Works Cited Primary Sources: Balzac, Horne. Splendeurs et misres des courtisanes. France, 1838-1847.

This gives good insight into the specific stories of Vidocqs criminal law enforcement career. It tells stories about how Vidocq captured many criminals using his revolutionary tactics. Vidocq is shown as the character of Vautrin in this book written by a well known author who was alive while Vidocq was head of the Surete. This book was although originally written in French. Bar, Temple. "Article 6 -- no Title." New York Times (1857-1922), Aug 17, 1890. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/94872606?accountid=13996> (2 March 2013.) I used this article because it was written during Vidocqs position as a leader in the Surete. It spoke more about Vidocqs life specifically. This also wrote about his first arrest, which was interesting information to gain. "The Capture of St Germain." New York Times (1857-1922), Aug 10, 1890. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/94776027?accountid=13996.> (1 March 2013) I used this article in my section of my website which was about the immediate effect of Vidocqs work on France. It talked a lot about his arrest of Saint Germain and how he used his tactics to pull this off. I put an excerpt into my website as a graphic. Conan, Neil. Interview with Frank Bender and William Fleisher. NPR. Talk of the Nation. February 02, 2009. This interview was a very valuable resource. I used an excerpt of the audio in my website. This is a primary resource because it is an interview with two of the founders of the Vidocq Society. They talk about how they have used Vidocqs tactics. Davies, Dave. Interview with Richard Walter. NPR. Fresh Air. August 12, 2010. Richard Walter was the third founder of the Vidocq Society, which makes this source primary. He discusses his experience as part of the society. I used a quote from him in my website. Edward Dion, interview by Audrey Dombro, March 2, 2013. I interviewed a former police officer and current FBI agent, Ed Dion. This was a very useful resource. I used excerpts from my interview in multiple places in my

website. This is a primary source because Mr. Dion is in the police force and currently using Vidocqs tactics. Fleisher, William. "The Vidocq Society." The Polygraph Place . <http://www.polygraphplace.com/articles/vidocqsociety.htm> (accessed May 9, 2013). This source was an article written by Vidocq Society founder, William Fleisher. It discussed the Vidocq Society, as well as the history of Vidocqs life. It drew connections between Vidocq and Robert Peel by explaining about the meeting they had in 1832 with several of Peels agents and how Vidocq advised them. This was very helpful information that I used in my website. "French Police Get Alleged Gem Thief." New York Times (1923-Current File), Jul 21, 1929. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/104947999?accountid=13996. (2 March 2013.) This was a newspaper article from 1929. It was useful in the section about the continuation of Vidocqs work. This article explained how people used Vidocqs tactics more than 100 years after his death in order to solve a crime. Geringer, Joseph. Vidocq: Convict Turned Detective Magnifique Master Criminologist. truTV.com: Not Reality. Actuality. <http://www.trutv.com/ library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/vidocq/1.hml> (10 December 2012.) This source was helpful in getting me other sources, which were primary, since it listed all the characters in books Vidocq was based on. This also gave a link to one of Vidocqs early memoirs, another useful source. It also includes a primary source engraving of a young Vidocq escaping from what one may assume is a prison. This photograph shows Vidocqs criminal past as a juvenile and as a young adult. Vidocq was known as a great escape artist from jails, so this photograph shows this side of the great crime solver.

La Vie De Monsieur Vidocq. The Vidocq Society. <http://vidocq.org/vidocq.html> (18 November 2012.) This is a website written by the members of the Vidocq Society, a group that writes accurately about the history of Vidocq and the Surete. This makes it a primary source, because the founders wrote it. This gave me good information on Vidocqs life and different exploits in his crime- solving career. Tim Lynch, interview by Audrey Dombro, May 13, 2013.

This was an interview I conducted. It is a primary source because I was interviewing him about the tactics he uses in his police work. He gave a first-hand experience of using tactics which did originate from Vidocq. New-York daily tribune. (New-York [N.Y.]), 17 June 1857. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030213/1857-06-17/ed-1/seq-1/> This source was very helpful because it was a New York Tribune article from 1857. It was an advertisement from Vidocqs time that was selling his memoirs. It showed the spread of Vidocqs memoirs to America. It also showed that the memoirs were being published in the National Police Gazette. I used this article as a graphic on my website. New-York daily tribune. (New-York [N.Y.]), 20 Nov. 1844. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030213/1844-11-20/ed-1/seq-3/> This source showed an advertisment for Vidocqs complete memoirs. It was one of the earliest newspaper articles I was able to find. I used this as an image in my project to show how Vidocqs memoirs spread.

