"Pamphilus, de Amore": An Introduction and Translation Author(s): Thomas Jay Garbaty Reviewed work(s): Source: The Chaucer Review,

Vol. 2, No. 2 (Fall, 1967), pp. 108-134 Published by: Penn State University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25093043 . Accessed: 18/02/2012 16:21
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PAMPHILUS,
An Introduction by Thomas
For medieval

DE AMORE
and Translation

Jay Garbaty
literature

in in general, studies and perhaps Chaucer the anonymous Latin dramatic poem Pamphilus, de Amore particular, must be regarded as one of the most influential and important of all the the "arts of love." This many pseudo-Ovidian concerning productions short work of 780 lines was composed toward the end of the twelfth to it are Anglo-Norman: the Enseigne century. The oldest references ments de Robert de Ho and the Liber parabolarum de (1192-1204) Neckham does not yet mention Odo de Ciringtonia. Alexander it in at the last quarter of the twelfth century among the books expounded as Paris. By 1215 the poem was already in the repertoire of minstrels, noted by Guiraut de Calanson. Thus, the date of origin can be put at 1200.1 an extraordinary The Pamphilus The quickly achieved popularity. second half of the thirteenth century saw it read, quoted, and antholo and Italy. We have a record of it France, Provence, gized in England, in in Holland 1280, and there is even a translation by 1250, Germany After in Norwegian from this time. By 1330 it was known in Castile. in to in it references diminish 1300, however, England Europe. Only that the drama was do they survive until 1500. It is thought, therefore, an Anglo-Latin from the Pamphilus Citations production.2 originally owes it the the stock in trade of poets, and our vocabulary became the best evidence of its wide circulation. word "pamphlet," perhaps that the Pamphilus had is the influence Most important, though, Boccaccio on the major writers used and works of the Middle Ages. as the seducer in his romance Fiammetta, and the hero, Pamphilus, or Pam in Middle the author the that Ages Pamphilus (called thought was one of the older from Terence) philius, a name originally borrowed the lesser French Italian poets.3 Two translations might be mentioned: et and the Galat?e work by Jean Brasdefer, Pamphile (1300-1315), En in Melon-Dona Don the Ruiz, very important adaptation by Juan The of his Libro de R?en Amor drina episode (MSS 1330, 1343).
1. 2. 3. et Galat?e ed. Pamphile Joseph Morawsky, p. 13. Morawsky, e In?dite Edite ed. Le Lettere Corazzini, p. 194. 1877), (Firenze, (Paris, di 1917), p. 14. Boccaccio

Messer

Giovanni

PAMPHILUS,

DE

AMORE

109

as his the Pamphilus of Hita specifically mentions Archpriest had seen this work,4 exists that Chaucer The probability is in the main stream of the English poet's development though more on the Roman the influence of the Pamphilus de la Rose. Neither ever mentions Guillaume de Lorris nor Jean de Meun the Pamphilus numerous Ernest but and has noted such name, by Langlois parallels of incident between similarities the two works that there can be no Castilian source. owes to the Latin author. doubt of the debt the Roman Specifically the Anus, in the Pamphilus the Old Woman, is the ancestor of La in the Roman.5 Vieille Finally, both Gower and Chaucer quote the Latin "elegiac poem." Of the three references to "Pamphilles" in Chaucer's Tale of Melibee (CT, B2 2746, 2748, 2751) only the first is correct: "And therfore seith 'If a net-herdes seith he, 'be riche, she may Pamphilles: doghter,' a chesen of thousand men which she wol take to hir housbonde; / for, " of a thousand men, oon wol nat forsaken hire ne refusen hire.' (Pam 11.53-54). But Chaucer at much greater refers to the Pamphilus in the Franklins Tale: "Under his ?Aurelyus's] brest he baar it secree ?the love for Dorigen] for / Than evere dide Pamphilus on this image from the opening of Galathee." Chaucer then elaborates in the breast) the Pamphilus how (the arrow hidden by mentioning cure a of the "sursanure" that is closed over on dangerous (a wound is in surgery, the surface) if one cannot probe the hidden object These 1109 evidence that Chaucer quotations (F ff.). give adequate knew the Pamphilus well, if more were needed than the extraordinary the Latin three between and the first books of Chaucer's poem parallels Troilus and Criseyde. In many ways, is the skeleton of the first books of the Pamphilus in form, and stripped of the humanity which the Troilus. Rudimentary is the genius and life of Chaucer's work, the Pamphilus yet appears to serve as one of the foundations which the upon incidents, the dialectic, seem to rest. Many and the theme of the Troilus aspects of the plot, in in are also Filostrato the but found Boccaccio, Chaucer, by missing in the Pamphilus and the adaptation of Juan Ruiz. I have present as also much of the above information, in depth treated this problem, Suffice it to say that, after the primary elsewhere.6 influence of the philus, length moore
4. 5. 6. Cf. my article "The Tradition Sources du in Ruiz Roman and de XLVI 1891).

1967), (October, Ernest Langlois, pp. 27-31. See note 4.

