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Dr. Agustinus IW. Harimawan, MPH.,SpGK. Department of Nutrition School of Medicine Hasanuddin University Syaukiyasmin@gmail.com
tinusharimawan@yahoo.com
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Introduction
Bioenergetics refers to Laws of Thermodynamics : The flow of energy into the body comes from diet and energy flow out is primarily determined by basal requirements and physical activity. The human system, like the systems of most other taxa, has devised mechanism to store energy. Macronutrients in foods contain energy-rich chemical bonds. After digestion and absorption, the energy is stored as chemical bonds in triglyceride (fat), in glycogen (carbohydrate) and in skeletal muscle (protein ).
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Introduction
The energy-yielding pathway are roughly subdivided into those that require oxygen and those that do not. The ultimate outcome of all the pathway is to convert chemical bond energy in macronutrients to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the only chemical form of energy the body can use to perform work.
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Energy supply
ATP for work can come from : a.ATP and CP, very fast but very limiter b.Glycogen -> glucose -> lactate, fast, no O2 needed, also limited c.Glycogen -> glucose -> CO2, slower, needs O2 limited by (glycogen) d.Triglycerides -> fatty acids -> CO2, slow, needed a lot of O2, but unlimited e.Muscle protein -> amino acids -> CO2., rarely -> 5-7% of total energy expenditure if not replaced, lose muscle mass.
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Energy sources
Energy sources for muscular work
Energy storage form ATP, creatinie phophate Muscle glycogen and glucose
Sport activities Field events, weight lifting Track sprints <400 m, swim sprints < 100 m > 1500 m run
Endurance
> 2 min
Muscle and liver glucose and glycogen, muscle, blood and adipose lipids, muscle, blood and liver amino acids Free Powerpoint Templates
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Energy sources
Both power and speed events are considered nonoxidative, whereas endurance events are considered oxidative. Power events use the hydrolysis of highenergy phosphogens (that is, intracellular ATP and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and creatine phosphate), speed events use nonoxidative glycogenolysis and glycolysis and endurance events oxidatively metabolize carbohydrate, lipids and amino acids (for long-duration activities).
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Energy demand
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) divided into three categories : a. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) b. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) c. Physical activity (PA) Physical activity -> increases energy expenditure because of : the extra demands of cross-bridge cycling, ion pumping, hormone synthesis and heat production.
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