Vidocq, Eugne Franois. Histoire complte de F.- E. Vidocq. Bailly, 1858 This memoir was very helpful. Because it was written under the name of Vidocq, I am considering it a primary resource. It also included several pictures of Vidocq capturing criminals that I used in my website. Vidocq, Eugne Franois. Memoirs of Vidocq: Master of Crime. 1858. This book was written by Vidocq and it was his personal memoir. This was useful since it gave lots of good, firsthand views and many cases. It also showed a personal account of everything. I used many quotes from this book in my memoirs. Vidocq, Eugne Franois. Memoirs of Vidocq, the Principal Agent of the French Police. T.B. Peterson, 1859. This book was very helpful because it was also written by Vidocq about his life. It went even further into describing more of Vidocqs most famous tales of catching criminals. Specifically, it gave insight onto the capture of Saint-Germain, an important thieve and swindler of the time. Vidocq, Eugne Franois. The Memoirs of Vidocq: The Head Chief of the French Police;

an autobiography. T.B. Peterson. This memoir was written by Vidocq. It filled in gaps where his other memoirs did not discuss. This included his work in Le Bureau des Renseignements and his crime solving there. Vidocq, Eugne Franois. Memoirs of Vidocq, Written by Himself. 1829. <https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Eug%C3%A8ne_Fran %C3%A7ois_Vidocq_Memoirs_of_Vidocq_written_b?id=l3ADAAAAQAAJ#? t=W251bGwsMSwyLDUwMSwiYm9vay1sM0FEQUFBQVFBQUoiXQ.> (18 Feb 2013) This memoir was very old and written by Vidocq himself, which made it a valuable resource and a primary resource. Vidocq mentioned a lot about his conquests of crime during the time and when he caught criminals. I used quotes from this memoir in my website. Vidocq, Eugene. "Memoirs of Vidocq, the principal agent of the French police." Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine. <http://www.archive.org/stream/memoirsvidocqpr00cruigoog/memoirsvidocqpr00 cruigoog_djvu.txt> (accessed May 9, 2013). This was an archive which had Memoirs of Vidocq, the principal agent of the French police translated into English. I didnt end up using any quotes from this memoir, but it was very useful to read more about Vidocqs work and specifically his individual cases. The Vidocq Society: Solving Murders Over Lunch NPR. Interview. <http:// www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129032377>. (9 Feb 2013.) This interview was helpful because it showed many long term effects of Vidocqs crime solving techniques. It shows the continued legacy of Vidocq through the Vidocq Society of crime solvers.

Vidocq, the father of detectives. (1872, Apr 14). New York Times (1857-1922). <http://search.proquest.com/docview/93195194?accountid=13996.> This was an old newspaper article from the New York Times in the 1800s. It discussed Vidocqs life and his work. I included an image of the paper in my project. Secondary Sources:

Ashley, Mike. The Great Detectives: Vidocq. Strand Magazine. <http://www.strandmag.com/vidoq.htm> (10 December 2012). This article mentioned the crime rates that changed between before Vidocqs crime work and after. These numbers were very useful and they represent the effect that Vidocq had on all of France. This article also talked about Vidocqs early life in Arras, Northern France. A+E Networks Digital. "Allan Pinkerton Biography. Bio. True Story. <http://www.biography.com/people/allan-pinkerton-9441102> (2 February 2013). I used this source to research Pinkerton and Vidocqs effect on his work. I used an image from this source, but nothing else. A+E Networks Digital. "J. Edgar Hoover ." Bio. True Story. <http://www.biography.com/people/j-edgar-hoover-9343398> (2 February 2013). I used this source for information of J Edgar Hoover. I included a picture of him in my website. I learned more about his creation of the FBI. Blumberg, Jesse. "A Brief History of Scotland Yard." Smithsonian Magazine. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/world-history/briefscotland.html> (accessed May 9, 2013). I used this source because it was a very good history of the Scotland Yard. It also had an explanation of the Scotland Yard in present day. I also used an image from this article. The Caledonian. (St. Johnsbury, Vt.), 20 July 1860. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84023252/1860-07-20/ed-1/seq-1/> I used this source as an example of how Allan Pinkerton was related to Vidocq. This article shows Pinkerton referred to as American Vidocq and even mentions Vidocqs memoirs. I used this as evidence of the effect Vidocq had on Pinkerton in the legacy section of my website. Callender, Newgate. "The World's First Detective." New York Times (1923-Current File), Mar 27, 1977. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/123522901?accountid=13996.