Pamphilus 457-70. et Origines

Chaucer/' la Rose

PQ, (Paris,

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THOMAS

JAY GARBATY

the Pamphilus Filostrato, group Ruiz's Libro de R?en Amor) may of the Troilus. Diagrammatically lowing way:

Roman de la Rose and (including as a source be second in importance in the fol this might be presented

Filostrato

II Pamphilus
Ruiz, Troilus ^Troilus Libro

extant in there seems to be no translation of the Pamphilus one in prose here.7 I have attempted The Latin original English, in all aspects of medieval de rhetoric as outlined by Geoffrey abounds in his Poetria Nova, Vinsauf, oxymoron, repetitio, paradox, specifically dramatic It is obvious that the author sacrificed much alliteration. to for of tension and liveliness reproduce elegance style. Any attempt to transform what was probably meant this in modern English would of end I the into have the ridiculous. be sublime great majority kept leisurely pace of the original, which stopped lines, and the methodical, in classical in some ways reminds one of the movement tragedy. The indented lines run, in the Latin, to fourteen syllables, as against sixteen for the others. But these figures may vary up to three syllables, more Since is to show the plot or less. The main intent of the translation, however, source of a work studies for Chaucer and importance development in its prime, but which has fallen that was once glorious and honored In the words of the Anus : onto lean years, and generally been forgotten. Divitias Copia
7. The three

habui

multas

dum

floruit indigeo.

aetas;

discesset,

pluribus

Pamphile,

are: A. Baudouin, ed. of the work editions accessible most easily si?cle latine du Xe com?die ou VArt d'etre 1874), (Paris, aim?, 1893 ) and G. Cohen, Turicensi Codici ed. Pamphilus, (Zurich, Jacobus Ulrich, I have au 12e si?cle, 2 vols. en France latine 1931). (Paris, La "Com?die" in my translation. the second used

PAMPHILUS,
Pamphilus: I am wounded,

DE

AMORE

and bear the arrow deep in my breast; and My injury grief wax in me ever, Yet still I dare not name my destroyer, Nor do I allow my hurt to be seen. From this I fear, in the future, danger of even greater harm no physician Which has the strength to cure. is the Which best, that I should take first? path Alas for me! What is there to do? I am so very troubled. I complain, and have the most just cause to grieve I perceive When such few means of help. 10 to inquire, But since there is much that hurts, my aim is much For skill often profits him who has it in power. If, in my face, I should discover my sorrow, it is, whence What the blow comes, and who struck it, I not then destroy, for myself, Would the greatest hope of redress? itself restores, but also deceives the possessor. Hope Yet if I should totally hide my emotion and grief, And never seek to lessen my hurt, then, greater ills than these might occur, Perhaps, to die. And force me, straightway, 20 it were better to show my pain, for a hidden fire Thus I believe Burns more fiercely, but an open one is reduced. I shall speak to Venus, who is our life and our death, Therefore And she shall guide me, with all her counsel. Pamphilus to Venus: our life, illustrious Venus, hail! all submit to your power, by high dukes, whom potent kings

15

Unique hope of You, who can are feared Who Grant me, oh Be not adamant,

25

make

serve, kindly one, my prayerful wishes. nor resist my supplications, But do what I ask; I demand very little. I have not said much, but my great pain is visible in me, And it will not be hard for you to grant me your aid. I shall be happy, Just nod your assent, say but so much?already And all things will turn favorable for me!

30

112

THOMAS

JAY

GARBATY

a girl?I It is my neighbor, cannot help my desires, 35 If your kindness does not relieve me. For the closer the fire, the greater is felt the heat; At a distance the hurt is much less. She is said to be the fairest of all her group, And either love deceives me, or she is superior to all. With unerring arrows she has pierced my heart, And the arrows I cannot remove, even with force.

40

From these wounds my sorrow grows every hour, Until my complexion pales; my strength and fairness decrease. 45 I have told no one of this, nor who it is that wounds me. The motive was right that hindered me from speech: that her birth is more noble One says, and this I acknowledge,
mine.

than

For that reason I feared to confess my desire. than I, It is also said, truly, that she is more wealthy 50 And riches often desire a great name and honors. and much wealth, But I lack honors, qualities, And what I do possess, through my own work I acquire. If she is rich, any ox-herd's daughter Can choose from a thousand her desired husband. This girl is so fair that I feel my limbs tremble, 55 And I am quite unable to speak of my love. conceives Bold in her beauty, a woman great pride, the restraint of moderation. And does not recognize I have well tried to remove these cares from my heart, 60 But instantly my love burns ever more fiercely. lo, you recognize my danger! Behold, you see my misfortune, to my prayers. I entreat you: be gracious Therefore, But you don't answer, nor lend your ears to my speech, Nor do your clear eyes show me a light! 65 Either remove your arrows from my heart, Or heal my fierce wounds with your subtle skill. can bear the burden of so much distress, Who the lady grants no reward for my tears? When I beseech you, an uneasy anguish assails me, when now, Just 70 And this grief arouses my continual prayers. to Pamphilus: told him: great labor wins over all,

Venus

Then Venus

PAMPHILUS,

DE

AMORE

113

in all ways, you may take joy through the strength of your effort. And fear not to show your feelings, one in a thousand will then deny you. Hardly whom you entreat imploringly, may first most harshly refuse She, 75 you. But this tartness is of little importance. For truly, that which the seller may first deny, These salable goods will always be gained by an obstinate buyer. the sailor traverse the sea, if he were fearful Nor would the turgid waves first broke at his boat. 80 When not first if she does favor Therefore, your words, Skill or effort will yet bring about her response. And, Skill crushes pride and destroys strong cities; Skill crumbles towers; skill lightens the burden, And fish are caught by skill from the clear waves. Thus too a man may cross, dry of foot, the sea:

85

In all things can skill and effort be of help. By his talents a poor man may often be nourished, And, though just, the anger of princes may thus be appeased. The guilty can save his body and power, 90 And he rejoices in riches, who once wept, being poor, Or rides on horse now, who used to travel on foot. to give, That which parents, even, are unable to the man who labors. Effort soon provides If at first she rejects your courtship with vigor, 95 to serve her. Nevertheless you should be prepared Thus you may conquer her tenuous blame, And make of a former enemy soon a friend. Seek those places that she often frequents. If you cannot appear to be noble, then attempt to be gay, For youth always likes pleasure, and jesting words, And through such feelings young people are drawn to love. Nor ever forget to show her a cheerful mien,
For a man seems more handsome when gay.

