MMP I-2 Interpretative S tatements MMPI-2 Interpretation: Implications of Score Elevations

TABLE 10. ? (Cannot Say) Score: Implications of Score Elevations Raw-Score Level High (30 & above) Usefulness of Profile Probably invalid Source of Elevation Severe reading problems or dyslexia Psychomotor retardation Confusion Defiance Indecision Mild reading problems Lack of experience Over-cautious or legalistic Idiosyncratic interpretation Interpretive Possibilities Severe depression Obsessional state

Moderate (11-29)

Questionable validity

Unfamiliarity with English language Paranoid mentation

Modal (2-10)

Probably valid (check content for selective omissions) Valid

Low (0-1)

TABLE 11. L (Lie) Scale: Implications of Score Elevations T-Score Level Very High (80 & above) High (70-79) Usefulness of Profile Probably invalid Questio nable validity Source of Elevation Faking-Good (Well Adjusted) Random responding Denial of faults Defensive set Interpretive Possibilities Test resistance or naivete Confusional state Repressive style Lacks insight Over-conventional & Conforming Moralistic Rigidly virtuous Comfortable with own self-image Over-emphasizing pathology Self-confident and independent Cynical, sarcastic

Moderate (60-69)

Probably valid

Modal (50-59) Low (49 & below)

Valid

Typical testtaking approach Plus-getting set All-True responding

Possibly Faking-Bad

TABLE 12. F (Infrequency) Scale: Implications of Score Elevations T-Score Level Very High (91 & above) Usefulness of Profile Probably invalid Source of Elevation Random Scoring errors Severe dyslexia Malingering Psychotic process All-True responding Interpretive Possibilities Uncooperat ive faking bad Test resistance Marginal reading ability Plea for help Adolescent identity crisis Confusional state Risk of aggressive acting-out Moody, restless, unstable Self-critical Agitated, distractible

High (71-90)

Questio nable validity

Moderate (56-70)

Probably valid

Desire to be unconventional Strong political or social, or religious commitments Lagging attention Extreme honesty in answering Agitation in midst of crisis A few deviant Beliefs

Modal (45-55)

Acceptable record

Well-functioning Typical testresponding Over-emphasizing pathology Self-confident and independent Cynical, sarcastic

Low (44 & below)

Acceptable record

Plus-getting set All-True responding

TABLE 13. K (Correction) Scale: Implications of Score Elevations T-Score Level High (71 &above) Source of Elevation Marked defensiveness Faking good All False responding Guardedness in employment situations Moderate defensiveness No acknowledgement of distress Balance between selfprotectiveness and self-disclosure Fake bad responding All True responding Plea for help Inadequate defenses Interpretive Possibilities Shy, inhibited, lacking emotional involvement Reliance on denial Lack of insight

Moderate (56-70)

Adaptive Self-reliant Unwilling to seek help Sufficient resources for intervention

Modal (41-55)

Low (40 & below)

Cynical, skeptical Panic state Poor self-concept Critical of self and others

TABLE 14. Scale 1 (Hs): Implications of Scale Elevations T-Score Level Very High (76 & above) Interpretive Possibilities Schizoid, bizarre bodily or so matic delusions Constricted, immobilized by multiple symptoms and complaints Over-reaction to any real problems Extreme self-centeredness and selfishness Bitter, cynical outlook, demanding Defeatist attitudes, pessimistic Exaggeration of physical problems Shifting, multiple complaints May have specific organic disorder Complaining, irritable, whining, immature Over-concern with personal health, dieting, weight, bodily functioning Little or no special concern about body or health Emotionally open and balanced Realistic and insightful May disregard signs or symptoms of illness Optimistic, energetic Capable, effective

High (66-75)

Moderate (56-65)

Modal (41-55)

Low (40 & below)

TABLE 15. Scale 2 (D): Implications of Scale Elevations T-Score Level Very High (76 & above) Interpretive Possibilities Withdrawn, overwhelmed with problems, hopelessness Guilt-ridden, feelings of unworthiness and inadequacy Preoccupied with death, suicide Despondent, slowed in thought and action Retiring, shy, remote, sad Lacking in energy, unable to concentrate, physical complaints, problems with sleeping Self-deprecating, low self-confidence, feelings of inadequacy Distressed, miserable, dysphoric Inhibited, irritable, timid, moody Discouraged, blue, unhappy dissat isfied with self or world Pessimistic, worrying Introverted, moralistic Responsible, modest Comfo rtable with self Stable, well-balanced Realistic Active, enthusiastic Cheerful, optimistic Lacking inhibition, under-controlled Socially out going Free of emotional turmoil, self-confident

