Bibliography

Primary Sources
Allman, Sheldon. Crawl Out Through the Fallout. Folk Songs for the 21st Century. 1960. http://www.atomicplatters.com. (Accessed April 1, 2013.) I found this song on the Atomic Platters website, which contains 100 songs with themes tied to nuclear testing and atomic energy. I chose Crawl Out Through the Fallout because of its catchy tune and ironic lyrics. The song plays on my Popular Culture page. Andrei Sakharov Papers. Andrei Sakharov Archives at Harvard University. Modern Books and Manuscripts Department of Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Cambridge, MA. http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu (Accessed October 10, 2012). Andrew Sakharov was a Russian physicist who played a key role in the development of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. As the Cold War progressed, he opposed the atomic bomb and was eventually awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in controlling nuclear weapons. I discovered his notes on the Internet. His writings reveal the moral struggle of a scientist, like Robert Oppenheimer, whose discovery led to so much death and destruction. As the Bomb Goes Off and the Cloud Heads EastScience Tackles Radiation Peril. Life. March 21, 1955: 32-40. This article looks at how scientists tested animals and humans for the effects of radiation on the body during the 1950s. The article contains photographs of the scientists leading the experiments, including Nobel Prize winner Hermann J. Muller, who is quoted as saying, Atomic warfare may cause as much genetic damage, spread out over future generations, as the direct harm done to the generation exposed. These words plus the images of animals being tested drove home to the American public the seriousness of the atomic bomb. Atomic Archive Collection. National Science Digital Library. 1998-2013. http://www.atomicarchive.com (Accessed 2 February 2013). This valuable collection of primary source documents contained photographs from the National Archives, US Navy, US Air Force, and US Department of Energy, as well as chronologies of the race for the hydrogen bomb and of key events in the Cold War. In addition to these primary sources, the collection included analyses, which I found helpful in understanding my topic. Several of the primary source images in my website came from this archive.

Atomic Collection. ORAU: 2009. www.orau.org (Accessed April 10, 2013). This fascinating collection of atomic-related artifacts was incredibly useful for me. It was broken down into sections on toys, foods, movie posters, radiation measurement tools, etc. Seeing the ads for radioactive butter and razor blades helped me understand how in time Americans came to see nuclear weapons as a marketing tool, not just as a weapon of mass destruction. In a way, they became desensitized to the dangers. The slide shows of the toys, games, comic books, and film posters on my Popular Culture page came from this site, which is sponsored by Oak Ridge Associated University. It is affiliated with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. Beatty, Ray. Personal Interview. January 14, 2013. First Class Fireman Ray Beatty worked in the boiler room and cleaned the deck during Operation Crossroads. In this personal interview, Beatty stated that he was not warned of any problems with radiation and received no protection. The Saratoga, the ship that he worked on, was so radiated from the nuclear testing that it was not allowed to dock in San Francisco. Because of this, the Saratoga had to go through the Panama Canal to a Virginia naval base, where it was cleaned of radiation. This first hand account provided valuable information that helped me understand what it was like during Operation Crossroad. I was able to use an audio clip from this interview in my website to describe the cleanup efforts after the blast. Bikini Atoll. Bikini Atoll Local Government Council. http://www.bikkiniatoll.com (Accessed October 22, 2012). Despite the loss of their tiny island, Bikinians remain dedicated to their culture. This website shows the structure of their current Council and how the people of Bikini have struggled to regain their land. I used this website to gain an understanding of how the displaced people were treated during and after the testing. Bradley, David. No Place to Hide. Boston: Little Brown, 1948. David Bradley was a U.S. Army Radiological Monitor for the Able and Baker Tests at Bikini Atoll. In this unpublished book, which was the first book ever written about nuclear testing, Bradley describes his experience viewing the atomic bombs as they were dropped. A quote from this book was used in my website to show the effect of the blast. Bureau of Ships Group: USS Carlisle (APA-69) Able Test. Declassified April 18, 1997. Defense Atomic Support Agency. DTIC: 2013. http://www.dtic.mil/ (Accessed April 10, 2013). These declassified reports from the Able Test provided me with detailed reports of the actual bombing. They revealed maps, radiation statistics, and the size and characteristics of the ships. The report helped reinforce the original purpose of the tests: to discover the impact of testing on the ships. I added this document to my Documents page to help the reader understand the details of the testing.

