Notes on the Language of the Dvavimsatyavadanakatha Author(s): R. L.

Turner Source: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (Apr., 1913), pp. 289-304 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188967 . Accessed: 24/04/2013 03:28
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NOTES ON THE LANGUAGE OF THE DVAVIMSATYAVADANAKATHA

Bv R. L. TURNER

is a compilation of iJvavinisatyavadanakatha of comparatively Buddhist Birth-stories late origin. was of the prose of Much it, particularly portions, from the Avadanasataka at a time when borrowed the were The recension MSS. of that work already fault}'. TIIHE of Dva. MS. the Avadanasataka, took his material, I) belonged. The that of most from was which that the to author which of the Speyer's in which it is written language of the Northern Buddhist texts,

resembles

iu particular the Vicitrakarnikavadana?that is to say, a kind of which shows for Sanskrit, popularly developed as that followed the most part the same line of growth by the Prakrit dialects many centuries before. The solution of the history
as is probable,

of this dialect,
it was only

and of the question

language,

whether,
on

a written

depends

the collection list of differs the from

of more points classical

material. in which the

Below

I give of

a detailed the Dva.

Sanskrit

and vocabulary. for responsible

in forms, in syntax, Sanskrit both It is possible that scribal errors may be some of the forms. of them are Few found It will side that the majority be paralleled from The in brackets figures placed number of times in they occur can by be seen side with their

are most invariable; classical equivalents. of Pali after the the forms the forms text. and show and Prakrits. the

constructions

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290

LANGUAGE OF THE DVAVIMSATVAVADANAKATHA PllONOLOGV 1. Orthography.?None of the MSS.

than usually
written

the

eighteenth written with -n of

e.g.

assimilate^;
-m,

All centiuy. -m m; preconsonantal the loc. sing, of pronouns

-trafor -ttva-, e.g.

older probably are nasals interior is seldom is usually

chitvd

arc;

tasmim:

satva

e.g. -jjva-, for ujjrala after any consonant rajjvd: e.g. dharnima antarddtidpita saontarppita, n and u, b and made between distinction there is occasional confusion between

for

sattva

chittvd;

-/tu-

for

njvala oujvd r is doubled, ; there is no

r, st and sth ; v and bh, st and stli,

s and kh, s and s, r and /. is for the most 2. Sandhi.?The sandhi of consonants : are cases In nine the forms left unaltered part regular.
-I on-, -an a-, -t c-, -t p-, -t bh-, -t. s-, -l a: while final -s

is eighteen
-s k-as > -o kc- > -ah times > -d-,

times
(2), c-, and : -as -os

treated
> -a ai- > -o r-

irregularly
p-, > -ar-as s- > (2). -as

: -as a- > -a a-o sDouble (3), (2), -us asandhi -as a(2), takes -e

(10),
a-, occurs

-as p-

> -uh

fifteen -as -an an-

> -6-i-, cases

(2), -e a-

e- > -di-e

> -a-

> -a-,

i- > -4sandhi

(3), e- > -di-, and

> -du-.

The

in which

place

those The

in whieh oldest MS.

hiatus

is left arc the

reduced sandhi

in the case where

of 7 :2, in the proportion or I to 1 :4. final vowel is d -ar atimes: from -as a-. The

iti e.g. nirdisyam iti. for oiirdisyeti, iti for karaniya dbhoyah karanlyam a consonant, is 3. Prosody.-am, followed by though of the are (a) in the fifth syllable the examples short: nine rest sloka (15), (b) in the thirteenth (12), of which conjecture,
-ah,

has occasionally on nine is used consonant

upon short
or of

(c)

in the
though

sixth
followed

syllable
by a

of

indravajra
is

(conjecture).

consonant,

(2).

A short
of a

final vowel,
compound,

whether
remains

of a single
short before

word
two

a member

consonants elided
aya and

: before jn (2), dv, pr (2), vy, sr (3), su. -am is a vowel (2). before a vowel (4); -am is long before
ara are scanned as one long.

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LANGUAGE OF THE DVAVIMSATVAVAOANAKATHA AlORlUIOLOGV Nouns

1. Declension.?a-stems : nom.p.n. in a, e.g. karmani

291

- -

Hiihard, ratndni -chi in ndrakeh/i\

instead i-steins: of -I, e.g. acc.p.f.

ca samdhuld
vrkd -ayas for

(end of a 41oka) (8) ; ab.p. form the feminine in -a some adjectives

vrhl, -mulcha for -mukhl. ; n.s.n. -im in in dundubhayah

udaqKinakddim.
^-sterns: r-stems j-stcms: s-stems : nom.s.n. : acc.s.m. nom.s.m. loc.p. -um -nm -di)i -rat in in bahum, bharttdm. -raj (3). ripuin.

from

in vapum.

wi-stcms
varttilp

: nom.s.m.
sresthih, -'Is in

-is

in apakdrih

oparddhih
; nom.s.f. -I

cakra
in kesf

cakravarttih

vdsl
-antam

vistdri
in

vrali.
nom.s.m. mahdntam -aulas in lclrtlivantah; ; voc.s.in. nom.s.ii. -tin in sarvdvantam

(ii-stems:

bhavdu
cm-stems nom.p.m. 2.

(2).
nom.s.n. : nom.s.n. -rmas in -yasam -ani -dtmanah. terns: n. for m. anurdya amoda artha in yarlyasani in karmmam ndmam sreyasam. prcmam ;

2/tts-stems:

Gender.?ct-s

drambha

ujmsanihdra

udaya kosa yuna rasa lahha (2) moda (2) prdna bhoya mokm parvata Sara soka saniskdro, lobha varsa sayisdra (3) (2) (3) samcdra satkdra sanicaya (2) samudayo. (2) samaya sambhava stupa, (4) svada; m. for n. naksatro, yojana utpdta kola ullola
vancana samkata; m. for f. pravrajya p)vdsddika mary

drama

utsdha

(2) udbhava udyoyo candra dharma (2)

yada /-stems:

vartta

sthuna; m. for

f. for m. kantkakd f. dipti prakrti

sainmdrjjand. rdtri ; n. for

f.

