FM/FSK DEMODULATION One form of FM/FSK demodulator is shown below

is a fixed time delay such that the output is delayed or phase shifted by a time
compared to the input, i.e.

LPF is a low pass filter which effectively determines the average value of Vx. In general VIN (t) will be
VIN (t ) =Vc Cos IN t
2 f IN ) Where IN is the input frequency (rad/sec) ( IN =

IN will vary about a nominal frequency f c Hz as the carrier is frequency modulated.

Depending upon the type of modulation, i.e. analogue or digital, the input signal will be FM or FSK respectively. Analysing ,
V x =V IN ( t ) VIN ( t + ) V x =Vc Cos IN t .Vc Cos IN (t + ) Since CosA CosB = Vx = 1 [Cos( A + B ) +Cos( A B ) ] 2

Vc2 [Cos (IN ( t + ) +IN t ) +Cos (IN ( t + ) IN t ) ] 2

i.e 1

Vc2 [Cos (IN t +IN + IN t ) + Cos (IN t + IN IN t ) ] 2 V2 V x = c [Cos ( 2 IN + IN t ) + Cos (IN ) ] 2 Vx =

Thus there are two components

Vc2 Cos 2 IN t + (1) 2 2 Vc2 and Cos IN t ( 2) 2

Component (1) is at frequency 2 fIN Hz and component (2) is effectively a DC voltage if

[ (

) )]

IN is constant.
The cut-off frequency for the LPF is designed so that component (1) is removed and component (2) is passed to the output. i.e. VOUT = The Delay In order to determine the effect of the delay , the frequency modulator (V/F) is first considered.
Vc2 CosIN t 2

m(t) represents an analogue message signal

e.g . m(t ) = Vm Cos mt

d(t) represents a digital data signal i.e. d(t) = V1 in for 1s , d(t) = V0 in for 0s . The V/F characteristics and inputs are shown below Analogue FM 2

 fc = Vm y =m x +c f out = V IN + f 0 V IN = V DC +m(t ) V IN = V DC + Vm Cos mt i.e. f out = V DC +Vm Cos mt + f 0 fc= V DC , Tc = 1 fc

Modulation Index =

fc Vm = fm fm

is the frequency conversion factor, KHz/volt , (i.e. gradient of the characteristics)

The spectrum of the analogue FM signal depends on and is given by
FM = V s (t ) = Vc

J
n= 1

( ) Cos ( c +n m )t

Waveforms 3

Digital FSK

y =m x +c f out =V IN + f 0 V IN = V DC +m(t ) V IN = V DC +V1 V IN = V DC V0 for 1' s for 0' s for 1' s for 0' s

f 1 =V DC +V1 + f 0 f 0 =V DC V0 + f 0 f c =V DC , Tc = 1 fc

Normalized frequency Deviation ratio

h= f1 f 0 Rb i.e. Modulus f 1 f 0

The spectrum of FSK depends on h Waveforms

Consider again the output from the demodulator

Vc2 CosIN 2

VOUT =

2 f IN and f IN = f out from the demodulator IN =

i.e.
VOUT = Vc2 Cos 2 f IN 2

T The delay is set to c 4

where Tc =

1 and f c is the nominal carrier frequency, i.e. fc

delay is of the period of the nominal carrier frequency f c Hence

VOUT = Vc2 T Cos 2 f IN c 2 4
2 f IN Vc2 Cos 4f 2 c

Or

VOUT =

VOUT =

f IN Vc2 Cos 2 f 2 c

Where f IN is a frequency which varies around f C . Note if f IN is held constant, VOUT is a constant DC voltage. If f IN varies, VOUT varies. Plotting VOUT as function of f IN

f IN

VOUT

fc

fc

3 fc 2

Vc2 Vc2 Cos 0 = 2 2 2 2 Vc V2 1 Vc Cos Cos = 0.707 c = 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 Vc V Cos = c ( 0 ) = 0 2 2 2 2 Vc V2 3 Cos = 0.0707 c 2 2 4 Vc2 V2 Cos = c 2 2

2 fc

The curve shows the demodulator F/V characteristics which in this case is non linear.

The slope of the characteristics, K, the voltage conversion factor (volts/Hz) is not constant; it depends on the frequency input. A practical realization of this process, using digital logic gates gives linear characteristics. Practical Realization

This is form of delay and multiply circuit where the delay is set by C and R with

= CR
The comparator is LIMITER which is a zero crossing detector to give a digital input to the first gate. Considering the waveforms. 8

The low pass filters determines the average value of waveform E, with average given by
VOUT = E A Tc

(Peak x duty ratio)

{Assuming gain including LPF = A}

Consider now f IN f c

VOUT =

E A TIN

i.e.

VOUT =A E f IN

where =

Tc 1 = 4 4 fc

Hence we may also write

AE f IN 4 fc

VOUT =

In this case, f out is proportional to f IN with the constant of proportionality = AE =

AE 4 fc

Plotting Vout versus f IN (Assuming A=1) 10

{ Note if
SYSTEM

the LPF is an inverting op amp , the slope will be negative}

11