Bureau of Ships Group: USS LST 545 Baker Test. Declassified April 18, 1997. Defense Atomic Support Agency. DTIC: 2013. http://www.dtic.mil/ (Accessed April 10, 2013). I used this declassified document to show the reader the detailed types of results gathered from the testing. Cold War Music From the Golden Age of Homeland Security. Conelrad: Atomic Platters. Conelrad, n.d. Web. 10 April 2013. This collection of primary sources was an incredible find for me. It is dedicated to the music of the Cold War and provided me with images of records, lyrics, and songs for the Popular Culture portion of my website. Seeing all the songs that focused on atomic bombs made me realize how much a part of the popular culture the topic had become. Some of the songs approached the topic humorously; others were serious in tone. This supported my idea that Americans were of many mindsets concerning the bomb, and that some used humor to cover up fear. Craig, Charles. Operation Crossroads. Photograph Archive. U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center: Carlisle, PA. This photograph collection was one of many interesting primary sources that I found during my research trip to the U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center in Carlisle, PA. The collection contained many photos of the bombs, Bikinians preparing to depart their island, and soldiers preparing for the blasts and cleaning up afterwards. I used various photographs from this collection in my website. Duck and Cover. U.S. Federal Civil Defense Administration. 1951. www.internetarchive.com. (Accessed March 29, 2013.) I used this film in my Civil Defense section to illustrate the ongoing education of the American public, especially children, regarding what to do in the threat of an atomic blast. Starring Bert the Turtle, the film was selected for the 2004 National Film Registry because it is a culturally, historically and aesthetically significant motion picture. Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950. United States Congress. www.ssa.gov. (Accessed May 1, 2013). In 1950 Congress charged the newly created Federal Civil Defense Administration with the task of creating shelter, evacuation, and training programs to prepare Americans for the threat of a nuclear attack. I used this information as a primary source to set the stage for my Civil Defense page.

Fisher, Craig. Cream, Clothes to Cover Goats in A-Bomb Test. Chicago Daily Tribune; March 14, 1946. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. http://proquest.umi.com (Accessed February 5, 2013). This article was about the animals that were tested at Bikini Atoll. It describes the effect of radiation on animals. U.S. Army officials were quoted explaining how various animals, including goats and mice, were to be used. Goats in special clothing anointed with anti-flash creams were used. Director of the Los Alamos laboratory, Dr. Norris Bradbury, was quoted saying that the tests were to obtain information about the blast rather than to destroy a large amount of ships. This information in this article helped me understand the preparations that occurred before the blast. I used this article in my website. Goro, Fritz. Life With the A-Bomb: Anatomy of a Nuclear Test, 1946. Time Inc., 2013. http://life.time.com (Accessed December 3, 2012). Life Magazine photographer Fritz Goro took photographs during the 1946 Operation Crossroads nuclear tests. Goro is one of the greatest science photographers of the 20th century and his photographs document the sailors and other military personnels observations of the Able and Baker tests. These photographs helped me show that the viewers of the tests did not protect themselves. Hachiya, Michihiko Dr. Hiroshima Diary. Look. Aug. 9, 1955: 19-25. Hachiyas diary recounts painful memories of the aftermath of the Hiroshima bombings. I used quotes from this diary in my Context section to illustrate the power and horror of the atomic bomb. The fact that it was published in the popular Look magazine for Americans to read a decade later showed Americas growing awareness of the dangers of the bomb. Incredible Shrinking Man. Dir. Jack Arnold. Perf. Grant Williams, Randy Stuart, and April Kent. Universal National Pictures. 1957. www.internetarchive.com. (Accessed March 29, 2013.) The Incredible Shrinking Man is a science fiction film about a man named Scott who comes in contact with radiation and slowly shrinks as a result of the exposure. The film won the very first Hugo Award for Dramatic Presentation. The Library of Congress named it to the National Film Registry for being culturally, historically or aesthetically significant. I chose to include this trailer from the film because this was a famous film people would recognize, and it represented the cultural mindset of the time. Lee, Fitzhugh. The Press at Operation Crossroads. Army Info Digest (March 1947): pp. 25-31. Per. from U.S. Army Military History Institute: Carlisle, PA. Captain Fitzhugh Lee talks about dealing with public relations during two tests of Operation Crossroads. From this, I learned how some people were disappointed with the