High (66-75)

Moderate (56-65)

Modal (41-55)

Low (40 & below)

TABLE 16. Scale 3 (Hy): Implications of Scale Elevations T-Score Level Very High (76 & above) Interpretive Possibilities Highly suggestible Sudden anxiety and panic episodes Uninhibited Infantile tantrums Reacts to shame by developing physical symptoms Uses denial and dissociation Specific functional symptoms and complaints Naive, po or self-insight Demanding and histrionic Flirtatious Self-centered and superficial Immature and manipulative Conforming and moralistic Need to be liked, insecure Demonstrative and extroverted Realistic Open to feelings Logical, level-headed Cynical tough-minded Socially isolated and aloof Few interests

High (66-75)

Moderate (56-65)

Modal (41-55)

Low (40 & below)

TABLE 17. Scale 4 (Pd): Implications of Scale Elevations T-Score Level Very High (76 & above) Interpretive Possibilities Poor judgment Unstable Irresponsible Self-centered and immature Antisocial actions Aggressive or assaultive Poor tolerance of boredom or tedium Problems with authority Recurrent marital and work problems Rebellious and host ile Superficial emotional reactions (shame, guilt) Substance abuse History of underachievement Superficial relationships Impulsive and adventurous Hedonistic Resentful Unreliable and impatient Sociable Self-confident and assertive Imaginative and creative Sincere Trusting Persistent Responsible Conventional and rigid Unassertive and passive Moralistic Self-critical Over-controlled

High (66-75)

Moderate (56-65)

Modal (41-55)

Low (40 & below)

TABLE 18. Scale 5 (Mf): Implications of Scale Elevations Interpretive Possibilities Interpretive Possibilities Males Females -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Very High Traditional feminine Traditional masculine M (76 & above) interest pattern interest pattern F (70 & above) Conflicts over sexual Unfriendly identity Dominating Passive and effeminate Aggressive Insecure in assertiveness Homoerotic trends T-Score Level High M (66-75) F (60-69) Curious and creative Tolerance of others Individualistic Intellectual Interests Empathic Self-controlled Expressive and demonstrative Uses common sense Aesthetic interests Interpersonal sensitivity Practical Easy-going Realistic Conventional Traditional masculine interest pat tern Macho protest, crude and aggressive Reckless Few interests Action-oriented Self-confident Self-confident Logical Unemotional Competitive Vigorous Active Adventurous Spontaneous Assertive

Moderate M (56-65) F (51-59)

Modal M (41-55) F (41-50)

Empathic Capable Competent Easy-go ing Traditional feminine interest pattern Insecure and self- depreciative Passive and submissive Constricted Helplessness Dependent Self-pitying and complaining (see Note below)

Low M & F (40 & below)

Note: Graham (1987) indicates that these descriptors apply primarily to women of low to average education Women with above average education are more accurately described as: capable, conscientious, forceful intelligent, considerate, easy-going, insightful, and unprejudiced.

TABLE 19. Scale 6 (Pa): Implications of Scale Elevations T-Score Level Very High (76 & above) Interpretive Possibilities Thought disorder Mistaken beliefs Ideas of reference Vengeful and brooding May act upon delusions Angry and resentful Displaces blame and criticisms Hostile and suspicious Rigid and stubborn Misinterprets social situations Overly sensitive to slights and rejection Guarded in initial social contacts Moralistic and martyr-like Trusting until betrayed Hard-working Rational Clear-t hinking Cautious Flexible Balanced and cheerful Wary and evasive Stubborn Suggestive of paranoid disorder

High (66-75)

Moderate (56-65)

Modal (41-55)

Low (40 & below)

MMPI-2 Supplementary Scales TABLE 20. Scale 7 (Pt): Implications of Scale Elevations Interpretive Possibilities T-Score Level Very High (76 & above) Ruminating Rigid rituals Agitation Superstitious phobias Feelings of guilt Fearful Anxiety Depression Insecure and anxious Worrying and apprehensive Fears of failure Overly meticulous and indecisive Moralistic Tense and miserable Responsible and conscientious Intellectualizing Hard-working Orderly and perfectionistic Self-critical Introspective Punctual Reliable Trusting Adaptable Well-organized Self-confident Free of insecurities Relaxed and co mfortable Persistent and efficient

