Principles of Biology Study Guide - Lecture Exam #2 1. What are the smallest blood vessels? Arteries 2.

. What are the four chambers of the heart and the valves separating them? Four chambers of the heart: Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Valves separating the chambers of the heart: Tricuspid- between right ventricle and right atrium. Bicuspid/mitral- between right ventricle and left atrium. Prevents blood from going back up into the atrium. Pulmonary semilumar valve- separates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk. Aortic semilumar valve- separates aorta from left ventricle. 3. Give at least two differences between arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart. Blood is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide in arteries. Blood is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide in veins. 4. Trace the path of blood through the heart. The path of blood through the heart: Carried to heart (right atrium) via veins. Pumped down to right ventricle Pumped up through pulmonary trunk Trunk divides into left and right pulmonary arteries- goes to lungs. Diffusion of gases from blood. Oxygen in, carbon dioxide out. to left atrium, to left ventricle, to aorta and then to the rest of the body. Blood from heart to lungs to heart is called pulmonary circuit. Blood through aorta to rest of body and back through vessels is systemic circuit. 5. 6. 7. 8. Diastole refers to the relaxation (contraction or relaxation) of the heart muscle. The pulse is taken from an (artery or vein) artery. Homeostasis refers to maintaining a constant internal environment. Give two functions of blood. Two functions of blood: Transports substances (nutrients and waste). Clotting- prevents excess bleeding. Helps fight infection.

9. The liquid part of the blood is the plasma. 10. When one removes fibrinogen from the liquid part of the blood the remaining material is serum. 11. The main function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen. 12. What is hemoglobin?

The respiratory pigment that helps blood transport oxygen. Oxygen attaches to iron in hemoglobin.

13. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of the bicarbonate ion. 14. An individual with a reduced capacity to transport oxygen suffers from anemia. 15. State the main function of white blood cells (WBC). To fight infection 16. How do white blood cells differ from red blood cells? Red blood cells transport oxygen. White blood cells fight infection. 17. What are two factors involved in the clotting of blood? Platelets- fragments clump together to form a clot at a cut. (The book says there are 13 factors but it doesnt list any of them) 18. State three functions of the lymphatic system. Lacteals involved in absorbing fats and transporting to blood. Lymphatic vessels take up extra tissue fluid and give it to the blood (lymph). Defend against disease. 19. What are lymphatic capillaries called? Lacteus 20. What lymphatic vessel drains lymph from the lower half of the body? Thoracic duct 21. Specific defense involves the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes (type of WBC) 22. Contrast active immunity and passive immunity. Active Immunity- body produces antibodies and memory cells against a specific antigen. Has long-lasting immunity. Passive Immunity- body not actually producing antibodies, is given antibodies. Doesnt have long-lasting protection. 23. What will happen and why if a person with B type blood receives blood from someone with type A blood? The antibodies will combine and clumnp together (agglutination), attacking the Type A blood. Wont be able to circulate= poor circulation. 24. What organs comprise the GI tract? Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines. Accessory organs: pancreas, liver, gall bladder. 25. Food moves through the esophagus due to the rhythmic muscle contractions known as peristalsis. 26. Absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestines. How is this organ suited for absorbing nutrients? Is suited for this because of it has a large surface area that can absorb more than others with smaller surface areas. 27. The enzyme amylase breaks down starch. 28. What does bile do? Stored in the gall bladder and then moves to the intestine. Liver produces it. Helps body break down lipids- and emulsifier. 29. What do trypsin and pepsin do and where are they active? Pepsin- active in the stomach. Alters proteins and produces peptides. Trypsin- produced in pancreas. Active in stomach. Alters polypeptides and produces peptides. 30. What kind of muscle is found in the walls of the GI tract? I couldnt find it. 31. The throat is known as the pharynx. 32. Amino acids and glucose are absorbed into blood capillaries, but lipid monomers are absorbed into lacteals. (I think thats right but Im not sure) 33. State five functions of the liver. Detoxifies blood