radio broadcasters coverage of the Able explosions. The broadcasters couldnt report the explosions to the public because they did not see the bombs go off. This report showed the media excitement prior to the tests and their disappointment after viewing the bomb. "Local Artifacts From the Atomic Era." Kansas City Public Media. KCUR, 2013. www.kcur.org (Accessed April 11, 2013). This collection of images from the atomic era was useful in helping to illustrate the fallout shelters of the 60s and 70s. Several of the primary source images from this website are used in my project, including the photograph of the children practicing drills under their desks and the family sitting in their fallout shelter. I used these images to show how ingrained in their everyday activities the threat of a nuclear war was. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, July 26, 1963. National Archives: Treaties and Other International Agreement Series. https://archives.gov (Accessed April 10, 2013). The Limited Nuclear Test Ban treaty, signed in Moscow on August 5, 1963, approved by the Senate on September 23, 1963 and signed by Kennedy on October 7, 1963, prohibited nuclear weapons tests or other nuclear explosions under water, in the atmosphere, or in outer space. I included it in the documents section of my supplemental materials because it represented a turning point in the Cold War. Operation Crossroads. New York Times; February 17, 1946. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. http://proquest.umi.com (Accessed February 5, 2013). Through this article, I was able to gain a vast amount of information about the Able and Baker Tests. The article gave an in-depth description of how the U.S. government planned to test the atomic bombs at Bikini Atoll. This article demonstrated the enthusiasm for the testing and support for the new atomic age. I used cartoon images and quotes from this article on my website. Paramount News [Mar. 16], 1946. 99068. PARA Collection 1951-1951. National Archives at College Park, Motion Pictures Collection: College Park, MD. At the National Archives in College Park, Maryland, I found a fascinating collection of news footage taken during Operation Crossroads. I used this Paramount News broadcast to show the Baker Test explosion. I also used a clip from this video to show the U.S. military talking to the Bikinians to provide evidence of the military personnel stating the test would be for the good of mankind. Radioactivity Fails to Injure Men. The Washington Post; ProQuest Historical Newspapers. http://proquest.umi.com (Accessed February 5, 2013). This primary source stated that the United States government did not think that radioactivity was a concern following Operation Crossroads. One of the radiological safety advisers stated that although one of the men received four times more exposure

than scientists had anticipated, he was still healthy. The question of how the health of both military personnel and civilians was affected due to the blasts was raised well into the late 20th century. Seeger, Pete. Talking Atom. If I Had a Hammer: Songs of Hope and Struggle. CD. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Folkways, 1998. I used some of the lyrics from Talking Atom to show how one of Americas most famous folk musicians expressed his anger through song over decisions the government was making about nuclear power. Shalett, Sidney. Test Atomic Bombs to Blast 100 Ships at Marshalls Atoll. New York Times; January 25, 1946. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. http://proquest.umi.com (Accessed February 5, 2013). This article revealed how the atomic bombs would explode. It stated that 20,000 men would take part in the experiment as well as a fleet of 150 ships. It emphasized the U.S. government would be the sole country involved in the nuclear testing and that it was a joint effort between the Navy and Army. From this newspaper, I used a photograph of the Joint Staff for Atom Bomb Tests on Warships and a map of Operations Crossroads in my website. Shurcliff, William Dr. Whole Story of Blast Only Now Taking Form. Washington Post; July 6, 1946. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. http://proquest.umi.com (Accessed January 7, 2013). Dr. Shurcliff was technical historian of the Joint Task Force Is Operation Crossroads. A year after the first tests took place on Bikini Island he writes about how public interest in the tests has declined. He warns of the danger of the atomic bomb, saying that it is destructive beyond the ability of words to describe, beyond the ability of photographs to portray. Shurcliff ends by saying that the only solution is to forever rule out the threat of war. Some Bikini Ships Are Quarantined. New York Times; Sept. 26, 1946. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. http://proquest.umi.com (Accessed January 12, 2013). This article states that the ships returning to the United States from the testing at Bikini Atoll contained radioactivity in their salt water lines and condensers. The article stresses the safety precautions taken to prevent radioactive contamination of personnel engaged in the operation, repair or cleaning of the ships. According to the interview I conducted with one of the personnel responsible for cleaning the ships, this was not his experience. He cleaned the ships completely unprotected.