High (66-75)

Moderate (56-65)

Modal (41-55)

Low (40 & below)

TABLE 21. Scale 8 (Sc): Implications of Scale Elevations T-Score Level Very High (76 & above) Interpretive Possibilities Disordered t hinking Eccentric behaviors Delusional Socially seclusive Poor contact with reality Hallucinatory and autistic Unusual beliefs Bizarre actions Withdrawn and alienated Unconventional Self-doubting and identity confusion Difficulties in concentrating and t hinking Little interest in people Impractical Creative and imaginative High-strung Religious co ncerns Adaptable Dependable Well-balanced Conventional and conservative Self-controlled Submissive

High (66-75)

Moderate (56-65)

Modal (41-55)

Low (40 & below)

TABLE 22. Scale 9 (Ma): Implications of Scale Elevations T-Score Level Very High (76 & above) Interpretive Possibilities Expansive and grandiose Irritable Poor temper control Hyperactive and distractible Impulsive decisions Confusion Over-extended Excessive activity Euphoric Talkative Restless and labile Superficial involvements Impatient Gregarious and out going Poor tolerance of tedium Wide range of interests Hard-working and effect ive Achievement oriented Enterprising Sociable and friendly

High (66-75)

Moderate (56-65) Modal (41-55)

Responsible Realistic Enthusiastic Poised Apat hetic and pessimistic Easily fatigued Shy and dependent Lacking in energy Poor self-confidence Depressed

Low (40 & below)

TABLE 23. Scale 0 (Si): Implications of Scale Elevations T-Score Level Very High (76 & above) Interpretive Possibilities Aloof Insecure and indecisive Retiring Ruminative Introverted Withdrawn Shy and timid Lack of self-confidence Moody Submissive Rigid Reserved Self-effacing Overly-controlled Serious Cautious Socially inept Active Energetic Friendly Talkative Poised Warm Sociable and gregarious Self-confident and assertive Self-indulgent Exhibitionistic Manipulative

High (66-75)

Moderate (56-65)

Modal (41-55)

Low (40 & below)

Harris-Ling oes Su bscales In terpretative Sta tements Scale 2. Depression Dl/Subjective Depression Unhappy, low energy, sense of inferiority, low self-confidence, socially uneasy, few interests. D2/Psychomotor Retardation Low energy, immobilized, socially withdrawn, listles D3/Physical Malfunctioning Reports wide variety of physical symptoms, preoccupied with health, denial of good health. D4/Mental Dullness Low energy, pessimistic, little enjoyment of life; difficulties with concentration, attention, and memory; apathetic. D5/Brooding May feel as if he or she is losing control of his or her thoughts; broods, cries, ruminates, feels inferior, and is hypersensitive. Scale 3. Hysteria Hy1/Denial of Social Anxiety Extraverted, comfortable with social interaction, minimally influenced by social standards. Hy2/Need for Affection Strong needs for affection with fears that these needs will not be met, denies negative feelings toward others. Hy3/Lassitude-Malaise Subjective, discomfort, poor health, fatigued, poor co ncentration, insomnia, unhappiness. Hy4/Somatic Complaints Wide variety of physical complaints, denial of hostility towards others. Hy 5/Inhibition of Aggression Denial of hostility and anger, interpersonally hypersensitive. Scale 4. Psychopathic Deviate Pd1/Familial Discord Family that was critical, unsupportive, and interfered with independence. Pd2/Authority Conflict Rebellion against societal rules, beliefs of right/wrong that disregard societal norms, legal/academic difficulties. PdS/Social Imperturbability Opinionated, socially confident, outspoken. Pd4/Social Alienation Isolated from others, feels poorly understood. PdS/Self-Alienation Unhappy with self, guilt and regret regarding past behavior. Scale 6. Paranoia Pal/Persecutory Ideas Perceives world as dangerous, feels poorly understood, distrustful. Pa1/Poignancy Feels lonely, tense, hypersensitive, possibly high sensation-seeking.