I used this article for an image of Vidocq. This source was also useful for a long history of Vidocq. It had a specific list of all his achievements, which was very useful. Capuzzo, Michael. The Murder Room: The Heirs of Sherlock Holmes Gather to Solve the World's Most Perplexing Cold Cases. New York: Penguin, 2010. This book went into depth on the Vidocq Society and their procedure. I used information from this book in my legacy section. It was very interesting because it displayed cases of the Vidocq Society. "City of St. Paul, MN - Official Website." Lateral Entry Program. <http://www.stpaul.gov/index.aspx?NID=2264> (accessed May 12, 2013). I used this source to find an image for Saint Paul police officers. I used this photograph in my legacy section because many of the officers I interviewed were from the Saint Paul Police. The daily dispatch. (Richmond [Va.]), 09 Aug. 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024738/1859-08-09/ed-1/seq-2/> This source was an advertisement for Vidocqs memoirs. It showed the spread of these memoirs to the United States. I used it as an image in my project. Fisher, Jim. Eugene-Francois Vidocq: The Worlds First Detective. Jim Fisher The Official Website. <http://jimfisher.edinboro.edu/forensics/vidocq.html> (21 November 2012). This website was written by the retired FBI agent, Jim Fisher, who also writes many other books on crime. This was a very good and informative source because it gave some personal opinions about Vidocq and his impact on modern crime solving, which was useful later in my project. Francois Vidocq (French detective). Britannica Online Encyclopedia. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627972/Francois-Vidocq> (10 December 2012). The article was helpful because it gave me more insight into the life of Vidocq. It also mentioned Vidocqs childhood involvement in the military. In addition to this, the article mentioned many more books with characters based on Vidocq. "The French Police System." Encyclopedia Britannica.

<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/467289/police/36615/The-Frenchpolice-system> (accessed April 12, 2013). This site was a useful source because it gave an overview of all the historical French police systems. It gave an explanation of the flaws in the early French police. I used much information from this source when writing up my early France police portion of my project. "Gen. Upton's Death." Minneapolis Tribune (1867-1908), May 10, 1881. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/569274474?accountid=13996> (2 March 2013.) This article was from 1881. It didnt talk much of Vidocq, so it didnt play a huge role in my project. It was amainly about Allan Pinkerton and it referred to him as American Vidocq. I used this as an image on my website to prove Vidocqs influence on Pinkerton. Hale, T.J. Great French Detective Stories. New York: Vanguard Press, 1983. This book focused on some specific stories involving Vidocq. It was useful since it was very informative and clear. This also told the story of Hotot, a thief. This book was useful since it showed me some tactics that Vidocq used to capture his criminals. "Historical Maps of France." Educational Maps. http://edmaps.com/html/france.html (accessed May 13, 2013). I used this source to find a historical map representation of France in the 1800s. I used this map as an image in my project. "History of the Metropolitan Police Service ." Metropolitan Police Service. <http://www.met.police.uk/history/175yearsago.htm> (accessed May 10, 2013). I used this source to get information on the Scotland Yard and draw connections between their police work and Vidocqs influence. I also used an image from this site. This gave a very nice history of Robert Peel and the Scotland Yard.

"History of Private Investigation." Kentucky Private Investigators. <http://www.ksiu.org/history> (2 February 2013). This source was very helpful since it gave a solid list of all of Vidocqs accomplishments and all the innovations he created in his time. It also went on to talk about Pinkertons life and work. It intertwined both these and described Vidocqs effect of Pinkerton, which was extremely useful.

