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Hadi
=
0
sin
) (
t A
t
c
elsewhere
T t s s 0
Detection of ASK:-
The impulse response of the match filter for optimum detection
of this ASK waveform in the presence of white noise is:
) ( ) ( t T t h =
The matched filter output for the (noiseless) input
) (t
) ( ) ( ) ( t h t t y =
}
+ = d t T ) ( ) (
) ( t T r =
where
) (t r
is the time autocorrelation for
) (t
The optimum decision time is for t=T, so that
E r T y = = ) 0 ( ) (
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
A sketch of the match filter output is shown in figure below. The signal
energy may be find as
2
sin
2
0
2 2
T A
tdt A E
T
c
= =
}
Frequency shift keying (FSK)
Binary FSK is a form of constant amplitude, angle modulation.
FSK waveform can be considered as composed of two ASK waveforms
of differing carrier frequencies. Thus to convoy either of the binary
symbols, we have a choice of the two waveforms: -
=
0
sin
) (
1
1
t A
t
elsewhere
T t
b
s s 0
=
0
sin
) (
2
2
t A
t
elsewhere
T t
b
s s 0
Thus a typical pair of sinusoidal waveform is described by:-
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
=
0
2 cos
2
) (
t f
T
E
t s
i
b
b
i
elsewhere
T t
b
s s 0
where i=1,2 and E
b
is the transmitted energy per bit. A simple binary
FSK output waveform shown below
Generation and detection of binary FSK signals: -
To generate a binary FSK signal, the scheme shown in figure
below may be used: -
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
BPSK receiver: -
Figure below shows the block diagram of BPSK receiver.
The input received signal may be
t
c
sin +
or
t
c
sin
. For a
BPSK input signal of
t
c
sin +
(logic 1), the output of the balanced
modulator is
t t t output
c c c
2
sin sin sin = =
t t t
c c c
2 cos
2
1
2
1
) 2 cos 1 (
2
1
sin
2
= =
t
c
2 cos
2
1
Filtered out by LPF
1 log
2
1
ic V output = + =
For a BPSK input signal of
t
c
sin
(logic 0), the output of the
balanced modulator is
t t t output
c c c
2
sin sin sin = =
t t t
c c c
2 cos
2
1
2
1
) 2 cos 1 (
2
1
sin
2
+
=
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
t
c
2 cos
2
1
Filtered out by LPF
0 log
2
1
ic V output = =
Bandwidth consideration of BPSK: -
t t output
c c
sin sin =
t t
a c a c
) cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
+ =
The minimum duple side Nyquist bandwidth (f
N
) is
a a a c a c
f 2 2 ) ( ) ( = = +
2
b
a
R
f =
b
b
N
R
R
f = = )
2
( 2
Example:-
For BPSK modulator f
c
=70MHz, input bit rate R
b
=10Mbps. Determine
(1) maximum and minimum upper and lower side frequency.
(2) the minimum Nyquist bandwidth.
(3) baud rate.
Solution:-
t t output
c a
sin sin =
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
t t
a c a c
) cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
+ =
t t
6 6
10 ) 5 70 ( 2 cos
2
1
10 ) 5 70 ( 2 cos
2
1
- + - =
LSB= 70MHz-5MHz = 65MHz
USB= 70MHz+5MHz = 75MHz
min. Nyquist B.W (f
N
) = 75-65 = 10MHz
Baud rate (symbol rate) = bit rate = 10Mbaud
2) M-ary encoding
M-ary is term derived from the word binary. M is simply a
digital that represents the number of conditions possible.
M m
2
log =
m
M 2 =
Where m = number of bits, M = number of output conditions possible
with m bits. For example, if m = 1 (binary signal), M = 2. If m = 2
(quaternary signal), M = 4 (four different output conditions are
possible).
2.1 Quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK)
With QPSK four output phases are possible for a single carrier
frequency therefore must be four input conditions. With 2-bit (M=4),
there are four possible conditions (00, 01, 10, 11). Therefore, with
QPSK, the binary input data are combined into group of two bits called
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
dibits. Each dibits code generator one of four possible output phases.