Scale 6. Paranoia (cont.) Pa2/Naivete Overly optimistic, extremely high moral standards, denial of hostility. Scale 8. Schizophrenia Scl/Social Alienation Feels unloved, mistreated, and possibly persecuted. Sc2/Emotional Alienation Depression, fear, possible suicidal wishes. Sc3/Lack of Ego Mastery, Cognitive Strange thought s, sense of unreality, poor co ncentration and memory, loss of mental control. Sc4/Lack of Ego Mastery, Conative Depressed, worried, fantasy withdrawal, life is too difficult, possible suicidal wishes. Sc5/Lack of Ego Mastery, Defective Inhibition Sense of losing control of impulses and feelings, labile, hyperactive, cannot control or recall certain behaviors. Sc6/Bizarre Sensory Experiences Hallucinations, peculiar sensory and motor experiences. Experiences strange thoughts, delusions. Scale 9. Hypomania Mal/Amorality Selfish, poor co nscience, manipulative; justifies amoral behavior by believing others are selfish and opportunistic. Ma2/Psychomotor Acceleration Restless, hyperactive, accelerated thoughts and behaviors. Seeks excitement to reduce boredom. Ma3/lmperturbability Unaffected by concerns and opinions of others, denies feeling socially anxious. Ma4/Ego Inflation Unrealistic perception of abilities, resentful of demands placed on himself or herself. Scale 0. Social Introversion (Note: The Social Introversion subscales are scored on the MMP1-2 Supplementary Scales Profile sheet.) Sil/Shyness Easily embarrassed, reluctant to initiate relationships, so cially uncomfortable, shy. Si2/Social Avoidance Dislike and avoidance of group activities, parties, social activities. Si3/Self/Other Alienation Poor self-esteem, self-critical, low self-confidence, sense of ineffectiveness.

MMPI-2 Supplementary Scales Interpretative S tatements A/Anxiety High scores indicate that the person is upset, shy, retiring, insecure, has low selfconfidence. is inhibited, uncertain, hesitant, conforming, under stress, and has extreme difficulty making decisions. Low scores indicate that the individual is extraverted. secure, relaxed, energetic, competitive, and generally has an absence of emotional difficulties. R/Repression High scorers tend to be submissive, over-controlled, slow, clear thinking, conventional, formal, cautious, use denial and rationalization, and go to great lengths to avoid unpleasant interpersonal situations. Low scorers are likely to be dominant, enthusiastic, excitable. impulsive, self-indulgent, outspoken, and achievement oriented. Esl/Ego Strength This scale assesses the degree to which a client is likely to benefit from psychot herapy. Specific to predicting the response of neurotic patients to insight-oriented therapy: Not useful for other types of patients or other kinds of treatments. High scores suggest these persons can benefit from psychotherapy because they are likely to be adaptable and possess personal resources, have good reality contact, are tolerant, balanced, alert, have a secure sense of reality, will seek help in situational difficulties, possess strongly developed interests, are persistent, can deal effectively with others, have a sense of personal adequacy. can easily gain social acceptance, and have good physical health. Low scores reflect general maladjustment. These people are likely to have low self-esteem, a poor self-concept, lack personal resources, feel insecure, be rigid and moralistic, have chronic physical problems, possess fears and phobias, are confused and helpless, have chronic fatigue, may he withdrawn and seclusive, inhibited, have personality rather than situational problems and poor work histories, and will. therefore, have difficulty benefitting from psychotherapy. MAC-R/MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised The potential to become involved in alcohol use is assessed rather than current alcohol use. The scale has difficulty differentiating alcohol abusei's from other substance abusers. High scores on the MAC-R scale primarily surest actual or potential substance abuse but may also suggest extraversion, affiliation, confidence, assertiveness. risk taking, sensation seeking, past school behavior problems, the possibility of having experienced blackouts, and possible difficulties with concentration. Low scores are not only a contraindication of substance abuse, but also may suggest introversion, conformity, and low self-confidence. If low scores in a known substance abuser do occur, this suggests that the abuse is based more on psychological disturbance than typical addictive processes. Recommended raw score cutoff to indicate the initial point of drug and/or alcohol problems. Males = 26 to 28; Females = 23 to 25.

