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2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9.
f ( x ) = cot x ; f ( x ) = ( csc 2 x )
10. f ( x ) = x 2 cos x; f ( x ) = 2 x cos x x 2 sin x. 11. f ( x ) = 2 sin 3x + 3 cos 2 x; f ( x ) = (2 cos 3x )(3) (3 sin 2 x )(2) = 6(cos 3x sin 2 x ). 12. 2 cot 2 x + sec 3x; f '( x ) = [ 2 csc 2 2 x ]2 + [sec 3x tan 3x ]3 = 4 csc 2 2 x + 3 sec 3x tan 3x. 13. f ( x ) = x 2 cos 2 x; f ( x ) = 2 x cos 2 x + x 2 ( sin 2 x )(2) = 2 x (cos 2 x x sin 2 x ). 14. f ( x) = x sin x;
12 Trigonometric Functions 874
f ( x ) =
b g( x
1 2
1) 1/ 2 (2 x )
16. f ( x ) = csc( x 2 + 1); f ( x ) = csc( x 2 + 1) cot( x 2 + 1) 2 x = 2 x csc( x 2 + 1) cot( x 2 + 1). 17. f ( x ) = e x sec x f ( x ) = e x sec x + e x (sec x tan x ) = e x sec x (1 + tan x ). 18. f ( x ) = e x csc x f ( x ) = e x csc x + e x ( csc x cot x ) = e x csc x (1 + cot x ). 1 19. f ( x ) = x cos ; x 1 d 1 1 1 1 f ( x) = cos + x( sin 1 = cos x 2 sin x) x dx x x x x 1 1 1 1 1 1 = sin + x cos or cos + sin . x x x x x x 20. f ( x ) = x 2 sin 1 . x 1 1 1 1 1 f ( x ) = 2 x sin + x 2 cos 2 = 2 x sin cos . x x x x x
FG IJ FG IJ H KH K
21. f ( x ) =
x sin x 1 + cos x
875
12 Trigonometric Functions
f ( x ) = =
(1 + cos x )(1 cos x ) ( x sin x )( sin x ) (1 + cos x ) 2 x sin x 1 cos2 x + x sin x sin 2 x = . 2 (1 + cos x ) (1 + cos x ) 2
22. f ( x ) =
sin 2 x ; 1 + cos 3x (1 + cos x )(2 cos 2 x ) (sin 2 x )( 3 sin 3x ) f ( x ) = (1 + cos 3x ) 2 2 cos 2 x + 2 cos 2 x cos 3x + 3 sin 2 x sin 3x . = (1 + cos 3x ) 2 1 sec 2 x (tan x ) 1/ 2 sec 2 x = . 2 2 tan x
23. f ( x ) = tan x ; f ( x ) =
24. f ( x ) = cos x + sin x ; 1 cos x sin x f ( x ) = (cos x + sin x ) 1/ 2 ( sin x + cos x ) = . 2 2 cos x + sin x 25. f ( x ) = x cos x sin x sin x ; f ( x ) = . x x2
26. f ( x ) =
30. f ( x ) = e tan x + sec x f ( x ) = (sec 2 x + sec x tan x )e tan x + sec x . 31. f ( x ) = cot 2 x. f ( x ) = 2 csc 2 2 x. 2 Therefore, f = 2. 4 = sin 2 2
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bg
Then y 0 = 2( x 4 ), or y = 2 x + 2.
32. f ( x ) = e sec x ; f ( x ) = e sec x (sec x tan x ). Therefore, the slope of the tangent line is f
b g=
2e 2 .
= 2e 2 ( x 4 ).
33. f ( x ) = e x cos x. f ( x ) = e x cos x + e x ( sin x ) = e x (cos x sin x ). Setting f ( x ) = 0 gives cos x sin x = 0, or tan x = 1; that is, when 5 x= 4 , or 4 . From the following sign diagram for f
34. f ( x ) = x + sin x; f ( x ) = 1 + cos x; f ( x ) = sin x. Setting f ( x ) = 0, we obtain x = , 0, and . From the sign diagram for f
877
12 Trigonometric Functions
35.
36.
37.
38.
39. a. f ( x ) = sin x , f ( x ) = cos x , f ( x ) = sin x , f ( x ) = cos x , f ( 4 ) ( x ) = sin x , ... . f (0) = 0, f (0) = 1, f "(0) = 0, f (0) = 1, f ( 4 ) (0) = 0, ..., Therefore, f ( x ) = sin x = x b. lim
x 3 x5 x 7 + + 3! 5! 7 ! + ( 1) n +1 x 2 n +1 + (2n + 1)!
x2 x4 sin x = lim(1 + x0 x 0 x 3! 5!
