Films shall be processed manually or using automatic processors in accordance with the relevant manufacturer's recommendation. Processing chemicals and activities shall be routinely monitored in accordance with the procedure NDT-OPR-019. Manual Processing Manual development of exposed film will be based on the recommended time/temperature charts using a standard of 4-8 minutes at 20C, followed by washing in clean running water or immersion in an acid stop bath. Fixing time shall be at least twice the clearing time and the films shall be final washed for a period of 20/30 minutes. Films shall be dried in a warm air drying cabinet or an automatic dryer operated in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Automatic Processing Processing may be carried out using automatic equipment operated to the manufacturers' instructions The processing chemicals and replenishments shall be in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations.

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

19.0 VIEWING Viewing shall be carried out in a darkened room. The radiographic viewing screen shall be masked to prevent extraneous light from around the edge of a radiograph or light coming through low-density portion of the radiograph from interfering with the interpretation. Film interpretation personnel shall allow sufficient time for their eyes to become adapted to the lighting conditions in the viewing room prior to examining any radiograph. The illuminator used for interpretation shall conform to the requirements of ASTM 1742. All films shall be viewed in the dry condition only. All films shall be sentenced and reported by Oceaneering (level 2 technician) prior to submission for client acceptance. 20.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA The acceptance criteria to be applied shall be detailed by the client either on a written work request or written contract documents. Where the client or contract does not require items to be assessed in accordance with defined acceptance criteria, an assessment to provide a factual report detailing all detected flaw indications will be carried out. In this instance Oceaneering will not accept or reject an item. responsibility of the client. 21.0 TECHNIQUE COMPILATION This procedure is applied in conjunction with the appropriate technique sheet/s. Standard technique sheets are available on the business management system. Where required, by a client or contract, job specific technique sheets shall be compiled and issued to address any differing parameters that may be applicable. These technique sheets shall overrule standard techniques, but they must be read in conjunction with this procedure. Technique sheets shall be compiled and/or approved by personnel qualified to at least Level 2 in the appropriate method, sector & category The numbering system to be used for specific techniques is to prefix the standard technique number with the contract/job number or system agreed by the client if appropriate. The technique shall supply the following information: Job Specific Technique Number, if standard techniques not used. Weld configuration to which technique applies (e.g. butts welds less than 90mm diameter). Operator qualification requirements. Standard on which the technique is based, including year of issue or status. The acceptance criteria, including year of issue or status. Type of material to be examined. Thickness range(s). Film type and speed (equivalents can be used). Screen type and thickness. Maximum source/focal spot size. Radiation type. Maximum KV/strength. Minimum FFD/SFD. Geometric unsharpness requirements (where applicable). Sensitivity standard/model(s) and type of IQI. Density range required. Page 10 of 16 Determination of acceptability shall be the

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

Sketch of set up. Number of shots/diagnostic film length. Any other specific reference documents not included in this procedure.

22.0 REPORTING All inspections shall be the subject of a test report, which shall be issued on completion of the examination on Oceaneering standard reports, written in accordance with Company Procedures. If another reporting format is required, such as a client's report form, it shall be detailed on the technique sheet and the relevant report supplied to the technician. The test report shall contain the following information: Client Contract numbers Oceaneering and client as required. Unique identification of welds or items (i.e. Drawing. No. Line no. and weld no. if applicable). Date of test. Heat treatment status, (if applicable). Procedure number, including revision status. Technique number, including revision status. Standard on which technique is based, including the year of issue. Acceptance criteria, including the year of issue. Exposure details. Film type and size(s). IQI type/model and location. Sensitivity or quality level. Density required and achieved. SFD/FFD. Screens. Test restrictions or necessary deviations from technique. Material thickness(es). Statement or indication of acceptance or rejection. Location from datum, position of defect in weld along with defect type if possible. Operator name & Signature (signature of the person sentencing radiographs is mandatory. The person producing radiographs may also be on the report). Operator qualification. Date of report.

23.0 RECORDS AND STORAGE Unless otherwise agreed, the client shall be responsible for the storage of radiographs. On completion of a job, Oceaneering shall pass on to the client, all relevant test reports and associated radiographs. The retention period for reports held shall be 6 years, unless otherwise specified by the contract.

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

24.0 INDEX OF TECHNIQUES The following table provides a list of techniques available on the Business Management System or the compact disks issued by the QA department. Technique Number NDT-TEC-R100 NDT-TEC-R101 NDT-TEC-R102 NDT-TEC-R103 NDT-TEC-R104 NDT-TEC-R105 Description Double Wall Single Image (DWSI) using X Rays. Covers pipe, long seams and nozzles Double Wall Single Image (DWSI) using gamma rays. Covers pipe, long seams and nozzles Double Wall Double Image (DWDI) using X-Rays. Covers pipes less than 90mm diameter Double Wall Double Image (DWDI) using gamma rays. Covers pipes less than 90mm diameter Single Wall Single Image (SWSI) using X-Rays. Covers pipes and plates. Single Wall Single Image (SWSI) using gamma rays. Covers pipes and plates.

