Introduction to UMTS

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Objectives
After completing this module, the participant should be able to:

List at least three significant events in the evolution of CDMA

networks

List the four main network subsystems of 3G Explain how existing GSM networks support 3G Name the four basic air interface access technologies List at least three key benefits of WCDMA and identify at least
three advantages of 3G networks for both the operator and the enduser

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List at least 3 significant events in the evolution of CDMA networks List the 4 main network subsystems of UMTS Release 3 Explain how existing GSM networks have evolved to support additional services and new technologies Name the four basic Air interface access technologies List at least 3 key benefits of WCDMA and identify at least 3 advantages of 3G networks for both the operator and the end user

Significant events in (W)CDMA evolution

1900 1906 1948 1949 1956

First human voice transmission (Reginald Fessenden) First radio broadcast (Fessenden) John Pierce describes CDMA Multiplexing Claude Shannon & John Pierce describe major CDMA effects "Antimultipath" RAKE receiver patented

Where was CDMA first used?

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Significant events in (W)CDMA evolution

1970s

CDMA used in several military communication and navigation systems Why was CDMA implemented for military use?

1980s

Studies for narrowband CDMA for commercial mobile networks Studies for wideband (~5 systems

1990s

MHz) CDMA for mobile cellular

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Significant events in (W)CDMA evolution

1993 1996 1997 1998 USA used CDMA standardised in 2nd generation UMTS forum established ITU requests proposals for candidate radio transmission technologies for IMT-2000 radio interface ITU receives 10 proposals for terrestrial RTTs and 5 for satellite RTTs including: - CDMA2000 (USA) - ARIB W-CDMA (Japan) - UTRA (Europe)
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Significant events in (W)CDMA evolution

1998 1999 1999 2003

3GPP formed to develop of a joint 3G system based on evolved GSM core and UTRA air interface ETSI starts UMTS project 4 UMTS licenses awarded in Finland (beauty contest, January) Commercial use of WCDMA network

2005

First commercial launch of HSDPA network

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Requirements of 3G systems
Bit rates up to 2Mbps Variable bit rate to offer bandwidth on demand Multiplexing of different QoS services on a single connection Support range of delay requirements from real-time to best-effort traffics Quality requirements from 10% frame error rate to 10-6 bit error rate Co-existence of 2G and 3G systems and inter-system handovers for coverage enhancements and load balancing Support of asymmetric uplink and downlink traffic High spectrum efficiency Co-existence of FDD and TDD modes

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Keywords 1G 2G 3G Vision slide

Network evolution
HW/SW Changes HLR & AC & EIR
IP Networks

BTS

BSC

TCSM

MSC&VLR

PSTN ISDN

BTS

BSC

TCSM

Value Added Service Platform(s): SMSC, VMS

SGSN TRX Change & Transmission Upgrade

IN

GGSN
IP Networks

BTS

RNC

MGW

3G-SGSN

GPRS adds improved data services with a new witched backbone Where GPRS is added to existing networks toPackets support Packed Data UMTS Data Even Higher Rates Rel'3; at GSM data the in network new start, rates GSM BTS, VAS are is Radio obtained increased made (value Network from added by by 3 introducing implementation Sub-Systems services) Controller, were EDGE Media (BSS, part of inFeatures Gateway, the NSS of GSM GSM and like networks OSS) network 3G-SGSN HSCSD INA was introduced for new and differentiation (e.g. Pre-Paid) SGSN andservices GGSN are two main elements
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Specification Bodies

OHG

UMTS
3G.IP

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UMTS :Universal Mobile Telecommunications System OHG : Operator Harmonisation Group 3GPP : 3G Partnership Project www.3gpp.org V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials

International Mobile Telephone - 2000

ork for Framew

3G Syst

ems

IMT-2000 radio interface options

CDMA
Direct Spread
(on paired frequency spectrum)

TDMA
Time Code
(on unpaired frequency spectrum)

FDMA
Time Code
(on unpaired frequency spectrum)

Multi Carrier
(on paired frequency spectrum)

Single Carrier
(on paired frequency spectrum)

3G systems
cdma2000 UWC-136 (EDGE) TDD mode (DECT)

FDD mode
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UMTS

Vision of UMTS Specification

Worldwide specified Clear added value to GSM and backward compatible with GSM/ISDN Full support for multimedia and advanced services Generic radio access Services must not be limited by the network capability.