100

Don't be too silent, nor talk too much? 105 a man for little; A maid often despises sweet eloquence arouses and nourishes Whereas love, And lightly it softens cruel hearts. If the place is right, in mock violence assail her, And she will soon give of herself, what you hardly dared

hope.

110

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THOMAS

JAY GARBATY

Sometimes shame forbids her to disclose her feelings, to have. But often she will most deny what she wishes To lose her virginity, by force, she deems nobler Than to say, "do with me as you desire!" But of this be most careful: if your household 115 is mean, Let her be ignorant of your state and poverty. A clever man may appear to live high on little, And he hides his tears with a smiling face. and words: What you are not you can simulate, through appearance a success 120 little skill. The greatest derives from just don't know, In the world that the neighbors there is much are to tell her. suitable there And of this many things lies Remember that, sometimes, profit much, At other times, to say all may hurt you greatly. household And those men and women, servants, that have her ear, 125 and gifts. Be sure to entice with your words So that always in turn, they'll speak good words of you, And constantly sing your praise to their mistress. at heart her doubtful in when doubt, she ponders Then, thoughts, or not to comply with your will, 130 And does not know whether Then is she tormented much by temptation, And then, victorious, you may soon gain your love. To affect this human feeling or that one the mind is in doubt. Is a light task, while were amongst you, 135 Also it seems well that a go-between which that each of you wishes, Who prudently brings acts of the young, the For old people discern jealously words. And at once hope to stall them with quarrelsome start! Time has given, and will give you more than you Therefore
hope.

140 You need fear nothing, about anything you dread. Now I shall speak no further with you?zealously you will win
love.

your

Once

started,

a thousand

roads

lead to your

goal!

Pamphilus: to solace the sick, It is easy for the healthy of woe! But the infirm will not less feel the presence 145 The counsel of Venus has not lightened my grief, And love reigns ever in my sad heart.

PAMPHILUS,

DE

AMORE

115

Thus far, all hope of assistance rested in her; This hope has now vanished; grief alone remains. I cannot escape. The pilot has abandoned me at sea. Wretched, 150 I search for a port, and I cannot find one. But what shall I do now? My present hope lies in her sight, The time has come, finally, that we talk together. Pamphilus beholds Calathea:

My God, how she is fair, as she walks with her hair unbound! this spot, to speak to her now! And so perfect But sudden, how many fears come upon me, 155 My speech and thoughts seem to fail, My strength is gone, my hand and my feet do tremble! Thus stupefied I am put out of countenance. in my mind to tell her of love, I had prepared much to say. 160 But fear has banished what I wanted I am not what I was, I hardly know myself? yet still I will speak. My voice is but ill controlled, Pamphilus to Galathea:

My cousin, from another town, sends you a thousand regards By me, and renders her service! She knows you but little, through name and words, 165 Yet she would like to see you, if the time could be found. My parents wish to retain me in that town Which overflows with my noble relations. To a girl most richly endowed they hope to betroth me, And she easily bears many other superior traits. 170 Yet I esteem them all less, you alone have pleased me, For you I'd reject all women on earth! Galathea: Ah, they Words Pamphilus But now, speak in jest! Youth always talks thus, spoken in game need not move one to quarrel. to Galathea:

let us in turn reveal our hearts' secrets, 175 no one must our that know of Except speech! Let us pledge our faith to that: this done I may talk.

116

THOMAS

JAY

GARBATY

Since I have started first, I'll be the first to speak. But we must be obliged to confess our true feelings. are to me the most favored! In all the world you 180 Three years have passed since I started to love you, Yet had I not dared to express my thoughts. But a wise man does not long speak to deaf ears, Nor should we converse a long time in vain. I love you firmly, and I won't 185 say more Until you tell me, henceforth, what your own will is.

Galathea

to Pamphilus:

Thus many men by much effort hope to deceive many maidens, And many are cheated by a tricksome love! and craft, You had thought to fool me with your discourse 190 But I am not one to be so cleverly trapped! Seek others, more fitted for your guilty behavior, Whose heads may be turned with your fraud and deceit.

Pamphilus

to Galathea:

Often the sins of the wicked impede the acts of the just. Not my guilt, but that of another now harms me. favor, 195 Still, listen to me as a kindhearted And let me speak just a bit to my mistress: I swear by God on earth and the saints in heaven, to you are not false or deceptive! My words For me there is no one on earth more beloved, And no one appears dearer to my thought and heart. But I speak in vain; your naive mind and your youth as yet, between harm and good? Cannot distinguish, more keenly than age. much perceives youth Although see the much, young see more, For, though old people as 205 And you should recognize, you are, young comes and whence I am, what my condition, Who my love! is taught through practice, In all things prudence and skill teach all a man knows. Practice I pray you permit me to come and go, and to speak, To converse with you, and that we be much together. can we learn our innermost feelings. discourse Not without But now you yourself may say, what you deem is right.