Strauss. Lewis. Lewiss Complete Statement After Bravo and the Japanese Governments Response. March 18, 1954. PBS: 2009. http://www.pbs.org (Accessed April 10, 2013). This exchange is one of my favorite parts of my website. The information presented by Lewis Strauss, a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, is in direct contrast to the statement made by the Japanese following the Castle Bravo test. Strauss skirts the truth in paragraph after paragraph. The story soon became a public relations nightmare for the United States government, who struggled to explain why the test put so many people in harms way. Television Will Be Used in Atom Bomb Test Films. New York Times; March 20, 1946. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. http://proquest.umi.com (Accessed February 5, 2013). This article stated that NBT, WRGB, WBKB, WABD, WPTZ, and WCBW stations were broadcasting the atom bomb tests at Bikini Atoll. This showed me that the media covered the event. I was surprised to learn that six stations were broadcasting the dropping of the atom bomb. The media frenzy during Operation Crossroads was in direct contrast to the secrecy that surrounded later tests on the Bikini Islands nearly a decade later. Teller, Edward, Dr., and Albert Latter, Dr. "The Compelling Need for Nuclear Tests." Life. 10 Feb. 1958: 64-72. Dr. Teller, known as the Father of the H-Bomb, and Dr. Latter, representing the Rand Corporation, a nonprofit scientific agency, believe that nuclear tests must go on and that the danger from fallout is very much overrated. They argue that American tests will eventually lead to the development of a clean bomb and that if we renounce nuclear weapons, we open the door to aggression. This article is in direct response to the petition delivered to the United Nations in 1958 by 9000 scientists, led by Dr. Linus Pauling, asking for an immediate halt to nuclear bomb tests. This article showed the other side of the story and how prominent scientists disagreed with the idea that radioactive fallout from the testing was extreme. Testimony of Hiroshi Sawachika. Voice of Hibakusha. Hiroshima Peace Cultural Center and NHK, 1986. http://www.inicom.com (Accessed April 10, 2013). The Hiroshima Peace and Culture Foundation created a film consisting of the testimonies of 100 victims of the Hiroshima bombing to commemorate the International Year of Peace in 1986. In this interview, Hiroshi Sawachika talks about his experiences as an army doctor stationed 4.1 km from the hypocenter. He describes the moment of impact from the bomb, which I used in my website to relate the horror of the nuclear explosion. He describes treating the badly burned victims and being unable to fulfill the wish of a dying woman who wanted him to deliver her baby before she passed away. The interview ends with Sawachika saying, Even the slightest idea using nuclear arms should be completely exterminated [from] the minds of human beings.

Thomis, Wayne. Animals Saved at Bikini Dying from Radiation. Chicago Daily Tribune; July 5, 1946. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. http://proquest.umi.com (Accessed February 5, 2013). This primary source states that scientists believed the animals on board the fleet of ships would probably die within two weeks from radiation poisoning. In my website, I used a quote that states that the animals without the cream on their bodies were flashburned from the blast. Other animals who escaped were hit with gamma and beta rays. I thought the quote tied in nicely with my interview with Ray Beatty to show how those beings that were unprotected suffered from the effects of the radiation. ___. Atomic World Seen Mirrored in Bikini Lagoon. Chicago Daily Tribune; January 25, 1946. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. http://proquest.umi.com (Accessed February 5, 2013). This article helped me understand what the scientific community projected the results of the nuclear testing would be. The article also stated the primary purpose of the testing for the U.S. Navy was to test the concentrated amount of naval vessels with the blast. It also told how the blast above the water would happen and that Japan would not be endangered by the blast. Undersea Bomb Reveals Threat to Worlds Fish. New York Times; Aug. 10, 1946. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. http://proquest.umi.com (Accessed February 5, 2013). This article reveals a shocking fact: some of the fish caught in the waters of the Bikini Atoll after Baker Day were so radioactive that when placed on photographic plates they took their own pictures. The concern of Commander Revelle, the Navy oceanographer in charge of the Operation Crossroads survey work, is that by poisoning the bottom feeders, the atom bomb could have serious side effects on the people who ingest that fish. U.S. Department of Defense. Operation Crossroads, 1946. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, 1984. 564 pg. U264.3064. U.S. Army Military History Institute: Carlisle, PA. This official report showed me the U.S. military plan for Operation Crossroads. It revealed the locations of the ships and photographs of the bombs, soldiers and Bikinians. I also viewed exact recorded levels of radiation from each bomb. The report helped me understand what the overall goal of the Bikini Atoll testing was and how the U.S. military accomplished it.