MAC-R/MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised Not particularly effective with African Americans and other non-Caucasian respondents for detection of alcohol abuse. High scorers are likely to be extraverted, impulsive risk takers who will benefit from a grouporiented, confrontive treatment approach. Low scorers are more likely to be introverted, withdrawn, depressed risk avoiders who will be more likely to benefit from a supportive and relatively non-confrontational treatment appro ach. AAS/Addiction Acknowledgment Scale Most sensitive MMPI-2 scale for detecting substance abuse. High scores suggest a conscious awareness of and willingness to share information related to drug and/or alcohol-related problems. Low scores merely clarify that the person has not acknowledged these problems (there is still the possibility that they do have drug and/or alcohol-related difficulties). APS/Addiction Potential Scale Does not necessarily measure the extent of current use but more the potential for developing such problems. If the APS (or MAC-R) is used to identify perso ns who are actually abusing substances, it is likely to result in a high number of false positives. Measures same factors as the MAC-R as or more effectively. High scores indicate that the person has a considerable number of lifestyle and personality factors consistent with those who abuse alcohol and/or drugs. If the person scores in the normal-to-low range but history reveals that they have a drug and/or alcohol problem, t his problem is probably based primarily on psychological maladjustment (drug/alcohol use as self-medication) rather than a typical addictive pattern (harmful habits, peer group issues, physiological impact of the drug). MDS/Marital Distress Scale More specifically related to marital difficulties than the FAM content scale or Scale 4 (both of which assess relationship difficulties not necessarily specific to marriage). MDS should be interpreted only for persons who are married, separated, or divorced. High scores indicate the person is experiencing marital distress.

0-H/Overcontrolled Hostility Scale Most useful in understanding past behavior rather than predicting the likelihood of future hostility. High scores suggest that the person is emotionally constricted, bottles up anger, and may overreact, possibly becoming physically or verbally aggressive: the aggressiveness usually occurs as rare incidents in a person who is otherwise extremely well controlled. Some persons who score high are not actively struggling to co ntrol dangero us host ility but are very well controlled and highly socialized. The scale is more directly a measure of persons who deny aggressive actions and are somewhat constricted. Initially in therapy, individuals might seem superficial and lacking in affect. Do/Dominance Useful and frequently used in personnel selection (e.g.. police officer selection). Elevations indicate that the individual is self-confident, realistic, task oriented, feels a sense of duty toward others: is competent to solve problems, socially dominant, po ised, and self-assured in working with groups; takes the initiative in relationships, possesses strong opinions, perseveres at tasks, and has a good ability to concentrate Re/Responsibility High scores suggest that the individual po ssesses high standards, a strong sense of justice and fairness, strong (even rigid) adherence to values, is self-confident. dependable, trustworthy: the scale is a general index of positive personality characteristics; often useful in personnel screening. Mt/College Maladjustment High scores indicate general maladjustment among college students; they are likely to be worried, anxious, and procrastinate: they are pessimistic. ineffectual, somatize stress, and feel that, much of the time, life is a strain. GM/Masculine Gender Rule This is still an experimental scale in need of further research.

Both Males and Females High - Likely to be self-confident, deny feeling afraid or worried, and be persistent in pursuing their goals. Females High: Likely to be honest, unworried. and have a willingness to explore new things High on GM & Low on Gf - Stereotypic male interests and orientations: High on both GM and Gf suggest androgyny (the person has both masculine and feminine characteristics) Low on GM along & High on GF suggest stereotypic feminine interests and orientation Low on both GM and Gf suggest an undifferentiated masculine/feminine orientation:

GF/Feminine Gender Role This is still an experimental scale in need of further research. High scores suggest the endorsement of stereotypically feminine interests and orientations. May also suggest religiosity and possibly abuse of alcohol and/or nonprescription drugs. Males High: May be hypercritical, express religiosity, avoid swearing but act bossy, and have a difficult time controlling their temper. PK/Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale The scale does not determine that trauma has actually occurred but indicates that the symptoms reported are consistent with persons exposed to traumatic events. The existence of a trauma still needs to be determined through other means. High scores indicate emotional distress, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, guilt, loss ot control over thinking, a feeling of being misunderstood and mistreated by others. PS/Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale An experimental scale under development.

MMPI-A Supplementary Scales Interpretative S tatements MAC-R/MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale High scores suggest that the person is similar to others who have alcohol or drug problems; dominant, assertive, egocentric, self-indulgent, impulsive, unconventional: risk taker and sensation seeker: increased possibility of conduct disorder and legal difficulties. Low scores suggest that the person is dependent, conservative, avoids sensation-seeking activities, is over-controlled and indecisive. ACK/Alcohol Drug Acknowledgment Scale Persons who score high have a conscious awareness of and willingness to admit to alcohol- and/or drug-related problems: includes problem use, reliance on alcohol to cope or as a means of freely expressing feelings, harmful substance abuse habits: friends or acquaintances may tell them that they have alcohol and/or drug problems: they may get into fights while drinking. PRO/Alcohol Drug Proneness Scale A high score suggests that the person is prone to developing drug- and/or alcohol-related problems, school and home behavior problems. No obvious items related to drugs and alcohol are included on the scale; therefore, the scale measures personality and lifestyle patterns more consistent with alcohol- and drug-related problems. The scale does not so much measure current alcohol or drug use patterns although they may still be present.