200

210

PAMPHILUS,

DE

AMORE

117

Galathea

to Pamphilus:

Come and go, talk if you will, I won't forbid you nor any. All travellers, everywhere, pass on the road. may rightfully It is honorable and fitting that a girl answer to questions,
Or calls by name whomever she sees.

215

I grant it enough, to permit you or others To come here, always provided my honor be safe. are allowed to hear and reply, Maids to measure. Though they must ever act according manner in I answer, If you speak playfully, like

220

But if your words injure I will not allow them. to be with you alone. You ask that we meet, but I decline in private To meet is not very proper, For in secret spots lurk dangers; ill repute rises from thence. In public view, and prudently, I'll be glad to talk with you. Pamphilus to Galathea:

225

You've granted me now not small, but great favors! For discourse with you suffices me quite. I cannot give, for such kindness, the proper thanks, are inadequate to express your mercy. Words 230 But the time and the place may one day come When you will see who your I don't want to displease you, I so I much Still, beg you now, That we may embrace, kiss and Each Galathea other when the occasion true friend dare is. thing: say nothing, for a little openly, caress 235 is right!

to Pamphilus:

nourish too far a forbidden Embraces love, And kisses often deceive the girl herself. Yet to this alone 111 consent, but you must not go further, For to no one but you do I grant such a favor. 240 But just now my parents both come from the temple, And I must return home so as not to be blamed! Other fitting occasions will come, when we shall talk together. Let each, in the mean time, think of the other. Pamphilus: A more joyful man than I never lived, nor is found on earth! 245

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THOMAS

JAY GARBATY

My anchor is finally fixed on the shore. God, and Nature, have suddenly made me most happy, And I return a rich man, when before I was poor. Not in vain did she ask that I think of her, no effort can tear from my mind. Whom 250 She does not feel as I do, nor knows my desire, Yet as I think of her, let her but remember me! are before me, and much that still keeps me restrained Many obstacles I About which don't know any counsel. If I am too eager, too frequent with words and jests, 255 rumor may ban us from the accustomed streets. Garrulous our friendship, Yet if no zeal strengthens Fire Love may not flourish so well from its roots. ever increases, the greater the amount of fuel? Once remove the wood from the hearth, forthwith decreases. 260

the fire it.

always love grows with use, and must always die without Unnourished love will ever be weakened. Now I am troubled by so many cares and dangers: I can't tell in how many ways. My mind is distracted, I predict no success in this affair for me, 265 Nor can I think of any sound plan of action. Thus Sometimes

the deeds of men, Fortune opposes And prohibits any design from succeeding. some, she renders others happy. But, as she discourages rule in the world. 270 follows this Everyone All things are bestowed and granted through God and our effort, But without God no labor on earth can profit. the guide of my task, Therefore, may God be the guardian, May He govern my work and intention. As go-between I'll choose neither brother nor cousin, 275 For these I cannot easily trust. A cousin knows not how to help in good faith, Nor even a brother, when struck by the fury of love. man avoids it, wise the such little If may harm, I must travel a different Therefore Close by here dwells an old woman, road. subtle 280 and crafty, in the arts of Venus.

A most apt enough servant I'll go seek her out, My cares postponed, And of my purpose advise her.

PAMPHILUS,

DE

AMORE

119

Pamphilus

to Old Woman:

285 Your fame is praised, and the name of your goodness! A certain matter disturbs me, and I ask your advice. Listen to what I say in good will and kindness, But let no one else know this without my consent! I love my neighbor, Galathea, with whom you are acquainted, not her words, 290 she also loves me. And, if I mistake But I cannot speak as I wish, and I avoid thousand dangers, Most anxious, I fear that all things will hurt me on earth. Rumors are born from nothing, but they won't quickly die out; As much as we belie them, they still flourish at a run. and a thousand evils Just a few words can harm the unfortunate, will follow, 295 Thus my affair, my work and hope remain in doubt. us: You see our misfortune! Let your voice go between I beg that your intercourse hide our offence. Old Woman to Pamphilus: of
me.

Another loves whom you love, and begs the same things Yet he does not have my approval: He is indeed most honest and worth a decent wife, But I am displeased to give! by what he disposes He had promised me old dresses, along with a fur, But his cheap gift has cost him my service. in time, gifts grant and obtain many favors, Presented Their nature destroys even justice and laws. What you ask, I believe, you can't get without me, For the girl is completely under my power. Her confidante and her guide I am always, And she follows in all things my counsel. But I can't speak with you longer; other cares press me Let each keep his own path and accomplish his task. Pamphilus But to Old Woman: no other cares, all that I wish. others, 315

300

305

on.

get adequate Believe me, I shall not disappoint your effort Since I must have it, if you help me out.

I have this task stands foremost! If you give her to me you've done It is often one needs buy the labor of the work should But, once bought,

payment.

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THOMAS

JAY

GARBATY

I ask only this, state what reward you desire, And whatever 320 you tell me, 111 grant. Old Woman to Pamphilus: things!