Therefore, for each 2-bit clocked into the modulator, a single output
change occurs. Therefore, the rate of change at the output (baud rate) is
one half of the input bit rate.
QPSK Transmitter
QPSK modulator is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel.
When the linear summer combined the two quadrature (90
o
out of
phase) signals, there are four possible resultant phases given by these
expressions (
t t
c c
cos sin + +
,
t t
c c
cos sin +
,
t t
c c
cos sin +
,
t t
c c
cos sin
). A block diagram of QPSK transmitter is shown
in figure below.
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
t t
c c
2 sin
2
1
2 cos
2
1
2
1
=
The terms
t t
c c
2 sin
2
1
2 cos
2
1
filtered by LPF.
2
1
= output
(logic 0) 1 = I
) cos sin ( cos t t t channel Q
c c c
+ =
t t t
c c c
2
cos sin cos + =
0 sin
2
1
2 sin
2
1
) 2 cos 1 (
2
1
+ = t t
c c
t t
c c
2 sin
2
1
2 cos
2
1
2
1
+ =
The terms
t t
c c
2 sin
2
1
2 cos
2
1
+
filtered by LPF.
2
1
= output
(logic 1)
1 = Q
2.2 Eight-phase shift keying (8-PSK)
With 8-PSK modulator, there are eight possible output phases
(M=8). To encoded eight different phases, the incoming bits are
considered in group of 3-bits, called tribits (2
3
=8).
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
8-PSK transmitter
Figure below shows the 8-PSK transmitters. The incoming serial
bits stream enters the bit splitter, where it is converted to parallel, three
channel output (the I or inphase channel, the Q or quadrature phase
channel and C or control channel). The bit rate in each three channel is
R
b
/3. The 2-to-4 level converter are parallel input digital to analog
converter (ADC), with 2 input bits, four output voltages are possible.
Figure below shows the truth table and corresponding output conditions
for the 2-to-4 level converters.
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
Example:-
For Q=0, I=0, and c=0 (000), determine the output phase for the 8-PSK
modulator.
Solution:-
0 & 0 = = c I
the output from the 2-to-4 level converter in I-channel=-0.541.
1 & 0 = = c Q
the output from the 2-to-4 level converter in I-channel=-1.307.
t I
c
sin 541 . 0 =
t Q
c
cos 307 . 1 =
) cos 307 . 1 )( cos 541 . 0 ( t t ut summeroutp
c c
=
) 5 . 112 sin( 41 . 1
o
c
t =
Figure below shows the output phase versus time relationship, truth
table, phaser diagram, and constellation diagram for 8PSK modulator: -
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
t t
6 6
10 ) 667 . 1 70 ( 2 cos
2
1
10 ) 667 . 1 70 ( 2 cos
2
1
- + - =
t t
6 6
10 ) 667 . 71 ( 2 cos
2
1
10 ) 333 . 68 ( 2 cos
2
1
- - =
min. Nyquist B.W (f
N
) = 71.667-68.333 = 3.33MHz
Baud rate (symbol rate) = bit rate/3 = 3.33Mbaud
B.W for 8-PSK=1/3 B.W for BPSK
8-PSK receiver
The block diagram of 8PSK receiver is shown below. (Prove how
we can find binary out?).
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
Because change in the I channel occur at the mid point of the Q channel
bit, and vice versa, there is never more than a single changes in the
dibit code, and therefore, there is never more than a 90
o
shift in the
output phase. Therefore, an advantage of OQPSK is the limited phase
shift that must be imparted during modulation. A disadvantages of
OQPSK is that changes in the output phase occur at twice the data rate
in either the I and Q channels. Consequently with OQPSK the baud and
minimum bandwidth are twice that of conventional QPSK for a given
transmission bit rate. OQPSK is some times called offset-keyed QPSK
(OKQPSK).
