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Jignesh.Parmar
Introduction:
Three phase transformer consists of three sets of primary windings, one for each phase, and three sets of secondary windings wound on the same iron core. Separate single-phase transformers can be used and externally interconnected to yield the same results as a 3-phase unit. The primary windings are connected in one of several ways. The two most common configurations are the delta, in which the polarity end of one winding is connected to the non-polarity end of the next, and the star, in which all three non-polarities (or polarity) ends are connected together. The secondary windings are connected similarly. This means that a 3-phase transformer can have its primary and secondary windings connected the same (delta-delta or star-star), or differently (delta-star or star-delta). Its important to remember that the secondary voltage waveforms are in phase with the primary waveforms when the primary and secondary windings are connected the same way. This condition is called no phase shift. But when the primary and secondary windings are connected differently, the secondary voltage waveforms will differ from the corresponding primary voltage waveforms by 30 electrical degrees. This is called a 30 degree phase shift. When two transformers are connected in parallel, their phase shifts must be identical; if not, a short circuit will occur when the transformers are energized.
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An ac voltage applied to a coil will induce a voltage in a second coil where the two are linked by a magnetic path. The phase relationship of the two voltages depends upon which way round the coils are connected. The voltages will either be in-phase or displaced by 180 deg. When 3 coils are used in a 3 phase transformer winding a number of options exist. The coil voltages can be in phase or displaced as above with the coils connected in star or delta and, in the case of a star winding, have the star point (neutral) brought out to an external terminal or not.
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The phase-bushings on a three phase transformer are marked either ABC, UVW or 123 (HV-side capital, LVside small letters). Two winding, three phase transformers can be divided into four main categories Group Group I Group II Group III Group IV Oclock 0 oclock, 0 6 oclock, 180 1 oclock, -30 11 oclock, +30 TC delta/delta, star/star delta/delta, star/star star/delta, delta/star star/delta, delta/star
Clock Notation: 0
Clock Notation : 1
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Clock Notation: 2
Clock Notation: 4
Clock Notation: 5
Clock Notation: 6
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Clock Notation: 7
Clock Notation: 11
For selecting Star Connection: A star connection presents a neutral. If the transformer also includes a delta winding, that neutral will be stable and can be grounded to become a reference for the system. A transformer with a star winding that does NOT include a delta does not present a stable neutral.
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For selecting Delta Connection: A delta connection introduces a 30 electrical degree phase shift. A delta connection traps the flow of zero sequence currents. For selecting Delta-Star Connection: Delta-star transformers are the most common and most generally useful transformers. Delta-delta transformers may be chosen if there is no need for a stable neutral, or if there is a requirement to avoid a 30 electrical degree phase shift. The most common application of a delta-delta transformer is as tan isolation transformer for a power converter. For selecting Zig zag Connection: The Zig Zag winding reduces voltage unbalance in systems where the load is not equally distributed between phases, and permits neutral current loading with inherently low zero-sequence impedance. It is therefore often used for earthing transformers. Provision of a neutral earth point or points, where the neutral is referred to earth either directly or through impedance. Transformers are used to give the neutral point in the majority of systems. The star or interconnected star (Z) winding configurations give a neutral location. If for various reasons, only delta windings are used at a particular voltage level on a particular system, a neutral point can still be provided by a purposemade transformer called a neutral earthing. For selecting Distribution Transformer: The first criterion to consider in choosing a vector group for a distribution transformer for a facility is to know whether we want a delta-star or star-star. Utilities often prefer star-star transformers, but these require 4-wire input feeders and 4-wire output feeders (i.e. incoming and outgoing neutral conductors). For distribution transformers within a facility, often delta-star are chosen because these transformers do not require 4-wire input; a 3-wire primary feeder circuit suffices to supply a 4-wire secondary circuit. That is because any zero sequence current required by the secondary to supply earth faults or unbalanced loads is supplied by the delta primary winding, and is not required from the upstream power source. The method of earthing on the secondary is independent of the primary for delta-star transformers. The second criterion to consider is what phase-shift you want between primary and secondary. For example, Dy11 and Dy5 transformers are both delta-star. If we dont care about the phase-shift, then either transformer will do the job. Phase-shift is important when we are paralleling sources. We want the phase-shifts of the sources to be identical. If we are paralleling transformers, then you want them to have the same the same vector group. If you are replacing a transformer, use the same vector group for the new transformer, otherwise the existing VTs and CTs used for protection and metering will not work properly. There is no technical difference between the one vector groups (i.e. Yd1) or another vector group (i.e. Yd11) in terms of performance. The only factor affecting the choice between one or the other is system phasing, ie whether parts of the network fed from the transformer need to operate in parallel with another source. It also matters if you have an auxiliary transformer connected to generator terminals. Vector matching at the auxiliary bus bar
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neutral for grounding both of them.
(6) Yd5:
Mainly used for machine and main Transformer in large Power Station and Transmission Substation. The Neutral point can be loaded with rated Current.
(7) Yz-5
For Distribution Transformer up to 250MVA for local distribution system. The Neutral point can be loaded with rated Current.
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(2) Group II: Example: Dd6 (180 displacement between HV and LV). By doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the Transformer, an internal connected Dd6 transformer can be changed either to a Dd2(-60) or Dd10(+60) connection. (3) Group III: Example: Dyn1 (-30 displacement between HV and LV). By doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the Transformer, an internal connected Dyn1 transformer can be changed either to a Dyn5(-150) or Dyn9(+90) connection. (4) Group IV: Example: Dyn11 (+30 displacement between HV and LV). By doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the Transformer, an internal connected Dyn11 transformer can be changed either to a Dyn7(+150) or Dyn3(-90) connection. Point to be remembered: For Group-III & Group-IV: By doing some unconventional connections externally on both sides of the Transformer, an internal connected Group-III or Group-IV transformer can be changed to any of these two groups. Thus by doing external changes on both sides of the Transformer an internal connected Dyn1 transformer can be changed to either a: Dyn3, Dyn5, Dyn7, Dyn9 or Dyn11 transformer, This is just true for star/delta or delta/star connections. For Group-I & Group-II: Changes for delta/delta or star/star transformers between Group-I and Group-III can just be done internally.
Why 30phase shift occur in star-delta transformer between primary and secondary?
The phase shift is a natural consequence of the delta connection. The currents entering or leaving the star winding of the transformer are in phase with the currents in the star windings. Therefore, the currents in the delta windings are also in phase with the currents in the star windings and obviously, the three currents are 120 electrical degrees apart. But the currents entering or leaving the transformer on the delta side are formed at the point where two of the windings comprising the delta come together each of those currents is the phasor sum of the currents in the adjacent windings. When you add together two currents that are 120 electrical degrees apart, the sum is inevitably shifted by 30 degrees.
The Main reason for this phenomenon is that the phase voltage lags line current by 30degrees.consider a delta/star transformer. The phase voltages in three phases of both primary and secondary. you will find that in primary the phase voltage and line voltages are same, let it be VRY(take one phase).but, the corresponding secondary will have the phase voltage only in its phase winding as it is star connected. the line voltage of star connected secondary and delta connected primary wont have any phase differences between them. so this can be summarized that the phase shift is associated with the wave forms of the three phase windings.
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