MMPI-A Supplementary Scales Interpretative S tatements (cont.) IMM/Immaturity Scale High scorers are unt rustworthy, undepcndable, boisterous: quickly become angry, are easily frustrated, may tease or bully others; are resistant, defiant, and arc likely to have a background of school and interpersonal difficulties.

MMP I-2 Conten t Scales Inte rpretative State ments ANX (Anxiety). High scorers o n ANX report general symptoms of anxiety including tension, somatic problems (such as heart pounding and shortness of breath), sleep difficulties, worries, and poor co ncentration. They fear losing their minds, find life a strain, and have difficulty making decisions. They appear to be aware of these symptoms and problems, and freely admit to having them. FRS (Fears). A high score on FRS indicates an individual with many specific fears. These include the sight of blood; high places; money; animals such as snakes, mice, or spiders; leaving home; fire; storms and natural disasters; water; the dark; being indoors; and dirt. OBS (Obsessiveness). High scorers on OBS have great difficulty making decisions and are likely to ruminate excessively about issues and problems, causing others to become impatient. Having to make changes distresses them, and they may report some compulsive behaviors like counting or saving unimportant things. They are excessive worriers who are frequently overwhelmed by their own thoughts. DEP (Depression). High scores on this scale characterize individuals with significant depressive thoughts. They report feeling blue, uncertain about their future, and uninterested in their lives. They are likelv to brood, be unhappy, cry easily, and feel hopeless and empty. They may report thoughts of suicide or wishes that they were dead. They may believe they are condemned or have committed unpardonable sins. Other people may not be viewed as sources of support. HEA (Health Concerns). Individuals with high scores on HEA report many physical symptoms across several body systems. Included are gastro-intestinal symptoms (such as constipation, nausea and vomiting, stomach trouble), neurological problems (convulsions, dizzy and fainting spells, paralysis), sensory problems (poor hearing or eyesight), cardiovascular symptoms (heart or chest pains), skin problems, pain (headaches, neck aches), and respiratory trouble (coughs, hay fever, asthma). These individuals worry about their health and feel sicker than the average person.

MMP I-2 Conten t Scales Inte rpretative State ments (cont.) BIZ (Bizarre Mentation). Psychotic thought processes characterize individuals high on the BIZ scale. They may report auditory, visual, or olfactory hallucinations and may recognize that their thought s are st range and peculiar. Paranoid ideation (such as the belief that they are being plotted against or that someone is trying to poison them) may be reported as well. These individuals may feel they have a special mission or special powers. ANG (Anger). High scores on the ANG scale suggest anger-control problems. These individuals report being irritable, grouchy, impatient, hotheaded, annoyed, and stubborn. They sometimes feel like swearing or smashing things. They may lose self-control and report having been physically abusive toward people and objects. CYN (Cynicism). Misanthropic beliefs characterize high scorers on CYN. They expect hidden, negative motives behind the acts of others for example, believing that most people are honest simply because they fear being caught. Other people are to be distrusted, because people use each other and are friendly only for selfish reasons. They are likely to hold negative attitudes toward those close to them, including fellow workers, family, and friends. ASP (Antisocial Practices). In addition to having misanthropic attitudes similar to those of high scorers on the CYN scale, high scorers on the ASP scale report problem behaviors during their school years and antisocial practices such as being in trouble with the law, stealing, or shoplifting. Thev report sometimes enjoying the antics o f criminals, and even if not explicitly endorsing unlawful conduct, they believe it is all right to get around the law. TPA (Type A). High scorers on TPA are hard-driving, fast-moving, and work-oriented individuals who frequently become impatient, irritable, and annoyed. They do not like to wait or be interrupted. There is never enough time in a day for them to complete their tasks. They are direct and may be overbearing in their relationships with others. LSE (Low Self-Esteem). High scores on LSE characterize individuals with low opinions of them-selves. They do not believe that they are liked by others or that they are important. They hold many negative attitudes about themselves, including thinking they are unattractive, awkward and clumsy, useless, and a burden to others. They clearly lack self-confidence and find it hard to accept compliments. They may be overwhelmed by all the faults they see in themselves. SOD (Social Discomfort). SOD high scorers are very uneasy around o thers, preferring to be by themselves. When in social situations, they are likely to sit alone rather than joining in the group. They see themselves as shy and dislike parties and other group events. FAM (Family Problems). Considerable family discord is reported by high scorers on FAM. Their families are described as lacking love, quarrelsome, and unpleasant . They may even report hating members of their families. Their childhood may be portrayed as abusive, and their marriages as unhappy and lacking in affection.

