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SPORT NUTRITION

Dr. Agustinus IW. Harimawan, MPH.,SpGK. Department of Nutrition School of Medicine Hasanuddin University Syaukiyasmin@gmail.com

tinusharimawan@yahoo.com
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Introduction
Bioenergetics refers to Laws of Thermodynamics : The flow of energy into the body comes from diet and energy flow out is primarily determined by basal requirements and physical activity. The human system, like the systems of most other taxa, has devised mechanism to store energy. Macronutrients in foods contain energy-rich chemical bonds. After digestion and absorption, the energy is stored as chemical bonds in triglyceride (fat), in glycogen (carbohydrate) and in skeletal muscle (protein ).

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Introduction
The energy-yielding pathway are roughly subdivided into those that require oxygen and those that do not. The ultimate outcome of all the pathway is to convert chemical bond energy in macronutrients to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the only chemical form of energy the body can use to perform work.

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Energy supply
ATP for work can come from : a.ATP and CP, very fast but very limiter b.Glycogen -> glucose -> lactate, fast, no O2 needed, also limited c.Glycogen -> glucose -> CO2, slower, needs O2 limited by (glycogen) d.Triglycerides -> fatty acids -> CO2, slow, needed a lot of O2, but unlimited e.Muscle protein -> amino acids -> CO2., rarely -> 5-7% of total energy expenditure if not replaced, lose muscle mass.

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Energy sources
Energy sources for muscular work

Metabolic activity Power Speed

Exercise duration 0-4 sec 5-60 sec

Enzyme system/locatio n Single enzyme/cytosol One complex pathway/cytosol

Energy storage form ATP, creatinie phophate Muscle glycogen and glucose

Sport activities Field events, weight lifting Track sprints <400 m, swim sprints < 100 m > 1500 m run

Endurance

> 2 min

Several complex pathways/cytos ol and mitochondria

Muscle and liver glucose and glycogen, muscle, blood and adipose lipids, muscle, blood and liver amino acids Free Powerpoint Templates

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Energy sources
Both power and speed events are considered nonoxidative, whereas endurance events are considered oxidative. Power events use the hydrolysis of highenergy phosphogens (that is, intracellular ATP and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and creatine phosphate), speed events use nonoxidative glycogenolysis and glycolysis and endurance events oxidatively metabolize carbohydrate, lipids and amino acids (for long-duration activities).

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Energy demand
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) divided into three categories : a. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) b. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) c. Physical activity (PA) Physical activity -> increases energy expenditure because of : the extra demands of cross-bridge cycling, ion pumping, hormone synthesis and heat production.

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Matching supply to demand


To match suppy to demand is almost instantaneous in terms of the magnitude of the response (i.e there is excellent matching between the kJ required and the kJ provided) but the blend of energy sources is skewed toward the rapidly activated local sources in the first few minutes of exercises. Much of the energy early in exercise derived from PCr and muscle glycogen in order to meet the energetic needs while the other systems are titrated into play.

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Matching supply to demand


As exercise continues, the supply of glucose derived from glycogen, blood glucose, adipose-derived fatty acids, intramyocellular fatty acids and amino acids is continually changing to meet demand

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Consequences of mismatching supply to demand


The consequences of mismatching the quantity of energy required results in fatique, or the inability to maintain the desired force output. For example, too much carbohydrate utilization will allow maintenance of a high exercise intensity but will cause rapid glycogen depletion and fatique. Too little carbohydrate utilization will spare precious glycogen reserves but, by forcing greater reliance of fatty acid oxidation, will constrain exercise to a relatively low intensity.

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Consequences of mismatching supply to demand


Therefore, the body systems designed to sense, integrate and deliver the appropriate energy to match demand, must be sensitive to the quality of the energy required as well as the quantity

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Factors that impact energy utilization


Factors to determine which type of fuel the muscles will use during exercise: Intensity of exercise Carbohydrate are the preferred fuel for high-intensity work High intensity short duration exercise (such as sprinting 400 m) relies on the glycolytic (lactic acid) pathway for the production of ATP.

Duration of exercise The persons training state The composition of diet

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Nutrient-yielding energy carbohydrate


Carbohydrate the main sources of energy during endurance exercise The major source of energy repetitive, high-intensity activities that utilize the anaerobic glycolytic energy system. Severely reduced carbohydrate stores, i.e muscle glycogen, liver glycogen and blood glucose, are closely associated with fatique and impaired in prolonged endurance tasks. Carbohydrate intake should be determined as an absolute amount based on the atheles body weight.

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Nutrient-yielding energy carbohydrate


The majority of carbohydrate intake should be from a variety of foods, particularly fruits, vegetables and whole grains. However, if carbohydrate intake needs are extreme, as with intense, prolonged training, consider the use of carbohydrate supplements.

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Nutrient-yielding energy fat


Energy sources for skeletal muscle metabolism are fats and carbohydrate Triacylglycerol represent the largest fuel reserves in the body, with most stored in adipose tissue and to a lesser extent, skeletal muscle and plasma. Triacylglycerol is energy substrate which is dependent not only on exercise intensity and duration but also modulated by other factors such as endurance training, diet, age and gender.

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Nutrient-yielding energy Protein


Of the three macronutrients that compose our food, protein is the most important and versatile. Endurance and power atheletes need more protein than the RDAs to maximum body composition and performances. The contribution that protein makes to energy metabolism depends on several variables, including the state of organism, the energy and macronutrient content the diet and level of physical activity.

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RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE (REE)


Knowledge of REE is most useful for athletes who are trying to lose or gain weight, since are REE accounts for a major portion or the daily energy expenditure. REE is not basal metabolic rate, or BMR. The BMR requires that the person have no additional physiologic or psycologic stimulation, such as digestion, excess temperature regulation, psychological tension, or any form of movement. REE is the energy expenditure required to maintain normal body function at rest.

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RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE (REE)


Athletes typically have a greater lean body mass or a greater proportion of lean mass to fat mass than non athletes. Lean body mass, or muscle mass, is a major contribution to REE. Another factors such as the size of the individual wil modify that relationship. Size is concerned with height for a given weight. Thus, if two individuals have the same body mass (weight), the taller persons will have a higher REE than the shorter person.

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RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE (REE)


Prolonged exposure to either temperature extremes can increase the REE. During acute cold exposure, REE can more than double, therefore high-technology clothing redures the direct effects of the cold or improves heat dissipation in the heat. Air conditioning of training facilities and competition areas reduces prolonged exposure to high temperature. The pattern of food intake can directly affect metabolic rate. The hormones thyroxin, epinephrine (adrenalin), and insulin increase REE.

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RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE (REE)


Athletes with high aerobic power are generally more successful at endurance sports than athletes with lower power. However, success in endurance sports is not totally dependent on aerobic power. If two endurance athletes have the same aerobic power, but one has a higher anaerobic threshold or is more economical in movement than the other, than there is a strong likelihood that the athlete with these latter traits will prevail. Some sports like recreational basketball, may require only slightly more than normal amounts of energy, while others, like competitive endurance cycling, or ultra-marathon running, can require an enormous amount of additional energy. Knowledge of the REE can then be combined with the estimated expenditure for lifestyle and eht exercise program to obtain of TDEE. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 20

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