Differential phase shift keying (DPSK)
DPSK is an alternative of digital modulation where the binary
input information is contained in the difference between two successive
signaling element rather than absolute phase. With DPSK it is not
necessary to recover a phase coherent carrier. Instead, a received
signaling element is delayed by one signaling element time slot and
then compared to the next received signaling element. The difference in
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
the phase of the two signaling elements determines the logic condition
of the data. DBPSK transmitter is shown in figure below.
Figure below shows the block diagram and timing sequence of DPSK
receiver.
The primary advantage of DBPSK is the simplicity with which it can be
implemented. With DBPSK no carrier recovery circuit is needed. A
disadvantage of DBPSK is that it required between 1dB to3dB more SNR to
achieve the same bit error rate as that absolute value.
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
Example
For a tribit of Q=0, I=0, and C=0. Determine the output amplitude and
phase for the 8-QAM transmitter.
Solution:-
As in 8-PSK, I and Q bits determine the polarity of the PAM signal,
and C bit determine the value of levels.
At I-channel I=0, C=0
The output from 2-4 level converter =-0.541
and the output from modulator =
t
c
sin 541 . 0
At Q-channel Q=0, C=0
The output from 2-4 level converter =-0.541
and the output from modulator =
t
c
cos 541 . 0
the output from I and Q channel product modulator are combined in a
linear summer and produce a modulated output of
summer output =
t t
c c
cos 541 . 0 sin 541 . 0
=
) 135 sin( 765 . 0
o
c
t
For the remaining codes (001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 111) the procedure is
the same. The results are shown in figure below.
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
8-QAM receiver
8-QAM receiver is almost identical to the 8PSK receiver. The
differences are the PAM levels at the output of the product detectors
and the binary signals at the output of the A/D converter. Because that
there two transmitted amplitudes possible with 8QAM that there are
different from those achievable with 8PSK, the four demodulated PAM
levels in 8-QAM are different from those in 8PSK. There is the
conversion factor for A/D converter must also be different. Also, with
QAM the binary output from I channel A/D converter are the I & C
bits, and from Q channel are the Q & C bits.
Note The minimum bandwidth required for 8-QAM is the same
as in 8-PSK, R
b
/3.
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
For the remaining codes the procedure is the same. The results are
shown in figure below.
Note
The minimum bandwidth required for 8-QAM is the same as in
8-PSK, R
b
/3.
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
Example:-
For 16-QAM modulator, f
c
=70MHz, input bit rate R
b
=10Mbps.
Determine (1) USB and LSB. (2) the minimum Nyquist bandwidth. (3)
baud rate.
solution:-
MHz
R
W B
b
5 . 2
4
. . min = =
(1) USB=70+1.25=71.25 MHz.
LSB=70-1.25=68.75 MHz.
(2) min. Nyquist B.W (f
N
) = 71.25-68.75 = 2.5 MHz
(3) Baud rate (symbol rate) = bit rate/4 = 2.5 Mbaud
4) Minimum shift keying (MSK)
MSK is modified form of OQPSK in that I and Q channel
sinusoidal pulse shaping is employed prior to multiplication by the
carrier, as shown in figure below, the transmitted MSK signal can be
represented by: -
) 2 sin( )
4
2
sin( ) 2 cos( )
4
2
cos( ) ( t f
T
t
b t f
T
t
a t f
c
b
n c
b
n
+ =
Where a
n
and b
n
are the n
th.
I and Q channel symbols. The MSK
modulator is shown in figure below.
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
Various components of the MSK signal are shown in figure below for
an in out binary sequence 1001001. The even index sample values
shown in figure (a) are indicated by 1, +1, held constant over two bit
periods (T
s
=2T
b
), and weighted by
)
2
cos(
b
T
t
. While Q channel
weighted by
)
2
sin(
b
T
t
, shown in figure (c). The modulation in phase
and quadrature carrier terms are shown in figures (b and d)
respectively. Subtracting these two waveforms yields the MSK
waveform shown in figure (e). MSK also called continuous phase
frequency shift keying (CPFSK).