MMP I-2 Conten t Scales Inte rpretative State ments (cont.) WRK (Work Interference). A high score on WRK is indicative of behaviors or attitudes likely to contribute to poor work performance. Some of the problems relate to low self-confidence, concentration difficulties, obsessiveness, tension and pressure, and decision-making problems. Others suggest lack of family support for their career choice, personal questioning of career choice, and negative attitudes toward co-workers. TRT (Negative Treatment Indicators). High scores on TRT indicate individuals with negative attitudes toward doctors and mental-health treatment. High scorers do not believe that anyone can problems they are not comfortable discussing with anyone. They may not want to change anything in their lives, nor do they feel that change is possible. They prefer giving up to facing a crisis or difficulty. PSY-5 Scales Interpretative Sta tements Harkness and McNulty developed a mode! for assessing psychopathology based on the "Big Five" model of personality. They Selected items from the MMPI-2 item pool that matched their model and developed five scales: Aggressiveness (AGGR), Psychoticism (PSYC), Disconstraint (DISC), Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism (NEGE), and Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality (INTR). An extended description of these constructs, the scale development process, psychometric properties, validity evidence, and guidelines for interpretation is given in Harkness, McNulty, Ben-Porath, and Graham (2002). Aggressiveness (AGGR) PSY-5 Aggressiveness focuses on offensive and instrumental aggression. Persons high on PSY-5 Aggressiveness may enjoy intimidating others and may use aggression as a tool to accomplish goals. PSY-5 Aggressiveness does not emphasize defensive or reactive aggression. Interpersonally, high PSY-5 Aggressiveness is linked with dominance and hate. Psychoticism (PSYC) PSY-5 Psychoticism assesses disconnection from reality. Unshared beliefs, as well as unusual sensory and perceptual experiences, are examples of disconnection. Alienated and unrealistic expectation of harm is also assessed. Persons with high Psychoticism scores tend to have a higher probability of delusions of reference, thinking that is disorganized, bizarre, disoriented, circumstantial, or tangential. PSY-5 Psychoticism is a phenotype, not linked to any specific etiology. It is important to distinguish these PSY-5 Psychoticism concepts from the use of the term by Hans Eysenck, whose concept was linked more to criminality and antisocial behavior.

PSY-5 Scales Interpretative Sta tements (cont.) Disconstraint (DISC) Persons with high scores on PSY-5 Disconstraint tend to be more risk taking, impulsive, and less t raditional. They have a slight tendency to prefer romantic partners who have the same features. They tend to be easily bored with routine. Tellegen's (1982) Constraint concept was the antecedent to identifying PSY-5 Disconstraint in the structure of normal perso nality and personality psychopathology markers (Harkness & McNulty, 1994). This pattern of behavioral disinhibition has been further described by Watson and dark (1993). Although Zuckerman's (1994) Sensation Seeking Scale bears a different label and research tradition, empirical correlations suggest significant overlap in personality individual differences tapped by measures of disconstraint and sensation seeking (McNulty, Harkness, & Ben-Porath, 1998). Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism (NEGE) Common feat ures of elevated Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism are focusing on problematic aspect s of incoming information, worrying, being self-critical, feeling guilty, and concocting worst-case scenarios. The personality disposition to experience negative affects and emotions was articulated by Tellegen (1982) and further described in Watson and dark's (1984) landmark review. Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality (INTR) Patients with PSY-5 Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality experience little joy or positive engagement. Although linked with the corresponding social dimension of Introversion versus Extroversion, Tellegen (1982, 1985) and Watson and dark (1997) argued persuasively that the core of the individual differences dimension is the affective disposition. The scale name emphasizes the link between these two dimensions.