They whom poverty presses desire and beg many I shame to say how much I am now in need. In my youth I acquired great wealth, I am the more But this abundance has vanished; and age have worn me thin, 325 My weakness Neither skill nor effort can profit me now. If you feel that your suit is advanced through my I ask this for me, that you open your house. Pamphilus to Old Woman:

in want.

help,

My house and the rest I freely grant you, 330 May all my riches be yours to command! I am most happy that we are joined in agreement, trust. That these acts persuade us to mutual in and labor, craft careful I be your Hence, beg you, in this affair. sound judgment That you proceed with 335 both and end considers beginning, Foresight In the outcome of things rest all virtues or crimes. to end; watch what you say from beginning Therefore, Your words will have more strength if thought out before. Old Woman: There lives in this town a most handsome youth 340 in all things for noble behavior! is honored Who A better, more charming never was in our time, So well he supports my poverty. all those of his age, He surpasses in goodness in praise. This Pamphilus, and excels his companions He can be foolish with the stupid, and mild as a lamb to the meek. acts of folly. justly withstands Youth of such honesty are not found in this town! he acquires, the wealth like a glutton, He does not devour, And he is a man most able, for noble was his birth. a superior tree. 350 Only sweet fruit drops from a race with distinction, marks Nature frequently A wise Thus, often, the son resembles his father. man

345

PAMPHILUS,

DE

AMORE

121

Behold,

I see Galathea stand outside I was she has heard what Perhaps to Galathea:

her door! just saying?

Old Woman I did not

that there was anyone here! 355 think, Galathea, it was the absolute truth that I spoke. However, This Pamphilus surpasses, for certain, all in this town, So exceedingly well he governs his life. Ever his honor, his praise, his glory increases, And no one begrudges his merit. 360 He is very wealthy, yet not thereby proud, And his fortune comes not from ill gain. that I wish were your husband; He is the one, Galathea, want You'd him also, if you knew a good thing! it. 365 I told him my wish, but he did not propose In my own mind I feel you should be together. Your birth, goodness, the handsome features of you both Lead me to judge that you are meant for each other. But we now derive ease from mere idle words, at times, move small matters, 370 Though joyful events. A spark can give rise to huge conflagrations, And a happy outcome may stem from a poor beginning. the start of these things, My mind conceived And thus I spoke; henceforth we may begin our game! But if your thoughts and heart are moved by all this, 375 or rather displeased If you are pleased, by my speech, I beg you to tell me; I won't breathe a word that I said or 111 talk if you want to. If you wish it concealed, Tell me, don't hesitate, leave off your foolish shame; Here shame derives only from rusticity! 380 Galathea to Old Woman:

nor shame deters me. Neither country foolishness to what end is your speech? I wonder, Rather I ask me whether chance sent you or and whether demands your message Pamphilus, Old Woman to Galathea:

a reward?

the sins of the evil obstruct the acts of the good, Always And men often suffer an undeserved punishment!

385

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THOMAS JAY GARBATY

I am poor, I seek no such payment, Though Even in poverty I have adequate means. From the beginning I told you, my own mind conceived There is no confidante, 390 and no one else knows it. If you both want to meet, it can be well arranged, Each can receive the other without feeling shame. He

this,

is noble; indeed you are not less so, Each of your families is well known to me. He is fairer than his companions; than yours. you, more beautiful When similar graces suit, one is always pleased. agree to this union, Equal youth and equal wealth And if common talk learn it, all would approve. Since you are fitted in all things, you can justly consort. There is nothing you lack, with the exception of love.

395

400

Galathea

to Old Woman:

What you now tell me I must relate to my friends assent I will choose my husband. With whose or you? to first them?either Pamphilus Speak To them this matter will seem much more pleasant! Old Woman For to Galathea: of course, you must gain the consent of your

this marriage,
parents,

405

strives with his. But in the meantime, your passion Venus influences the heart of youth by ingenious ways, In her devotion all may gain honor. the miser, She inspires the mind, gives to the free, detests to her she follows sadness steps; puts Joy flight. The great worth of her service may never be told. from the country! If you really doubt this, you're just a wench Galathea The to Old Woman:

410

soon cause a virgin to lose her honor; laws of Venus are ever their passion and fury. Boundless arrows 415 inflict no slight wounds, of fierce The Cupid fears his seductions. evil Every young girl And gossip often accuses an innocent maiden. Voracious envy never ceases to slander the world!

PAMPHILUS,

DE

AMORE

123

I would Which

grant what is always

you ask, did I not fear rumor's tongue, the sharpest in such affairs. 420

Old Woman

to Galathea:

For certain, much ill fame is spread in these matters, But truth ever will out, and gossip will disappear. I will quiet your fear of murmurs and blame of talk, 111 and protect you your amorous play; Wisely For I know the customs of Venus, and all her art, 425 Thus will all things be safe through my talent. When, therefore, I see him, advise me what I should say: If you tell me beforehand, I may then speak more surely. Galathea to Old Woman:

I don't know whether to confess to you my desire and secret, For deceit, everywhere, has laid traps and snares. 430 Yet I'd like to observe your words and good faith, And in which direction your art will draw me! himself Pamphilus just now asked for my love, And a true friendship has joined us together! But I ask you, conceal this, reveal it only to him, 435 But don't attempt to tell of this matter straightway. He must first be tested in many endeavors, And perhaps what I said he may tell you himself. But now, go quickly I beg you, and work all with caution, tell me everything And tomorrow that he said today! Old Woman Men to Pamphilus:

