STANDARD DESIGN OF DRAINAGE

BABO AIR PORT

1. RAINFALL DATA The observe data have been collect from meteorological station at Tanah Merah, Berau Bay, Irian Jaya, which is ongoing during the current project, since the end of March 1997.The meteorological station is installed on an exposed hill (elevation 44 m above mean sea level) to the southeast of Tanah Merah and comprises an anemometer mast, data longer enclosure, and instruments to measure other parameter of interest including air temperature and rainfall. The co-ordinates and height (M.S.L) of the meteorological station referenced to the WGS 84 spheroid and transverse Mercator (TM) projection area: WGS 84 Geographic Coordinates 2o 26 23.007 S 133o 08 11.781 E Height (M.S.L): 44.35 m Rainfall data were collected for period 1st April 1997 to 31st March 2001. The series of annual, 24 hourly and hourly rainfall data are shown on Figures 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Note that these data represent the total rainfall during the time periods, rather than mean data. The maximum, mean and minimum values of each dataset are given as follow. 1 hour 107.7 0.435 0 24 hour 278.13 9.67 0 Annual 4,219 3,597 2,829 TM Co-ordinates

626 370.211 mE 9 730 282.187 mN

Total Rainfall (mm)

Max Mean Min

2. RETURN PERIOD ANALYSIS A Weilbull distribution was used on return period analysis. The 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 and 100 years extreme value estimation for 1 hour, 24 hour max and annual rainfall (mm) is summarized as follow:

1 Hour Max 1 Hour Mean 1 Hour Min 24 Hour Max 24 Hour Mean 24 Hour Min Annual Max Annual Mean Annual Min

5 years 142 111 0 254 197 0 4,341 4,225 2,752

10 years 150 117 0 276 215 0 4,398 4,281 2,671

20 years 157 123 0 298 233 0 4,447 4,329 2,598

25 years 160 125 0 305 239 0 4,462 4,344 2,576

50 years 168 131 0 327 257 0 4,505 4,386 2,511

100 years 175 137 0 348 274 0 4,543 4,424 2,451

3. HYDROLOGY ANALYSIS Return Period The return period design is related to the risks, which is taken by the project and as a function of investment and the resulting effects. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recommends that for civil airports the drainage system should be designed for a storm whose probability of occurrence is once in 5 years. Regards to Department of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure the design of return period were based on the site of urban area according to the cathment area itself as illustrated in the table below: City Classification Metropolitan Big City Medium City Small City Town Return Period of Catchment Area (Ha) < 10 ha 10 100 Ha 100 500 Ha > 500 Ha 1-2 25 5 10 10 25 1-2 25 25 5 15 1-2 25 25 5 10 1-2 12 1-2 25 1 1 1 -

Base on the catchment area of the project which less than 500 Ha and classification of project site as medium city, the return period should be 5 year. Due to the safety reason i.e. to anticipate the acceleration of land use changing of catchment area the return period design as 10 year.

Time Concentration Tc = T 1 + T2 T1 = (2/3 x 3.28 x Lo nd/S)0.167

T2 = L / 60 V V = 72 (H/L)0.16 Where : Tc T1 T2 Lo L H Nd S V = time of concentration (minutes) = time inlet (minutes) = time flow (minutes) = length from the farest point area to the drainage (m) = length of drainage (m) = difference of height (m) = roughness of terrain = longitudinal slope area = average velocity on drainage (m/s)

Rainfall Intensity Maximum daily rainfall (24 hours) is used to determine the intensity of rainfall during the period of time of concentration. The rainfall intensity will be at the highest value, only the closest catchment area contributes to the flow. As the storm continues and the catchment area become bigger, the rainfall intensity will reduce. To account for this phenomenon, the concept of time concentration (tc) is used in conjunction with historical rainfall intensity data to develop the design rainfall intensity. The rainfall intensity is analyzed using Tanimoto-Bell equation and finalized using Ishiguro method.

Catchment Area Catchment area directly connects with the volume of discharge, which will be solved on this analysis report. Catchment area of this project is shown on the enclosed map drainage scheme.

Run off coefficient The run-off coefficient depends on antecedent storm conditions, slope and type of surface, and extent of the drainage area. The range value suggested by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is indicate as follow:

Table Runoff coefficient Type of surface For all watertight roof surfaces For asphalt runway pavements For concrete runway pavements For gravel or macadam pavements For impervious soil (heavy)* For impervious soil, with turf* For slightly pervious soil* For slightly pervious soil, with turf* For moderately pervious soils* For moderately pervious soils, with turf* * For slopes from 1 to 2 percent Run-off Discharge The method to consider flood discharge depends on the data available and characteristic of catchment area and also the use of flood analysis. The estimation on flood discharge used rational method, because there is no data about flood discharge in the project location and also the flood discharge needed is at the top only. Thus estimation shows flood discharge to any return period as the result. Q = 0.278 C I A Where: Q C I A = = = = design discharge (m3/s) run-off coefficient rainfall intensity (mm/hr) catchment area (km2) Coefficient 0.75 0.95 0.80 0.95 0.70 0.90 0.35 0.70 0.40 0.65 0.30 0.55 0.15 0.40 0.10 0.30 0.05 0.20 0.00 0.10

4. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS Hydraulic analysis is determined a hydraulic capacity (Qc) of drain. The drain shape is rectangle, made from concrete material. Design Velocity The velocity has limitation that depends on the space and the materials used. Table 6 Velocity Limitations

Kind of Canal Circular concrete Masonry Soil Freeboard

Flow Velocity (m/s) 0.75 3.00 1.00 3.00 0.60 0.90

The freeboard is determined as 15% of ditch height. Roughness Coefficient The basic equation used in design is the Mannings equation, which governs the normal uniform flow in open channels. The Mannings coefficient is the index of roughness and extensively listed in any standard book an open channel flow. Some common values of n often used in design of channels given below. Table Roughness Coefficient by Manning (n) Kind of Canal Concrete canal Boulder canal Soil canal Natural canal Drainage Capacity Hydraulic capacity of an open channel is defined as a perimeter area time velocity flow. Uniform flow velocity is defined using Mannings equation as follows: V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2 Where A P S N V R = A/P (m) Value N 0.015 0.025 0.030 0.045

= cross section area flow (m2) = wetted perimeter (m) = longitudinal slope = manning coefficient = flow velocity (m/s) Q=VA

Where

= drainage capacity (m3/s)

The resume of hydraulic analysis is shown in table 8. Froude Number

Froude Number (F) indicates the flow condition. The Froude design of flow on drainage system should be less than 1. F = V / gD Where F V g D = = = = Froude Number Flow velocity (m/s) gravity acceleration (m/s2) Hydraulic depth (m)

In condition of Froude number >1, the flow will not be a laminar flow. The energy dissipator should be design to avoid the damage.