2
1
b
s
n
R
R
b
=
=
2
1
b
s
n
R
R
b
=
=
) cos( t
c
)
4
2
cos(
b
T
t
MSK signal
R
b
=R
s
Binary in
R
b
Q I
T
b
T
b
Modulator
Modulator
90
0
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
0
21 . 1
N
E
Erfc P
E
=
For noncoherent FSK detection
)
2
(
2
1
0
N
E
Exp P
E
=
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
- Example
NRZ binary system with bit rate=300 bit/sec., using FSK with
transmitted frequencies of 2025, 2225 Hz. (a) if B.W=800 Hz centered
at carrier, calculate minimum P
E
, if S/N=8dB. (b) repeat for S/N=7dB.
Solution:-
(a)
Hz
f f
f
c
2125
2
2225 2025
2
2 1
=
+
=
+
=
Hz f Hz f f f 100 200 2025 2225 2
1 2
= A = = = A
. sec
300
1
=
b
T
1 >>
b c
T
f f
c
A >>
0 0
21 . 1 21 . 1
N
ST
Erfc
N
E
Erfc P
b
E
= =
8 . 0
10 8 = = dB
N
S
0 0
800N BN N = =
8 . 0
0
10
800
=
N
S
6
10 26 . 3 ) 51 . 4 (
= = Erfc P
E
(b)
7 . 0
10 7 = = dB
N
S
The same procedure in (a)
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
It should be noted that these results are for the symbol probability of
error. The bit probability of error,
Eb
P
, can be found by
M
P
P
E
Eb
2
log
~
A derivation of probability of error for M- ary DPSK is rather involved,
an approximation for large SNR is
M N
E
Erfc P
s
E
2
sin
2
2
2
0
=
6) Probability of error for M-ary QAM systems
The probability of error (Symbol error) for M- ary QAM is
approximately given by
0
2
)
1
1 ( 4
N
E
Erfc
M
P
s
E
=
7) Probability of error for MSK system
The probability of error for MSK system can be calculated by
0
2
N
E
Erfc P
E
=
where E = bit Energy
- Note: - P
E
for MSK = P
E
for BPSK.
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
Example 1:
Find
E
P
for a 1 Mbit/sec. MSK transmission with a received carrier
power of -130 dB and noise power spectral density = -200 dB/Hz.
Solution:-
. sec 10
1
6
= =
b
b
R
T
. 10 200
20
0
Hz
W
dB N
= =
. 10 130
13
W dB S
= =
. 10 10 10
19 6 13
J ST E
b b
= = =
10
10
10
20
19
0
= =
N
E
b
For MSK
6
0
10 88 . 3 20
2
= = = Erfc
N
E
Erfc P
E
Example 2:
An MPSK, B.W.=120 KHz, R
b
=900 kbit/sec., what minimum S/N is
required to maintain reception with a
Eb
P
no worse than 10
-6
.
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
Solution:-
Bandwidth efficiency
Hz
bit
KHz
kbit
sec /
5 . 7
120
sec
900
= =
256 2 2 8
8
= = = =
m
M m
6
2
10 8 log
= = M P P
Eb E
For MPSK (M=256)
M N
E
Erfc P
s
E
2
0
sin
2
2 =
M N
E
Erfc
s
2
0
6
sin
2
2 10 8 =
M N
E
Erfc
s
2
0
6
sin
2
10 4 =
From table
47 . 4 sin
2
2
0
=
M N
E
s
98 . 19 sin
2
2
0
=
M N
E
s
66338
0
=
N
E
s
Communication Systems II Dr. Wail A.H. Hadi
8 log
log
2
2
s s
b b s
E
M
E
E M E E = = =
25 . 8292
0
=
N
E
b
dB
B
R
N
E
N
S
b b
9 . 47 61988 5 . 7 25 . 8292
0
= = = =