Chapter 22 Earth Science Review

1. The study of Earth’s composition, structure, and history is called ________________________

2. Forces that shape Earth’s surface can be divided into Two: __________________________(build) and
__________________________(break)
3. The two layers that make up the lithosphere are the _____________________&___________________
4. The three main layers of Earth’s interior are the
a. b. c.
5. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a crystal structure and a characteristic chemical composition is a
_______________________________
6. What is a mineral’s cleavage?
7. Rocks are classified as Name the Three classes
a. b. c.
8. Intense heat, intense pressure, or reactions with hot water can modify a pre-existing rock to form a(an)

9. A series of processes in which rocks are continuously changed from one type to another is called

10. What changes are involved when mud from a lake bottom turns into a sedimentary rock, then into a metamorphic
rock?

11. The hypothesis that the continents move slowly over Earth’s surface and once were joined into one
supercontinent is called ______________________________ _____________
12. Why was Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift originally rejected by geologists?

13. New ocean crust is formed along _______________________________________________

14. A subducting oceanic plate will do what _____________________ and forming a ______________

15. Plates slide pass each other, and crust is neither created nor destroyed at a ___________________________

16. What is a break in a rock mass along which movement occurs? ______________________________

17. Stress in Earth’s crust is caused by_________________________________ _________________

18. What is the name of the location within Earth where an earthquake begins? __________________________

19. P waves how do they Vibrate?

20. The amount of energy released by an earthquake is measured on the ________________________________

21. Geologists have inferred that Earth’s outer core is liquid because __________________________________
(what wave evidence)

22. The area where magma collects inside a volcano before an eruption is called _____________ _____________

23. What determines whether a volcano erupts quietly or explosively?

24. Volcanoes that erupt quietly have what type of magma?

25. Shield volcanoes are produced by what type of eruptions?

26. A steep-sided volcano formed entirely of ash and cinders is a

27. The study of the composition, structure, and the history of Earth is called ____________________.

28. The crust and upper mantle together form the ____________________.

29. The color of the powder a mineral leaves on an unglazed porcelain tile is called the mineral’s
____________________.

30. Igneous rocks that form at Earth’s surface are called ____________________ rocks.

31. The process by which oceanic plates sink into the mantle through a trench is called ____________________.

32. The sinking of dense slabs of lithosphere and ____________________ from within Earth drive the mantle
convection current.

33. A(An) ____________________ is a device that is used to detect and record seismic waves.

34. A(An) ____________________ is the bowl-shaped pit at the top of a volcano.

35. A(An) ____________________ volcano is created by alternating lava flows and explosive eruptions.

36. The type of sedimentary rock that forms when fragments of pre-existing rocks are cemented together is called
a(an) ____________________ rock.

37. Alfred Wegener proposed that a continent was formed by continental drift. This supercontinent was called
____________________.

38. Due to sea-floor spreading, the youngest rocks in the ocean floor are found near a(an)
_________________________.

39. Faults and folds are caused by ____________________. This is a force that squeezes rocks together, pulls
them apart, or pushes them in different directions.

40. The _________________________ scale is used to indicate the energy released by an earthquake.

41. Magma with a(an) ____________________ viscosity results in explosive volcanic eruptions.

42. Subduction occurs at ____________________ plate boundaries.

43. The seismic waves that compress and expand the ground are called ____________________ waves.

44. The mineral pyrite has a metallic ____________________.