DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department

Marking Scheme. Class: Module: Duration:

Instructions: Attempt all questions in section A and any two questions from section B Students are permitted to bring into the examination room: pens, pencils, highlighters, erasers, sharpeners and rulers. Students are NOT permitted to bring into the examination room: blank sheets of paper and/or white out liquid/tape. Calculator is allowed in this examination. Cellular Phones are strictly prohibited in the examination room. Marks are clearly shown in each question. All written responses must be in English.

OD 11

Mining

Telecommunication Principles 2 hrs

Module Code:ETT 04201

Section A: 40 Marks 1. (a) What is the function of the subscriber loop? (4 Marks) The cable that connects the telephone handsets or other devices to the local switching office or end office is referred as subscriber loop or local loop. Every subscriber has his own pair of wires to the local switching office. Twisted pair local loop is an excellent transmission medium for analog voice signals. (b) Differentiate simplex, half-duplex, and full duplex ( 3 Marks) Transmission media may operate in simplex, half duplex and full duplex mode. Devices involved in transmission of signals (voice or data) may be transmitter or receiver or both. If one system only transmits and other only receives, the link is called simplex. If both devices (transmitter and receivers) can send and receive, but only one device at a time, the link is called half duplex. A full duplex line allows both systems to transmit and receive simultaneously. 2. (a) Differentiate an analog signal from a digital signal (3 Marks) There are two types of signals that carry information - analog and digital signals. The difference between analog and digital signals is that analog is a continuous electrical signal, whereas digital is a noncontinuous electrical signal. (b) Name four different transmission media. (4 Marks) 1. 2. 3. 4. Marks) Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference Data Security Non Conductive Cables Copper cables, such as those used in LANs and telephone subscriber lines; Optical fiber cables, such as high-data-rate transmission in telecommunications networks; Radio waves, such as cellular telephones and satellite transmission; Free-space optics, such as infrared remote controllers. (c) What is the principal, unbeatable advantage of fiber optic cable?( 4

Eliminating Spark Hazards Ease Of Installation High Bandwidth Over Long Distances

3. (a) What are the primary functions of transmission systems? The transmission system provides circuits and path between two subscribers. The transmission circuits are capable of receiving the electrical signals at one point and delivering them to a destination with good quality. If necessary, more transmission system can be setup for long distant transmission for good quality. The transmission path, which is also referred as telephone channel or transmission media is designed to provide voice-grade communication. (b) What are the limitations of manual exchanges? 1. Language dependent. The operation of a human exchange is language dependent as the subscriber needs to communicate with the operator. In multilingual areas (big towns, cities and tourist spots). This language dependency poses severe problems. 2. Lack of privacy. As a human operator is involving in connecting two subscribers, he or she may be willing to hear the conversation of two VIPs or record the message. So in human exchanges, privacy is not possible. 3. Switching delay. Before setting a path between two subscriber, the operator has to monitor various signaling and if the operator is not active, the delay in switching will be high normally it takes minutes to setup a call or release a call. 4. Limited service. An exchange can provide service only to minimum number of subscriber. If the subscriber rate increases, overload and thus congestion are not unexpected. To avoid congestion, more hardware should be duplicated and more human operator is necessary. These all will results in large overhead for the exchange. (c) Explain the international telephone numbering format.

4. Match Column A with appropriate matching letter in Column B (8 Marks) Column A A. . B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Section B: (20 Marks) Choose any two questions. 5. (a) What is the main difference between Public Network and Private network (5 Marks) Public networks are owned and managed by telecommunications network operators. These network operators have a license to provide telecommunications services and that is usually their core business. Any customer can be connected to the public telecommunications network if he has the correct equipment and an agreement with the network operator. Private networks are built and designed to serve the needs of particular organizations. They usually own and maintain the networks themselves. Services provided are a tailored mix of voice, data, and, for example, special control information. (5 Marks) (b) What is the Virtual Private Networks? ( 5 Marks) Column B III IV V I VI II VIII VII

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a network technology that creates a secure network connection over a public network such as the Internet or a private network owned by a service provider. Large corporations, educational institutions, and government agencies use VPN technology to enable remote users to securely connect to a private network. 6. What is ISDN? How does the service and structure of the subscriber interface differ from the conventional analog telephone service? (10 Marks) The current telephone network is gradually developing into ISDN, in which all information is transmitted in digital form from end to end. With the help of some hardware and software updating, modern digital telephone exchanges are able to provide ISDN service. The main hardware modification required is the replacement of analog subscriber interface units with digital ones 7. Explain how the telephone attenuates the speakers voice from the microphone to the earphone. ( 10 Marks) When we raise the hook of a telephone, the on/off hook switch is closed and current starts flowing on the subscriber loop through the microphone that is connected to the subscriber loop. The microphone converts acoustic energy to electrical energy. Originally telephone microphones were so-called carbon microphones that had diaphragms with small containers of carbon grains and they operated as variable resistors supplied with battery voltage from an exchange site. When sound waves pressed the carbon grains more tightly, loop resistance decreased and current slightly increased. The variable air pressure generated a variable, alternating current to the subscriber loop. This variable current contained voice information. 9. (a) what four factors must be dealt with by a color video transmission system transmitting images of moving objects?

1. Perception of the distribution of luminance or simply the distribution of light and shade; 2. Perception of depth or a three-dimensional perspective; 3. Perception of motion relating to the first two factors above; and 4. Perception of color (hues and tints). (b) Differentiate Pulse dialing from multifrequency dialing 5

Pulse dialing. A rotary dial telephone is used for implementing the pulse dialing. In the pulse dialing, a train of pulses is used to represent a digit of the subscriber number. The basic idea is to interrupt the D.C. path of the subscribers loop for specific number of short periods to indicate the number dialed. Multifrequency dialing. The touch-tone dialing scheme. The rotary dial is replaced by keypad. This is called a dual tone multifrequency (DTMF) dial.