U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. Low Dose Radiation Research Program Timeline. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 2012. http://lowdose.energy.gov (Accessed February 5, 2013). Through this website, I could understand the chronology of the history of radiobiology to illustrate the great progress made in the last half century in this field. The creation of the science of radiobiology was a direct result of the scientific interest in the testing that occurred during Operation Crossroads and Castle Bravo. U.S. Joint Task Force One. Bombs at Bikini: The Official Report of Operation Crossroads. NY: Wise, 1947. 212 p. UL490.651U57. U.S. Army Military History Institute: Carlisle, PA. This primary resource was one of the most fascinating and helpful discoveries I made during my research at the U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center. In the official report, I learned the purpose of Operation Crossroads and found photographs of the radio tower and of Navy personnel cleaning up decks after the nuclear bomb. I used several of these images in my website. ---.Operation Crossroads, Bikini, 1946. NY: Georgian Press, 1946. 88p. UL409.651064. U.S. Army Military History Institute: Carlisle, PA. Another helpful find during my Carlisle research was this report, which included photos of ships, the coral reef, a radio controlled flying fortress, and a plane with cameras. Several of these photos are also used in my website. U.S. War Dept. Gen Staff, G-2. The Bikini Atomic Bomb Tests. Intell Rev (No. 29, 29 Aug. 1946): pp. 32-40. UB250R484. U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center: Carlisle, PA. This evaluation by the Board of Joint Chiefs of Staff considers that observations gained through the Bikini Atoll testing produced valuable data for designers of naval vessels. Specifically, testing established the general range and effectiveness of air and shallow underwater atomic bomb bursts on naval vessels and showed that research into unique protection problems presented by the bomb must be pursued intensively. This information helped reinforce to me the Navys original purpose of the tests.

Secondary Sources
Ballard, Robert D. and Michael Hamilton Morgan. Graveyards of the Pacific. Washington D.C. Enterprises 2001. Graveyards of the Pacific provided me with interesting facts about the remains of the testing at Bikini Atoll. I was fascinated with the underwater pictures of the many sunken warships. This book detailed the underwater area sixty years later. Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. http://whc.unesco.org (Accessed November 12, 2012). UNESCO created this report in support of its nomination of the Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site to be a World Heritage Center. Filled with interesting facts and photos, the report provided me with a strong sense of what the Bikini people endured as they were moved from island to island in search of a home, as well as the injustices imposed upon them by the United States government. The Bikini Atoll Survey: Operation Crossroads, 1946-47. In Celebrating 100 Years. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. www.mnh.si.edu (Accessed November 12, 2012). This website focuses on the work of Leonard P. Schultz and Joseph P.E. Morrison, curators at what is today called the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC. The U. S. Navy asked the Smithsonian to send experts to Bikini as part of a team of botanists, zoologists, geologists, and oceanographers from universities, oceanographic institutes, and government research bureaus. Schultz and Morrison studied the impact of radioactivity on fish. This website was really helpful because it contained many primary sources, including images from the tests and pages from Schultzs journals. The links to other archives containing information about the testing were also helpful. Boyer, Paul. By the Bombs Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1994. This book was incredibly useful in helping me understand how my topic was a turning point in the American nuclear mindset. It is full of images that penetrated American culture during the decades following WW II. Ewing, Heather. Pig 311: The Smithsonian and Operation Crossroads. National Museum of Natural History Unearthed. May 5, 2011. www.nmnh.typepad.com (Accessed February 1, 2013). In this blog written by a Smithsonian staff member, Ewing discusses the various animals that were used in the testing at Bikini.