440

in their hope and effort: disappointed as we wish! Our business, Pamphilus, does not progress too late have you summoned me to your aid, Much For my skill and labor cannot advance you now. is certain, Galathea is readied for marriage, The matter in her house. dress prepared Indeed, I saw a magnificent There are a hundred reasons why I suspect this, Though I ask you, Dismiss her parents have, until now, kept it hid. therefore: accept what I say like a sensible man. the impossible; strive for what can be achieved.

are ofttimes

445

450

124
Pamphilus

THOMAS

JAY

GARBATY

to Old Woman:

Alas for me, my body's strength and faculty are routed! Neither my mind nor my tongue serves me further! is no more power in my limbs, one! There Unhappy their normal functions. Which refuse to perform own now harms me, through which Venus once My hope my afar, but the fire itself is still present. Hope has departed its harbor, vessel nowhere perceives My Nor can my anchor anywhere feel the ground! sorrow not to seek where consolation. knows My Galathea alone produces my grievous burden; She is the cause of my death, and of my life. rather die! If I cannot possess her, I would Old Woman to Pamphilus: 460 soul. 455

clung

to

does this foolish grief oppress What folly! What madness! Why Such groans will never gain you reward! 465 and measure, with prudence your weeping Temper to what do. and plan Dry your tears, conceives Great confidence supreme boldness, a skillful man. And often produces and zeal one can surmount many perils; With knowledge alertness may perhaps help you yet! 470 and skill, Work, Pamphilus But what to Old Woman:

you?

so much trouble? effort, alas, may overcome is her wedding imminent vanished has completely; My hope Not I, but her living husband will now marry her, bed is a crime. the marriage And to violate 475 All to no purpose has been my exertion, their artful efforts. And my cares have wasted No day brings me light, nor night any peace. A vain love ever consumes to Pamphilus: me, wretch that I am!

hour.

Old Woman

in an instant, Often a great distress disappears are abated, 480 After small rains fierce winds after long showers. And a clear day is more pleasant

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125

After severe illness one is more grateful for health. You can breathe now; anguish is gone, anger departed, Great joy follows hard on your sadness: Your Galathea will grant all our wishes; 485 in our power! She has put herself wholly Pamphilus to Old Woman:

wise mother, with vain promises Just as an affectionate, so they be quiet, her weeping Persuades children, So you, perhaps, support me with false solace, That my severe grief depart from my sad heart? 490 Old Woman to Pamphilus:

from the hawk's fierce talon, The bird, just escaped Is at first doubtful, and in all places fears him. But there is no reason for me to deceive you, And you'll find, all that I said is true. Pamphilus to Old Woman:

If what you tell me is true, and she is telling the truth, 495 Then all sorrows fly from my heart! foretell a conclusion; Yet, not always does a beginning Once started, the progress of work is often retarded by chance! Old Woman to Pamphilus: 500 fulfill one's desire.

is hid to the minds of men. The course of Fortune To know the future lies in God's power alone. But to despair is to harm; earnest labor alone will lead to success. Wisdom and vigilance Pamphilus All to Old Woman:

labor and hope are governed by fickle fate, But hope itself increases after a good start. she loves me or not? 505 Can you not tell whether heart's inmost secrets. love hide the may Hardly Old Woman With to Pamphilus: and heart she attends my words when I speak!

all her mind

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GARBATY

I say she receives with utmost delight. Whatever She even embraces my neck with her arms; to hear. All that you ask me to tell her she wishes 510 in the course of talk, I mention And when, your name, The mere sound of it suddenly moves her! In the pleasure of If I am tired of By these signs and Indeed, she did Pamphilus my words she blushes speaking, she urges me others we can discover and pales. on to tell more. her love. 515 that she is your friend!

not deny

to Old Woman:

Now, through you, I see my hope turn to success! And my glory flourishes with your kind help. strenuous labor may clarify doubt, But, if sometimes out great opportunities. 520 will cancel laziness Sluggish strive, as much as you can, to haste this affair, Therefore, Lest slothful delay hinder your task!

Old Woman

to Pamphilus:

I swear, your wish will be realized Certain, through me. in my affair, is still vague. But your own promise, 525 The mind often thinks contrary to our words, Nor do our acts follow all that we speak. at times, exact paid labor, Vain promises, And once you're happy, you may not give much! Pamphilus to Old Woman:

the poor! deceive It is a great sin, if the wealthy 530 no are it is deceived, Also, if you glory of mine. ever was nor nor anyone, betrayed, you, No, through my fault And common talk, if you listen, will impute no offense to me. My steadfast honesty will assure you of trust, So that all that you fear will turn out securely. Old Woman to Pamphilus: 535

folk of small talent always fear the might of the great; Common It takes little effort to strip the rights of the poor, is deprived of pretense, former promise And everywhere, as it is under numerous tricks. Hidden crafty

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However, nothing may resist the chance of fate. The sea often inspires fear, without being dangerous. I entrust to Fortune favors! your promised But the gifts that I promised you will receive. Now it is right that I go plead with the girl, That she may want to come and talk with you privately between But, if my skill arranges a meeting you, 545 And the situation is apt, I beg you to be a man! The mind and heart of a lover are always unsure; A short, but courageous Old Woman to Galathea: moment will achieve

540

here.

your desire.