UMTS Release 99

new radio interface solution more efficient more flexible

network evolution enhanced GSM core network enhanced service infrastructure

WCDMA FDD-mode TDD-mode

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Keywords 1G 2G 3G Vision slide

3GPP Specifications
Release 99
Compatibility with GSM

Inter-operability Services

UTRAN specifications, including WCDMA air interface (Uu) Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) CAMEL Phase 3

Release 4
mainly specifies All-IP core network Bearer Independent Core Network: call control and bearer control in separate network elements PS-Domain Handover for real-time services Tandem-Free and Transcoder-Free Operations

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3GPP Specifications
Release 5
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS) Low Chip Rate TDD Wideband Adaptative Multirate Codec GERAN/UTRAN Interface Evolution CAMEL Phase 4 Frequency bands: UMTS1800 and UMTS1900

Release 6
Beamforming Enhancements Remote Control of electrical antenna tilting IMS Phase 2 WLAN/UMTS interworking Network Assisted Cell Change from UTRAN to GERAN Frequency bands: UMTS850, UMTS800, UMTS1.7/2.1GHz

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3G globally

Europe: GSM, EDGE, WCDMA

China: GSM, EDGE, WCDMA Japan: WCDMA

Americas: GSM, EDGE, IS-136, WCDMA

Korea: WCDMA SEAP: GSM, EDGE, WCDMA

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The subsystems of UMTS

ATM WCDMA

Service Service Platform Platform

Iu

Uu

UE UE
UE = User Equipment RAN = Radio Acces Network CN = Core Network NMS = Network Management System

RAN RAN

CN CN
O&M

NMS NMS

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Keywords GENERIC AIR INTERFACE - Radio part of the network functionally separated from the rest of the network (RAN vs. CN) Open interfaces (Uu, Iu, O&M plus others (target)). Subsystems (Big picture)

3G network management layers

Communication Management (CM) Session Management (SM) Mobility Management (MM)
Radio Resource Management (RRM)

Higher layer functions: Service-related Charging of a Bearer Circuit/Packet-switched session management: PDP Context Activation CS-call Setup Bearer Need etc.

UE

RAN

CN

Control of Radio Resources Admission Control Code Allocation Power Control Handover Control and Macro Diversity
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Managed mainly by CN domains Location Update Location Registration Paging Security Positioning etc.

Keywords: RRM MM - RNC takes larger responsibility, positioning services, paging, handover, etc. SM - call control CM - Communication management - higher layer functions (Suppl Serv, SMS, Call control, etc.)

3G Access Rate targets

3G Radio Access

Pedestrian & Office (<10 km/h): bit rate <= 2 Mb/s

Outdoor (< 150 km/h): bit rate 384 kb/s, target 512 kb/s

Outdoor (<250 km/h): bit rate 144 kb/s, preferably more

Environment Rural Outdoor (Speed < 250 km/h) Urban/Suburban (Speed < 150 km/h)

RT Service Peak Rate (Delay fixed 20 300 ms) 144 384 kb/s 384 512 kb/s

NRT Service Peak Rate (Delay varies 20 300 ms) 144 384 kb/s 384 512 kb/s - 2 Mb/s (Special conditions)

Indoor/Low Range Outdoor - 2 Mb/s (Speed < 10 km/h) (Special conditions)

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Key words Bit rate vs Speed -> maximum showed (theoretical maximum especially for indoor solutions). RT - fixed delay NRT - variable delay

FDD and TDD

Duplex Transmission

Frequency Division Duplex

e tim

Time Division Duplex

tim e
Uplink Downlink Uplink

Up lin k

lin k

Downlink Uplink Downlink

Do wn

frequency
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frequency

There are two basic formats used in radio communication, analog and digital. The difference between the analog format and the digital format is that using analog, a persons voice signal is transmitted over the air, while the digital format uses a string of 1s and 0s to represent the voice signal. If someone were to lock on to the frequency used for an analog conversation they could actually hear the users voices. In the digital format the observer would need to decode the 1s and 0s before hearing the conversation.

4 Basic Air Interface Access Technology FDMA SDMA TDMA CDMA

(Frequency Division Multiple Access)

(Space Division Multiple Access)

(Time Division Multiple Access)

(Code Division Multiple Access)

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The difference between analogue and digital

Analogue

So you see bla, bla, bla, yada, yada 110000110101100011101110001

Digital

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There are two basic formats used in radio communication, analog and digital. The difference between the analog format and the digital format is that using analog, a persons voice signal is transmitted over the air, while the digital format uses a string of 1s and 0s to represent the voice signal. If someone were to lock on to the frequency used for an analog conversation they could actually hear the users voices. In the digital format the observer would need to decode the 1s and 0s before hearing the conversation.

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

20 to 50 miles

lines to switching center

High power Lower Frequency

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The idea behind Frequency Division Multiple Access: The frequency range is broken down into unique bandwidths and distributed to the users. FDMA is used in cellular communications One frequency to speak on and one to listen on Thus we have duplex communications. That way multiple users can operate in a particular frequency spectrum.