Maintains blood glucose level Produce urea Produce blood proteins Produce bile

34. The pancreas secretes the hormone Insulin which lowers the glucose in the blood. 35. The glottis prevents food from entering the larynx. 36. The windpipe is the trachea. 37. The air sacs within the lungs are known as the alveolar sac. 38. Trace the path of air out of the lungs. Lungs to the bronchi. To the trachea, through the Larynx and organs in this area, through the pharynx, and out the nose. 39. Inhalation results from a(n) decrease (decrease or increase) in air pressure within the lungs. 40. What is the difference between external and internal respiration? 41. Ureters transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. 42. The Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. 43. What are the major steps in the formation of urine? Pressure Filtration- liquid part of blood filtered out of bloodstream into glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule. Tubular Re-absorption- reabsorb liquid part of blood into peritubular capillaries. Tubular Secretion- distal convoluted tube. Potassium and Hydrogen ions moved from blood into urine. Re-absorption of water- putting water back into bloodstream. 44. Describe the general structure of a kidney and a nephron. General Structure of a kidney: (regions) cortex- urine produced here. Medulla- middle part urine produced here. Renal pelvis. Structure of Kidney: (nephron) glomerulus- knot of capillaries. Proximal convoluted tubule (cortex)- comes from Bowmans capsule. Is at the beginning. Loop of Henle- (medulla) loop of the nephron. Distal convoluted tubule (cortex)- distant from glomerulus. Collecting duct (medulla)- collects urine made in nephron. Transports to the renal pelvis. 45. What is meant by diuresis and antidiuresis? Diuresis- the increase in urine. Antidiuresis- decrease in urine. Body re-absorbs more water back into bloodstream. 46. Name three functions of the kidney. Urine Formation Maintaining pH Regulating blood volume/pressure. 47. What are the male and female gonads? male and female hormones? Male and female Gonads: M= Testis; F= Ovary Male and Female Hormones: M= Testosterone; F= Estrogen and Progesterone. 48. Trace the path of sperm through the male reproductive tract.

Sperm produced in testis. Then enters Epididymis. Continuation of seminiferous tubules. Enters sperm duct and goes back into ab cavity eventually. Enters Urethra and out. 49. Sperm matures in the seminiferous tubules. 50. The inguinal canal is an opening into the abdominal cavity through which the sperm duct enters. 51. What do the follicle stimulating & luteinizing hormones stimulate in the male & female reproductive systems? Follicle Stimulating hormones stimulate what? Males- sperm. Females- follicle (produces estrogen). Luteinizing Hormones stimulate what? Males- testosterone. Females- corpus lutium (produces progesterone). 52. The birth canal is the vagina. 53. Uterus is the womb. 54. Fertilization usually occurs in the oviduct. 55. The ovarian and uterine cycles are about 28 days long. 56. The inner lining of the uterus is known as the endometrium. 57. The umbilical cord is the organ of exchange between the fetus and the mother. 58. When muscles contract, they shorten (shorten, lengthen). 59. The stationary bone to which a muscle attaches is its origin (insertion, origin.) 60. Tendons attach muscle to bone. 61. List the three types of muscles and where you would find these muscles. Smooth- no lines. Involuntary muscles that line the internal organs. Cardiac- striated. Involuntary. Just in the heart. Skeletal- striated. Attached to the bone. Are voluntary. 30-40% of body wight is from muscle. 62. Skeletal muscles typically occur in antagonistic pairs (sets). 63. What are the components of the central nervous system? Peripheral nervous system? Components of the Central Nervous System- midline of your body, brain and spinal cord. Components of the Peripheral Nervous System- everything outside of CNS. Nerves. 64. Name the three parts of the neuron and their function. Dendrites- processes extending from cell body. Transmit impulses towards the cell body. Cell Body- Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles. Axons- processes extending from the cell body that transmit impulses from the cell body. 65. Motor neurons have long (long, short) axons and they transport impulses towards (towards, away from) the central nervous system. 66. What is a nerve? Made up of both dendrites and axons (mixed nerves). Consists of nerve fibers, have long dendrite and/or long axons, no cell bodies. Transmit impulses. 67. How many cranial nerves do humans have? Spinal nerves? Cranial nerves = 12 pairs Spinal nerves = 31 pairs 68. What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands? Endocrine Glands- produces hormones and releases them into the bloodstream. Exocrine Glands- secretes enzymes into a duct that takes them someplace else. EX: salivary glands. 69. What is the master gland? The pituitary gland. Controls the production/release of many hormones. 70. What hormone does the pancreas secrete? Adrenal gland? Pituitary gland? Gonads? Pancreas- Insulin and Glucagons.

Adrenal Gland- Epinephrine (Adrenaline). Pituitary Gland- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), Gonadotropic Hormone (Follicle Stimulating and Luteinizing), and the Growth Hormone. Gonads- Testosterone, Estrogen, and Progesterone.