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

APPENDIX 1 METHOD OF VALIDATING DENSITOMETERS Calibration Switch on both the viewer and densitometer and allow 30 minutes for the densitometer circuitry to stabilise Place the densitometer on the centre of the viewer and adjust the meter to read Zero. The calibrated strip to be used shall be a Master Strip which is to be used only for calibration purposes. Place the strip on the viewer and using the densitometer, take a density reading from each step of the strip over the density range required. Enter the densitometer readings on the latest revision of Form No. NDT-FRM-030 (Calibration by MERC on new or repaired equipment) NDT-FRM-022 (calibration on site in addition to validation) and compare these to the calibrated strip. The tolerance of the readings shall be within 0.05 Density of the calibrated step. Densitometers, which do not comply, shall be labelled as such and returned to the store and then sent for adjustment. Densitometers that do comply, shall be labelled with the next calibration due date. Initial and enter the next due date on a label and attached to the densitometer. The completed Form shall be kept on file in the appropriate calibration register. The interval for calibration is three monthly. Calibrated strips shall be replaced five years after their initial use.

Verification The strip used for verification is a day to day Working Strip and shall be the same type as that used for calibration purposes. Verification of densitometers takes place on a daily basis or whenever it is in use. Verification is not required to be recorded unless the instrument is found to be out of tolerance ( 0.05). The verification procedure shall be carried out in the same way as the calibration described in Section 1 above. Where a densitometer is found to be out of tolerance, then radiographs taken in the preceding period shall be re-checked. On a three monthly basis, the Working Strip shall be verified against the Master Strip.

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

APPENDIX 2 METHODS FOR DETERMINING MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ILLUMINATORS. Scope The purpose of this work instruction is to specify checks to be carried out to monitor the performance of radiographic viewers (illuminators) and to ensure that the viewers illuminance is sufficient for the density of the radiographs to be viewed. This instruction has been prepared in accordance with the general requirements of BS EN 25580:1992 Minimum requirements for industrial radiographic illuminators for nondestructive testing, and ASTM E 1742, Standard practice for radiographic examination. The maximum permissible density checks for a viewer are carried out by the manufacturer and Oceaneering will conduct this check when the viewers are repaired or when a bulb has been changed. The diffusion and uniformity checks are aimed at the manufacturers of viewers and will only be carried out by Oceaneering on site when specified by a client or contract. This instruction applies only to viewers, which are used in the final interpretation of radiographs. Minimum Requirements for Luminance. The luminance (brightness) transmitted through an illuminated radiograph shall not be less than 30 candelas/m for film densities 2.5 and 10 candelas/m for film densities >2.5. 2 Wherever possible approximately 100 candelas/m or higher. To determine the maximum permissible density of a viewer, use a calibrated photometer and take a reading at the centre of the screen for spot viewers or the visible dimmest are of the viewing surface for others. Note that edges can be masked to reduce the viewing area and exclude dimmer areas. The graph below is used to determine the maximum density for a viewer. This value shall be marked by a label on the viewer.
2 2

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

Diffusion of Light. The luminance is measured on a semi-circle whose centre is the centre of the screen and the radius is the maximum dimension of the screen (diagonal of the rectangle) or at least 500 mm. The readings are taken using a white light meter and three readings have to be taken at 5 , 20 and 45 as shown. The diffusion factor is calculated as follows: = Lux reading at 45 + Lux reading at 20 2 x Lux reading at 5

shall be greater than or equal to 0.7. Light luminance measurement L5 L20 L45

Viewer Screen Diagonal

Uniformity of Screen Luminance

Divide the screen into squares measuring 35mm. The first square is the centre of the screen with the other squares built around this. A clear film can be used as a template for this check.
Read the luminance of each of the squares and average the highest four and the lowest four readings. The uniformity factor g is calculated as shown: Average of the lowest four readings Average of the highest four readings The uniformity factor should be greater than or equal to 0.5.

5.0 5.1 5.2

Intervals and Records A record of the above checks will be recorded on the latest revision of Form No NDT-FRM-023. The interval for the above tests after repair or maintenance (including a change of bulb).

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NDT PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME V

APPENDIX 3 METHOD FOR ESTIMATING X-RAY FOCAL SPOT SIZE

Application: Maximum Strength: Min SFD/FFD: Geometric Unsharpness: Density Range: Focal spots sizes of X-Ray equipment Half of the KV and mA output of the set 1 metre Diameter of the hole size 1.0 to 3.6 Operator Qualifications: Reporting Criteria: Film (brand & type): Screen Type + Thickness: IQIs: PCN Level 2 (EN 473 equivalent) or SNT Level 2 Record size of focal spot Agfa D4 or equivalent None None

Technique Illustration:-

1.1.1.1.1
X-Ray Set

F i g u r e 1

Figure 2 Record actual size

Beam Centre

Record actual size and multiply by 0.7

Lead sheet, with pinhole. To be set at FFD Film

Lead Backing

1. 2.

Figure 1 above details the set-up for producing film to measure focal spot size. Figure 2 above shows the required image (Crescent shaped line images) and the measurements to be taken. If the line images are not visible then take the complete image, measure its size and subtract twice the pinhole diameter to give the size. Measurements are made using an optical comparator with a graticule, with 0.1mm divisions and a magnification between X5 and X10

3.

4.

Additional Instructions:

The serial number of the X-Ray equipment and exposure details are to be recorded on the report. The film is to be retained at least until the next verification check. The recommended interval of this check is yearly. Equipment, which has been hired out, is to be re-checked on its return.

NDT-OPR-011 Issue 3 Rev 1

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