) = 1.
LM N
OP Q
12 Trigonometric Functions
d i.
t
24 24
1000 cos = 0; that is, the 24 2 wolf population is not changing during the twelfth month. t p(t ) = 40,000 + 12,000 cos 24
d i](
) and P (12) =
( )](
t
24
d i
)
24
(12) and p(12) = 500sin 24 = 500 ; that is, the caribou population is decreasing at the rate of 1571/month.
2 t t t t 42. P(t ) = 20 + 12 sin 30 6 sin 15 + 4 sin 10 3 sin 15 . The rate of change of the price of the stock at the close of the t-th day of trading is t t t t 25 cos 15 + 25 cos 10 25 cos 215 . In particular, the rate of given by P (t ) = 25 cos 30 change of the price of the stock at the close of the fifteenth day of trading was given by P (15) = 25 (0) 25 ( 1) + 25 (0) 25 (1) = 0, or $0 per share per day. The closing price of the stock on that day was P(15) = 20 + 12(1) 6(0) + 4( 1) 3(0) = 28 , or $28 per share.
43. f (t ) = 3sin
2 2 2 (t 79) + 12. f (t ) = 3cos (t 79) i 365 365 365 6 0.05164. The number of hours of daylight is Therefore, f (79) = 365 increasing at the rate of 0.05 hrs per day on March 21. 44. H (t ) = 4.8 cos 6 ( t 10) d 6 ( t 10) = 4.8 6 cos 6 ( t 10) dt = 0.8 cos ( t 10 ). 6 3 5 Setting H (t ) = 0 gives 6 ( t 10) = 2 2 2 , t 10 = 3, 9, 15, Since 0 t 24, we see that the critical points of interest are t = 1, 7, 13, and 19. From the sign diagram of H , we see that H is increasing on (0,1) (7,13) (19, 24) and decreasing on (1, 7) (13, 19). The relative minima of H occur at (7, 2.8) and (19, 2.8) and the relative maxima of H occur at (1,12) and (1, 12) and (13, 12).
879 12 Trigonometric Functions
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45. T = 62 18 cos
36 46 + 2t sin . 365 365 46 + 2t Setting T = 0, we obtain = 0, 46 = 2 t , or t = 23, 365 46 + 2t = , 46 + 2 t = 365 , 2 t = 411 , or t = 2055 .. and 365 From the sign diagram shown below,
2 (t 23) . 365
T =
FG H
IJ K
we see that a minimum occurs at t = 23 and a maximum occurs at t = 205.5. We conclude that the warmest day is July 25th and the coldest day is January 23rd.
t t t 6 3 46. V (t ) = 56 (1 cos 2 ). We first compute V ( t ) = 5 (sin 2 )( 2 ) = 5 sin 2 . Setting V (t ) = 0 gives t = 0, 2, 4, 6, ..., as the critical point of V. Next, we compute V (t ) < 0, when t = 2, 6, 10, ... . We see, by virtue of the Second Derivative Test, that the volume of the inhaled air is at a maximum when t = 2, 6, 10, 14, ... . The maximum volume is given by 12 12 V (2) = V (6) = = 56 ( 2) = 5 , or 5 liters.
R (t ) =
t
4 3
sin
b g.
t
6
Setting R = 0, we obtain 6 = 0, and conclude that t = 0, t = 6, and t = 12. From the sign diagram for R
12 Trigonometric Functions
sec 2
1 d dy = and so dt 12,000 dt
dy = 480 and so dt
bg
gb g =
3 5
sin 2t .
3 t t 3 V (t ) = 5 cos Then 2 ( 2 ) = 10 cos 2 . Setting V (t ) = 0 gives t = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, ... , as critical points. Evaluating V (t ) at each of these points, we see that the rate of flow of air is at a maximum when t = 1, 5, 9, 13, ..., and it is at a minimum when t = 3, 7, 11, 15, ... .