With FDMA, the users transmit simultaneously using separate frequencies

tim e m ob i m ob i m ob i le ph m on ob e3 ile ph on e4 1 ho ne le p le p ho ne 2

frequency carrier band

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Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

Disadvantages with FDMA?

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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) divides the frequency into multiple time slices

tim e

Mobile Phone 3 Mobile Phone 2 Mobile Phone 1 Mobile Phone 4 Mobile Phone 3

Mobile Phone 2 Mobile Phone 1 Mobile Phone 4 Mobile Phone 3 Mobile Phone 2 Mobile Phone 1 carrier band V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials TDMA frame

TDMA frame

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frequency

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

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WCDMA air interface properties

Originating Bit

WCDMA

Received Bit

Power

Frequency Band

Spreading Factor (SF)

3G Service support various data rate by using different Spreading Factor

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Sharing the frequency by using Different codes

Power (P)

Time
Codes

Frequency
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Spreading and sharing the same space

P User A P P f Data P User B P Data after spreading f Transmission over the air f Despread User B A signal at the receiver f P

f
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Managing interference in CDMA

interferen ce signal sign al

signal sign al

interferen ce interference f T ransm issio n o ver th e air f

D espread Despread sign al at the receiver

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Features of WCDMA
Efficient use of spectrum Limited frequency management Low mobile station transmit power Uplink and downlink resource utilisation independent Wide variety of data rates Improvement of multi-path resolution Statistical multiplexing advantage Increased standby-time from higher rate control channels. RAKE receiver

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Key operator benefits

New service capabilities means new business opportunities for operators, (further differentiation) Revenue opportunity with increased data/voice traffic New frequency spectrum The path towards IP mobility

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Key end-user benefits

Integrated customised services Simplified service provisioning and service upgrades Wireless personal Internet Multimedia messaging Enhanced e-mail Telecommuting Improved quality of service Support for video/audio clips

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Introduction to UMTS

Review Questions

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1. Which of the following definitions for the abbreviation 3GPP is true?

A. It is a specification body organised by the manufactures to promote new technologies. B. It is an EU organisation that specifies all the features that a 3G network must support. C. It is an organisational body by the operators to promote the harmonisation of different 3G technologies.

D. It is the name of the interface between the RAN and the CN. E. It is a specification body that takes care of the specification work in co-operation with many institutes.

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2. Name the four subsystems in the UMTS network Release 99.

RAN (Radio Access Network) CN (Core Network) NMS (Network Management Subsystems) , OSS UE NetAct

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3. Which of the following elements is not part of the core network?

A. HLR B. GGSN C. RNC D. EIR

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4. Which of the following sentences about EDGE is true?

A. EDGE is needed to support IN prepaid services. B. EDGE is using a more efficient coding and modulation technique than in GSM to increase data throughput. C. EDGE and GSM networks are incompatible. D. EDGE will allow telephone calls to take place faster as people can talk faster than in GSM institutes.

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5. The SGSN is not needed to support 3G IP connections. FALSE 6. List the four basic air interface technologies.
FDMA SDMA TDMA CDMA

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7. Which of the following is true (circle the correct answer)?

A. 1st generation networks are digital and 2nd generation networks are analogue. B. WCDMA is a 2nd generation technology. C. TDMA and CDMA were introduced in 2nd generation networks.

D. Data, fax, and SMS services will first be introduced with WCDMA.

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8. Describe the main difference between analogue and digital. Analogue : The information, I.e. voice , is modulate directly with carrier and transmit over the air. (easy to trap information) Digital : The information, quantised to digital format ( 0 or 1 ) (if it analogue) then modulate and transmit over the air.

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9. Which of the following are benefits of WCDMA (circle the correct answer)?

A. Improvement of Erlang capacity. B. No frequency change allows imperceptible soft handovers. C. New available frequency spectrum. D. All of the above.

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10. CDMA is an access technology, which was developed for high capacity commercial mobile networks. FALSE 11. Which of the following are benefits or services for the end user? .
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Integrated services that may be customised per subscriber Ability to download and activate new services at will Multimedia messaging Possibility for telecommuting Improved quality of service Videophony Location-based services Support for video/audio clips

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3G Release 99 ?
3G end-to-end IP solutions - starting with Rel'4 and Rel'5. The circuit switched core network can become fully packet switched in the future. The role of the MSC/VLR will change; the traffic will no longer go through the element, but it will control the calls as a server. The network elements may evolve in smaller steps; the objective is to enable a smooth path towards the All-IP core network. Requirement: the IP must fully support Quality of Service and Real-Time traffic (such as Voice over IP) = IPv6 is needed.

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Review questions
1. e 2. RAN, NMS,CN,UE 3. c 4. b 5. false 6. FDMA, SDMA, CDMA, TDMA 7. c 8. digital sampling resulting in bitstream 9. d 10. false 11. i

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