A blazing fire cannot bury its light, 550 Nor may Venus hide her vows. The course of all your affairs is well known to me, And I can hardly retain my tears at the thought! For I perceive well that you both love most unwisely, By your violent grief is this business known. 555 furtive passion, Your pallid features demonstrate As if a grievous labor had affected your skin. is sad beyond measure. the wretched, Pamphilus, hardness must he always suffer from you! What wicked childish labor, Night and day he produces But the inflexible ground bears him no seed. 560 Who but a lunatic will cast his seed in the sand, of labor rests in its fruit? When the pleasure First your beauty and then your words played him false; love. these two was he wounded by violent Through You have not been to him the promised 565 cure, And thus his grief seemed ever more serious. Now that his plaint sees no relief, his pain is the greater. to be quiet, burdened And you, also, are pleased by ardor of love! sorrow is often destructive An unconfessed and evil, love will ever oppress you. Thus also a masked 570 what do you wish to do now? Therefore, And inform me of your intentions. Galathea to Old Woman: arrows of fire. me to love. Think quickly

Venus, often cruel, has pierced me with She presses me sorely, and commands

128 Modesty Torn

THOMAS JAY GARBATY 575

and fear, on the contrary, urge me to virtue. I scarcely know how to act! by these feelings, to Galathea:

Old Woman

is no cause for fright; Gone be your fear! Here In this matter no one will play the traitor. desires only to be your husband; Pamphilus All his care and effort tend but to this end. A thousand ways did his features betray his violent passion, And, weeping heavily, he spoke to me thus: for it; is my pain, and the medicine "Galathea She alone can wound me, and return me to strength." Pity forced me to weep for his tears, And yet, deep at heart, I was most happy; it: that all was just as I wished I perceived A common fire burns in your hearts. But the flame hurts; I pray that you pity each other, Allow love, through my help, to join you together! Galathea to Old Woman:

580

585

590

Your wish is mine also; I desire nothing more pleasant, If my parents also agree to this. For it does not fit us to act so bold as you say, like to, we lack the occasion. And if we would 595 is constantly with me as guardian; My mother both observes household The whole me, night and day. Old Woman to Galathea:

love loosens doors and gates; Ingenious This crafty love surmounts all things that harm. childish emotion! Lay aside your vain fear; cast off your 600 Sweet love, and I, ask that you come. Galathea to Old Woman:

You are now intimate with my secret guilt; comes from you. This, and most of our stratagem, that you give me some useful advice, I beg, therefore, Counsel which does not shame you to grant me. It is a sin and a crime to lead a young girl astray; 605 Much honor, or reproach, will you gain through this.

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Old Woman

to Galathea:

I do not hide, shamefaced, from wide and talkative gossip, Nor do my acts deny that I advised you well. should anyone wish to argue this case, Now, Let him come forth and accuse me of mischief! 610 Let him gather his strength to contend with me, Then, let him win quickly, or, if beaten, be quiet! But how soon I, with the help of reason, will curb him, If he should attempt to use reason against me! A good man and handsome, of noble birth and great wealth, And sweet love to help us in part! rumors and unkind murmurs will cease, Loquacious And you may walk all your ways without shame.

615

Galathea

to Old Woman:

Oh God, into what turmoil is thrown the mind of a lover! How fear, and great love, push him hither and yon. 620 torment and these him, Day opposing feelings night And what love desires, timidity always forbids. He does not know what to do, and runs ever amiss; He strays and, thus erring, enlarges his wound of love. Love has conquered me also, though I have continuously fought And it presses me harder the more I resist. Thus, troubled so long, and wearied by vain labor, I sadly confess that I prefer death to such life. Old Woman to Galathea:

it, 625

All fires increase through their own burning; Resistance the struggle and nourishes just hardens anger. Thus Venus hurts and wars on herself, She grows, though she fosters her wounds in strife. Therefore, you cannot with violence your flames; extinguish Your passion is milder, if left in peace. of Venus as one of her soldiers, 635 Obey the commands Nor let struggle and labor work to your harm. Foolish and rash, you sorely squander the joys of life, And your days will be filled with painful distraction. Ever, in mind, will you see the face of your absent friend, And yours hell regard no less, by day and by night. 640

630

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THOMAS

JAY

GARBATY

So much will each of you think of the other, That your condition, your hesitation will kill you both. But I believe you think it easy to throw off your love? Such a rupture will certainly end in cruel death. 645 Spare your youth, hold on to the joys of life! One must feed the heart's cheer with gay pastime. a short time with me; You are just now alone, come, for your pleasure, Here in my house youll find apples and nuts. ever will one of my nooks be lacking in fruit, Hardly 650 Of which you may taste whatever you please. the door with such force! But I wonder now, who is battering But I think it a man. Is it a man or the wind? It is someone! Look, he observes us through the aperture! I know his face so well! It is Pamphilus,

With skill he has gradually drawn back the bolts;

He enters upon us! Why to Pamphilus: delay to speak out?

655

Old Woman

How furiously, Pamphilus, do you break open my gate! I bought with my money. the doors which You are destroying do you want; who has sent you to us? What to say, and quickly depart! Speak, if you've something Pamphilus, embracing Galathea:

660

above all the cause of my bliss, Oh Galathea, me a Grant thousand kisses, after such long delay! My ardor drinks them, but they relieve not my thirst; tame pleasures, These rather, excite it more fiercely. in my arms! 665 I hold enclosed Lo, all my joys to me so dear! sweet the I embrace burden, Behold, I that directed chance my steps to this place, Happy For in it dwells she, whom I love best.

