PART A 1. state the working principle of electrophoresis 2. what is zone melting in a separation process 3.

how an oil spill can be minimised in an industry 4. write the application of ion exchange chromatograph in chemical industry 5. what is pervaporation separation technique? 6. what are the salient features of a chromatograph? PART B 7. what is the purpose of a chromatograph ? discuss immuno chromatograph with a neat sketch OR 8. discuss electrodialysis and bipolar membrane process 9. discuss supercritical extraction and adductive srystallisation separation process with a neat sketch OR 10. discuss about industrial effluent treatment methods 1: According to the double layer theory, all surface charges in fluids are screened by a diffuse layer of ions, which has the same absolute charge but opposite sign with respect to that of the surface charge. The electric field also exerts a force on the ions in the diffuse layer which has direction opposite to that acting on the surface charge. This latter force is not actually applied to the particle, but to the ions in the diffuse layer located at some distance from the particle surface, and part of it is transferred all the way to the particle surface through viscous stress. This part of the force is also called electrophoretic retardation force.
As in electrophoresis, a molecule that is at its isoelectric point will not migrate in an electric field. However, a molecule migrates as an anion at a pH above its isoelectric point, and as a cation below its isoelectric point.

Electrophoresis of positively charged particles (cations) is called cataphoresis, while electrophoresis of negatively charged particles (anions) is called anaphoresis. 2:

Another separation procedure based on liquid-solid equilibria iszone melting, which has found its greatest use in the purification of metals. Purities as high as 99.999 percent often are obtained by application of this technique. Samples are usually in a state of moderate purity before zone melting is performed. The zone-melting process is easy to visualize

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Proteins have numerous functional groups that can have both positive and negative charges. Ion exchange chromatography separates proteins according to their net charge, which is dependent on the composition of the mobile phase. By adjusting the pH or the ionic concentration of the mobile phase, various protein molecules can be separated. For example, if a protein has a net positive charge at pH 7, then it will bind to a column of negatively charged beads, whereas a negatively charged protein would not. By changing the pH so that the net charge on the protein is negative, it too will be eluted. 5:

Pervaporation is a separation process in which a multicomponent liquid is passed across a membrane that preferentially permeates one or more of the components.

A partial vacuum is maintained on the permeate side of the membrane, so that the permeating components are removed as a vapor mixture. Transport through the membrane is induced by maintaining the vapor pressure of the gas on the permeate side of the membrane at a lower vapor pressure than the feed liquid.

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Chromatography is a very special separation process for a multitude of reasons! First of all, it can separate complex mixtures with great precision. Even very similar components, such as proteins that may only vary by a single amino acid, can be separated with chromatography. In fact, chromatography can purify basically any soluble or volatile substance if the right adsorbent material, carrier fluid, and operating conditions are employed. Second, chromatography can be used to separate delicate products since the conditions under which it is performed are not typically severe. For these reasons, chromatography is quite well suited to a variety of uses in the field of biotechnology, such as separating mixtures of proteins.