REGULATION OF A THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR

(By Synchronous Impedance and MMF Method)

Aim: - To determine the regulation of a 3-phase alternator by

Synchronous Impedance and MMF Method.

Apparatus: S.No. 1. 2. 3. Meter Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Range 0-300V 0-10A 0-2A Type MI MI MC Quantity 1 1 1

Name Plate Details: Alternator KVA : Volts : Amps RPM : Extn. Volts : Amps Power Factor : 3.0 415 V : 4.2 A 1500 180 V : 2.5Amps 0.8 Induction motor KW/HP : Volts Amp RPM : 3.75/5 : 415 Volts : 7.6Amps 1420.

Lab In Charge EEE

HOD,

Circuit Diagrams: -

Lab In Charge EEE

HOD,

Theory: Synchronous Impedance Method: At any value of excitation, if Vsc is the open-circuit voltage, and Isc is the short-circuit current, then this value of excitation, the

Lab In Charge EEE

HOD,

synchronous impedance Zs calculated for unsaturated region of the saturation curve, is denoted as the unsaturated synchronous impedance. For the computation of regulation, unless saturation effect is otherwise corrected for, it is conventional to take Z s at such a value of excitation which causes rated current to flow in the armature during short-circuit test. Then, if OF1 is the excitation at which rated current flows in the armature under short-circuit conditions, and V 1 is the open-circuit voltage per phase corresponding to this excitation, the synchronous impedance Zs is given by Zs = (V1 / Rated armature current) ohms/phase. Also, if Ra is the effective resistance of armature per phase, then synchronous reactance Xs is given by Xs = (Zs) 2 (Ra) 2 ohms/ phase If V is the rated voltage of the machine, and the regulation is to be computed for load current I at a power factor angle (), the corresponding open circuit voltage Eo is Eo = V + IZs. And % regulation = Ampere-Turn (or MMF) Method: In this method, the data determined from open-circuit tests are utilized. From the above two tests the open-circuit and short-circuit characteristics are drawn. From the characteristics field current I f1 is determined to give rated voltage V on no load, neglecting armature resistance drop, and field current I f2 is determined to cause shortcircuit current, equal to full load current, on short circuit. On short circuit, the field excitation If 2 balances the impedance drop in addition to armature reaction on full load. But since Ra is usually very small and XL is also small for low voltage on short circuit, so impedance drop can be neglected. Hence pf on short circuit is almost zero lagging and the field amp-turns are used entirely to overcome the armature reaction. Therefore, If 2 gives demagnetizing amp-turns at full load. Now let the alternator supply full load current at a pf of cos . Draw OA representing If 1 to give full load rated voltage, V[or more exactly V+IRa Cos ] then draw AB at an angle (90 0 )representing If 2 to give full load current on short circuit; +ve sign for lagging pf and ve sing for leading pf. Now find field current I measuring OB, Which will give open-circuit If, measuring OB , which will give open-circuit EMF E0, which can be determined from OCC. Then percentage regulation can be determined from the relation, % Regulation
E0 V x100 V

E0 V x100 V

Lab In Charge EEE

HOD,

This method of determination of synchronous impedance is known as optimistic method since it gives values lower than actual values. The reason of it is that the excitation to overcome armature reaction is determined on unsaturated part of the saturated curve. a) For Unity PF

b) For Lagging PF

c) For Leading PF

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Connect the circuit for OCC as per Circuit Diagram Start the Induction Motor using stardelta Starter. Increase the excitation of the alternator in steps. Note down the field current and OC voltage in each step until 1.25 times the rated voltage. Connect the circuit for SCC as per the circuit Diagram. Start the Induction Motor using Starter. Increase the Excitation of the alternator in steps.

Lab In Charge EEE

HOD,

8. 9. 10.

Note down the field current and Short Circuit Current at each step until current reaches rated value. Measure the Armature resistance. Plot the SCC and OCC from the readings and calculate regulation both by synchronous impedance and MMF Methods.

Observation: OCC S.No. If VOC S.No. If SCC ISC

Model Calculations: From the OCC and SCC graphs, consider the field current If. The open circuit voltage corresponding to this field current is E1. When winding is short circuited terminal voltage is zero. Hence, it may be assumed that the whole of this voltage E1 is being used to circulate the armature shot circuit current I1 against the synchronous impedance ZS.
E 1 = I1 Z S E Z S = 1 I1
2 2 X S = ZS Ra

E 0 = ( V cos + IR a ) 2 + (V sin + IX S ) 2

Percentage regulation =
Model Graph: -

E0 V * 100 V

Lab In Charge EEE

HOD,

Result: -

Regulation of 3- alternator by synchronous method & MMF method are obtained.

Lab In Charge EEE

HOD,