Old Woman,

withdrawing:

calls! Ill talk with her and return soon, A neighbor For I greatly fear that she won't come to me. 670 I hurry; 111 shut the door and I come, are you shouting? What Since no one remains here, but the empty house. to say; But I am busy; tell me quickly what you want I can't walk any long distance with you.

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131

Pamphilus Behold,

to Galathea:

675 sweet love, fresh youth, and this place the of heart! to the nourish us, Galathea, joys Urge the wanton, calls us to her delight, Lo, Venus, us now to enter her service. And commands I ask help of my vows for this act. Why do I wait? Humbly Now I beg that you patiently submit to my will. 680 Galathea, Pamphilus, deflowered take away by Pamphilus: your hand; now you are sorely hurting your

friend!
the old woman returns; don't touch me, Pamphilus! Already Pamphilus, keep your hands off; you will be surely exhausted Your exertion is useless; what you ask cannot be. Ah me, that a woman has ever such little strength; 685 How easily you can subdue both my hands! you are hurting my breasts with yours; Pamphilus, It is a crime and a sin; why handle me so? are you doing? 111 cry out! What I am badly betrayed Desist, Wretch I entreat that I am, when returns that faithless old woman? you, get up; the neighbors will hear our dispute. old woman did ill to surrender me thus. in vain!

by you. 690

That Never again will I, with you, be found in this place, Nor will the old woman deceive me, whatever she does! You've won out in this business, despite my resistance; 695 us all love is destroyed! between However, Pamphilus to Galathea:

Let us both rest now, just a short time, our horse pants, having run its course. While Why do you look at your lover with such scornful eyes; is your face washed with such pitiful tears? 700 Why I am guilty in all this; punish me as you will, And let the penalty even exceed my deserts. I'll submit to whatever you ask. Directly, with patience, But if I did sin, the fault was not mine! Let us seek, if you wish, an impartial verdict. 705 Should I be judged guilty or be acquitted? Your passionate eyes, white flesh, and noble features, Your words, embraces, your sweet kisses, this spot,

132
These

THOMAS

JAY

GARBATY

stimulated my crime, and gave it start. me! 710 Encouraged by these, my love overwhelmed inflamed my fury of lust. They increased my passion, Thus urged, I committed this impious act. so upset my mind, And this, worst of distractions, was That my good will totally deaf to your pleas! to be blamed of what you accuse me; Rather, you deserve You were the source and heart of the evil. lovers; Yet, such great anger should not exist between And, if it does by chance come, let its duration be short! Lovers should be indulgent of faults in each other; sin. of our mutual bear calmly the weight Therefore, woman sad the old When returns, stop your wailing, That she may not guess of our guilt in your tears. Old Woman, returning:

715

720

that woman kept me outdoors! With empty nonsense she'll succeed with her talk. Like Marcus Cicero 725 do your eyes brim with tears? But why, Galathea, comes this grief? What does this mean? Whence between I was gone, what happened While you? I beg you, tell me all from the start! Galathea, Galathea to Old Woman:

Yes, it suits you to ask now, as if you did not know, the whole plan of this trick was an act of yours! When It is by the fruit that one knows the tree, And thus are you recognized by your deeds. me apples and nuts, to you give arranged Wickedly When your Pamphilus was already in front of the door. 735 At the right time, you were called by your neighbor, And my virginity was thereby despoiled! Oh, what noble reason caused your delay out-of-doors? How well your treachery was hidden by craft! the chase, and tricks have completed But your mischief And see, the fleeing hare has died in the trap! 740 Old Woman: Far from me be such crime; I can absolve myself well, I am chided unjustly! by what means you will.

730

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133

At my age the name of such an offense Does not fit well, nor the study and art of this evil. 745 your games turned to strife, If, in some manner, it occurred in my absence? Is the fault mine, when it is, I am not part of your quarrel, Whatever not by me, but your foolhardy Which was moved, love! since I don't know, tell all the facts in succession, Still, Pamphilus, That the source of this trouble be not hidden to me. Pamphilus to Old Woman: 750

if you knew the whole I am censured unjustly, story, is harsher than I deserve. And her anger But lovers ought ever to hide all their secrets; to have spoken, after the anguish is gone. One is ashamed Pamphilus to Galathea: 755

You should now calm such quarrelsome anger; As for the rest, it concerns only us two. Galathea to Pamphilus:

since she acts the unknowing, tell her what happened, Pamphilus, And she will learn just how it all came about. she herself counseled, As if ignorant, she asks you what That she might not seem guilty, in this matter, before me. Galathea to Old Woman:

760

You've taxed me with countless and devious tricks, But now the evidence exposes your plot! Thus is the curved hook felt by the fish, when already caught, And the bird sees the snare of the fowler too late. do I do now? Shall I, a captive, flee through the world? What shut me out. My parents will, rightfully, I must search with anxious eyes, Here and there, everywhere, But no hope Old Woman: Excessive grief is not a sign of wisdom, For sorrow returns no profit whatever. of joy will I find, wretch that I am!

765

770

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THOMAS

JAY

GARBATY

bear calmly what effort cannot undo, Therefore, And what immoderate love has so badly induced. as this case demands, We should be prudent, And we must seek what counsel to follow. of all lovers, them in strife. And, a gentle peace cherish each conclude other, May you Let him be your husband, may she be your wife! this union between you be granted. By my wishes, Made happy through me, remember me well! Discord sorely vexes the hearts in its blindness, wounds

University

of Michigan