y . Differentiating both x
sides of the equation with respect to t, d d y (tan ) = dt dt x dy dx x y d (sec 2 ) = dt 2 dt dt x When x = 12, we have 144 + y 2 = 400, or y = 256 = 16. Therefore, dx dy with x = 12, y = 16, = 5, and = 3.75 (see the solution to Exercise 60, dt dt
20 page 233), we find sec = and so 12
2 2
d 12 125 = = 0.3125. dt 20 144 So the angle is decreasing at the rate of 0.3125 rad/sec. y d 1 dy dy . Therefore, sec 2 = . We want to find when z = 30. 20 dt 20 dt dt 30 3 = . But when z = 30, y = 900 400 = 500 = 10 5, and sec = 20 2 Therefore, with d = rad/sec, we find dt 2 2 3 45 dy d 2 = 70.7 = 20 sec = 20 2 2 2 dt dt or 70.7 ft/sec. 51. tan =
FG IJ HK
52. tan =
h or h = 150 tan . Therefore, 150 dh = 150(sec 2 )d dh 150(sec 2 )d sec 2 = = d . h 150 tan tan
With =
and d = 0.01
= b g, we find dh h
4 ( 0.01) 0.024, 3 3
53. The area of the cross-section is 1 )(5cos )(5sin ) + 5(5sin ) A = (2)( 2 = 25(cos sin + sin ). dA = 25( sin 2 + cos2 + cos ) d = 25(cos2 1 + cos2 + cos )
= 25(2 cos2 + cos 1) = 25(2 cos 1)(cos + 1). dA 1 Setting = 0 gives cos = 2 or cos = 1, or = d
12 Trigonometric Functions 882
or . The absolute
maximum of A occurs at =
A 0
75 3 4
F 3 cos I . GH sin JK 3 L sin (sin ) ( 3 cos )(cos ) O S ( ) = b M PQ sin 2 N 3 L sin 3 cos + cos O 3b (1 3 cos ) = b M PQ = sin . sin 2 N
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Setting S ( ) = 0, gives
3 cos = 1, or cos =
1 . 3
55. Let f ( ) = 0.5 sin 1. then f ( ) = 1 0.5 cos and so Newton's Method leads to the iteration. f ( i ) 0.5 sin i 1 i 0.5 i cos i i + 0.5 sin i + 1 i +1 = i = i i = f ( i ) 1 0.5 cos i 1 0.5 cos i 1 + 0.5(sin i i cos i ) = . 1 0.5 cos i With
i = 15 . , we find 1 =
1 + 0.5(sin 15 . 15 . cos15 . ) 14456946 . = 14987 . . 1 0.5 cos15 . 0.9646314 14987 1 + 0.5(sin 14987 . . cos14987 . ) 14447225 . 2 = = 14987 . . 1 0.5 cos14987 . 0.9639831
56. c.
LM N
OP Q
dE = 0 gives d b b csc 2 = 4 csc cot 4 R r 4 1 cos r = cot = sin = cos 4 R csc sin r4 Therefore, = cos1 4 . R sin x sin 0 sin x . 57. True. Let f ( x) = sin x. Then f (0) = lim = lim x 0 x 0 x x sin x = 1. But f (0) = cos 0 = 1. So lim x 0 x
Setting
58. True. f ( x) = 1 cos x 0 on (, ) , and so f is nondecreasing on (, ) . 59. False. Take x = . Then f has a relative minimum if x = , but g does not have a relative maximum at x = . 60. True. We compute f ( x) = cos x sin x, and f ( x) = sin x cos x. Now, f ( x) < 0 on the interval 0, and so the graph of f is concave downward on 2 0, . 2 1 61. h( x ) = csc f ( x ) = . sin f ( x ) cos f ( x ) f ( x ) h( x ) = = csc f ( x ) cot f ( x ) f ( x ). sin 2 f ( x )
62. h( x ) = sec f ( x ) =
63. h( x ) = cot f ( x ) =
12 Trigonometric Functions
h( x ) = =
1 f ( x ) sin 2 f ( x )
= csc f ( x ) f ( x ).
64.
lim
cos h 1 cos h 1 cos h + 1 i = lim h0 h0 h h cos h + 1 = lim cos 2 h 1 (1 sin 2 h 1) = lim h 0 h(cos h + 1) h 0 h (cos h + 1) sin 2 h 1 sin h = lim sin h h 0 h(cos h + 1) h0 h cos h + 1
= lim
1 = (1) (0) = 0. 2
USING TECHNOLOGY EXERCISES 12.3, page 797
1. 1.2038 6. -0.6864
2. -2.3097
3. 0.7762
4. 0.4715
5. -0.2368
7. 0.8415; -0.2172
8. 0.6321; -0.7536
885
12 Trigonometric Functions
12. a.
13. a.
14. a.
b. The longest day occurs when t 170, or approximately June 20. The shortest day occurs when t 353, or approximately December 21. 15. 0.006 ft.
12 Trigonometric Functions
886