Miller, Dennis. Conversations: the Murder Room. (2010 video) <from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrSKG-bse5k> (2 February 2012). This was a youtube video. It was an interview with Michael Capuzzo, the author of The Murder Room, a book about the Vidocq Society. I did not put a clip from this in my project, as I had originally intended. Morton, James. The First Detective: The Life and Revolutionary Times of Vidocq; Criminal, Spy, and Private Eye. Great Britain: Edbury Press, 2004. This book was a very informative source because it was about Vidocqs entire life. It was a very thorough examination of his importance and the effect he has had on the world. This book caused me to clearly see the direct turning point in history that Vidocq spurred. Nashville patriot. (Nashville, Tenn.), 26 Aug. 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033711/1859-08-26/ed-1/seq-2/> This source was useful because it was an early book review of Vidocqs memoirs. It showed how the common people excitedly received Vidocqs writings. However, I was unable to find room to fit this into my project. Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]), 10 Jan. 1890. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn99021999/1890-01-10/ed-1/seq-4/> This article showed the fame that the Surete was receiving because of the work Vidocq had done. It also showed the progress of the Surete from a small force, to a highly recognized and successful crime force. One of Modern Historys First Forensic Experts. Criminal Justice School Info. <http://criminaljusticeschoolinfo.com/legal-justice-news/2012/10/one-of-modernhistorys-first-forensic-experts-111012> (10 December 2012). This source was helpful because it went into more detail on the specific methods used by Vidocq to catch criminals, like undercover investigation, footprints, and record keeping. This article showed how truly innovative Vidocq was as a person and a head of the Surete. Pilkington, Ed. " Vidocq Society the murder club ." The Guardian. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/03/vidocq-society-cold-casemurders> (accessed May 9, 2013).

This was a good sourse because it outlined a specific case and how it would go through the Vidocq Society procedure. It also had a picture of the society reviewing a case. I used this image in my website. Ramsland, Katherine. Francois Eugene Vidocq: World's First Undercover Detective. The Forensic Examiner. American College of Forensic Examiners: 2006. This was an extrememly unseful source. It focused a lot of Vidocqs early life and had an overview of everything until his death. It also discussed Vidocqs impact on France and on crime fighting as a whole. Kari Rise, interview by Audrey Dombro, May 14, 2013. This interview was very helpful because Rise was a criminology expert. She studied at the University of Minnesota. She was able to confirm that Vidocqs work was in fact a turning point. She was also able to explain how his tactics are used today.

Robb, Graham. Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2010. This book devted an entire chapter to Vidocq and his accomplishments. It was very well written so it was a good place from which to pull quotes. I used the section about pre-Vidocq France in my project. Siegel, Robert. Interview with James Morton. NPR. All Things Considered. July 01, 2011. This interview, though not a primary source, was still very helpful. Robert Siegel interviewed Michael Capuzzo, author of The Murder Room, a book about the Vidocq Society. He discussed how the Society is carrying on Vidocqs legacy. I included an audio clip with part of the interview in my website. Smitha, Frank. France in the mid-1700s." MacroHistory : World History. <http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h29-fr2.htm>(accessed April 12, 2013). This website, written by historian Frank Smitha was very helpful when I began researching the time period in France before Vidocq made changes in the French police. It provided some nice quotes and allowed me to set up a scene about what was going on in France during Vidocqs time. Stead, Philip John. Vidocq: Picaroon of Crime ( Eugne Franois Vidocq - Creator of the

Surete ). London Staples, 1953. This book was very detailed and in depth. I used a quote from this source in my project to back up my ideas about Vidocqs instigation of the turning point of crime fighting. The book had a lot of ideas about Vidocqs work. "Union League, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ." Library of Congress Home. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2011630505/> (accessed May 10, 2013). I used this source for a photo. I used a photo of the Union League building in Philadelphia in my description of the Vidocq Society. It was very helpful. Vidocq (Franois-Eugne). La France Pittoresque. 1858. <http://www.france pittoresque.com/spip.php?article1000> (25 November 2012.) This source was originally written in French, so I had to translate it. It was a document form 1858. This told about Vidocqs early life, before he became an important detective. I did not use this is my website. However, it also discussed his later life and conquests as a detective. "WHICH THE JUSTICE WHICH THE THIEF? THE LIFE AND INFLUENCE OF EUGNE-FRANOIS VIDOCQ." Legal Studies Forum 29, no. 2 (April 2005): 825-837. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (21 January 2013). This was an interesting source. It was an academic journal about Vidocq. It went in depth into his yearly life and criminal background. It also mentioned a lot about his impact on literature, especially with Edgar Allen Poe. Williams, Valentine. "A Famous Master of Sleuthing." New York Times (1923-Current File), Mar 31, 1935. <http://search.proquest.com/docview/101525856? accountid=13996> (3 March 2013.) This was an old newspaper article that I was able to access from 1923. aI used this article because it talked more about the specific impact that Vidocqs Memoirs had on people all over. I used a picture of the article as a graphic on my website.