Grahlfs, F. Lincoln. Voices From Ground Zero: Recollections and Feelings of Nuclear Test Veterans After Four Decades. PhD dss, U MI, 1996 UB37G68. U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center: Carlisle, PA. Grahlfss dissertation described how veterans viewed their experience in the Cold War and explained how the government is sometimes a veteran's worst enemy. I used a quote from the dissertation in my website to sum up the veterans feelings. Holloway, David. Stalin and the Bomb. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1994. Holloway examines the evolution of nuclear warfare from 1938 to 1959. This book was useful because it gave me strong references through the bibliography that related to each chapter. This led to my discovery of Russian historian Robert Chadwell Williams, whom I interviewed. The Life Atomic: Growing Up in the Shadow of the A-Bomb. Rogers Historical Museum. U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services. Penn State University Berks Campus. Wyomissing, PA. Early in my research process I viewed a traveling atomic life exhibit that focused on the popular culture of the atomic bomb at Penn State University, Berks Campus. I viewed an actual bomb shelter, movie posters, toys, anti-air craft missiles, and duck and cover videos. The exhibit showed me popular culture objects associated with the atomic age and helped me create the Popular Culture section of my website. Munger, Frank. Atomic Vet Recalls 1946 Bomb Tests -- and Dirty Aftermath. Knoxnews.com; September 21 2008. http://www.knoxnews.com (Accessed November 12, 2012). This newspaper article revealed that Ray Beatty, a first class Navy fireman, was at Operation Crossroads. It stated that he still suffered today from the effects of radiation. I contacted and interviewed Beatty because of this article. Race for the Superbomb. American Experience. First broadcast 1999 by PBS Television. Written and directed by Thomas Ott. This documentary gave me a starting point for how I was going to research this topic. The films companion website had a bibliography, from which I was able to find both primary and secondary sources to research. Viewing this documentary helped inspire me to select the testing on Bikini Atoll as the topic of this years National History Day project.

Schirna, Ron. The Life Atomic An Artfully Installed Display. Reading Eagle; October 28, 2012: E13. This newspaper article introduced me to the Life Atomic exhibit at Penn State University, Berks. The exhibit helped me understand that the atomic bomb influenced our popular culture through films, music, literature, toys, games, and advertisements. Stone, Robert, Baunor, Kilon, Smitherman, John.Rayter, John. (Eds.) Radio Bikini. 1988: Distributed by New Video Group. This 1988 Academy Award documentary explained the nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll. It explored the effects on the Bikinians and the servicemen involved in testing. The footage in Radio Bikini inspired me to travel to the National Archives in College Park, Maryland to seek additional primary sources. Weisgall, Jonathan M. Operation Crossroads. United States: Naval Institute Press, 1949. Weisgalls book was my most valuable secondary resource and led me to many primary sources. It told the whole story from beginning to end with detailed information. It described the plight of the Bikinians, the key figures in the operation, and why the testing was being done in the first place. This book was authored by the lawyer for the Bikinians, which provided a different perspective than other books I used. Williams, Robert Chadwell. Personal Interview. October 15, 2012. Robert Chadwell Williams is a retired Russian and Cold War historian from Davidson College. He told me about how the Russians were affected by the nuclear testing during the Cold War. He also gave me a basic chronology of the Cold War from the Russian perspective. He helped me question the purpose behind Bikini Atoll and how it relates to my thesis statement. The Worlds Biggest Bomb, Secrets of the Dead. First broadcast May 17, 2011 by PBS Television. Written and directed by Andy Webb. As I stated in my process paper, this was the film that inspired me to focus on this topic. The film revealed interesting facts about how the nuclear bomb was tested first in Nevada and then dropped on a city to kill thousands. It showed the ignorance of humanity and how we thought we were so smart, when in fact, we should have been more careful with this dangerous weapon. Because of the testing that followed WW II, the Bikinians are forced to be nuclear nomads. I felt I had to tell that story.