<h;*H(2).
u-stems
cm-stems

: f. for m. dhdtu
: in. for n. jwvas

(3) ; n. for in. ripu.

for parva.

3. Formation of meaning
juas. 1913.

forms without alteration of Stem.?New arc made by the use of additional suflixes: -a,
20

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292 arc isa arthaka kaioika

LANGUAGE OF THE DVAVIMSATVAVADANAKATHA cetasa -chidal

(2)

mandalina

rogina avatamsaka

pragalbhika
ksayatva

gdmika ondnusikl
manusyatva

(for patoii) parsada putnyCi ranija (7) rdca (3); -ka, aparddhaka ekika avaddnaka (2) asdraka rddhika cittaka cdtuo'dripaka tulyaka paksika margaka
; -na,

vastuka
adhivdsaoia

sayisdrika
; -ya,

; -tva.
bhaiksya

; -in, rinodya dhairyya varsabhfda, manusyabhfita The simple: ddridra mdnnsya vrddhied kausala form

kastin

sammukhin

svaechabhuta in the

is used

; -bhfda, ttetubluda (2). same sense as the

(2) dhairya ondoiddrara

cdturdvrpaka bauddha laukika

Pronouns

(2) tathagata. jdnapada biuiiksuka (5) brahman vdcas (2) sdmartha.

tain ayam
written

for and
-ini.

tad (3), ionaon for ima for iyam. The

Numerals

idam loc.s.m.

(3), yaon for yad, and n. is usual ly

eat.vara-for

eaiur-,to\iyatrionsa

"30",

irayahsata

"300".

Adverbs aire,
tasmim,

paratreAov
" here/'

-tra,

tatas, Particles

"there";

idam,

"

hither'";

pi

for api. Verbs 1. Formation dadanti Stemof Present dada pradadasra bhid, oiivdsata
saopkrameyaon

dadati(2) Ullir, bhindanti:

skambh,

: jvdlat :jval, Simple : :da, avadhlryyatha : riskaonbhaondoiaon :vas}

npasamkrameyam:

kraoneyaon

bndli. kraon, prahudhyati: adlii r, kdrdpayitavydh,: samuttejayati:

sayeyam,

Causative kr,

adhlryyayati: vrt, : jijnd

guptayan,

ti), raijayanti: "

pratioiivrttayati: Desiderative vij.

:

"

onlmdmsayeyam.

Denominative

hide
2.

"; drdgayeyam,
Finite Forms.?Imperfect,

love "; virdga/yeyaon,

unaugmented

"

dislike."
forms:

caran

prakrdmat.

Imperative:

p.

avadhlry

yatha

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LANGUAGE OF THE DVAVIMSATVAVADANAKATIIA srnotha raksyati

dsuh, from dha.

293

(2). Optative: for rakxixyati.

Aorist: asrosit

pradeyuh Perfect:
una, always

from dadarsnr,
for a transit.

da.

Future: cakdrayam
3 p. perfect, Precative :

paramaprasddaydm

vidadhdmata,

The passive has active termina for bhuydsam. bhuydm tions: bhidyati parimucyemah prat apy at i. 3. Infinite Forms.?Indeclinable from part.: prasdntya in -ya with the simple root, krtya yrhya cintya sam; (3) in -tvd with the compounded root, abhivanditvd smrtya'y prativanditvd. sldghyanlya from yam. bhagnita infinitive Pres. part.: judnan homjnd. Gerundive from sldgh, praya.cchit.avya vydyacchatavya :

: Past part. pass. : prcchita (2) from prach from hr. from bhanj, apoharita, praliorita Tha ends in -itum :darsitnm of causatives mdnitum
Composition

pratinivrttitum. (3), e.g. by nom.p.n. bhavUyatiti; by sa- (3), e.g. sardjadrsfa karandniksayo - mdtrena "their limbs were made bhavanti, subhdyyd ; by sd- (2), the king" of at the sight clean just " etad this abhavat, e.g. sd,pdnapraddyikddevalMiiyd.yd, to the divine maiden who had made a present occurred " : by saim-, saisakapotam of drink tulayitrd, "weighing this dove" ; by kascid(4), e.g. ttUahkascidtarsanUtregate
sd -, " then an interval of some years having passed

1. The

first member

is formed

she

--";

b}'

-I (5), e.g. duties"; by idrsimdtari; by the nom.s.m., pdnapraddyikdkanydydh, " from his sarajddrstamdlrenti, bhrdtdviyoge, separation " the a vadana of brother" ; Vo,pusmdnavaddnakam,
Vapusinat."

kincid-, a feminine

kineitkdryyaktirmmdni, in -ct or adjective

"some

iavdn, "petty
throne becomes

2. The "
"

last member named

a

llatnamati

chieftain";
; by -a,

is formed by iti, liatnamatitikhyd " ; by -rdjd, mandalinardjd, "on by upari, simhdsanopari,

" anyaiamdxtau, varjifamana 8." Final Snddhaceta.

the
-as

numeral,

2>rabhdtamano,

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294

LANGUAGE OF THE DVAVIMSATVAVADANAKATHA instrumental of the

for

3. The used
e.g.

of inst.
samghena

saof

instead
sasaipgheoui

(" with") compounds noun the simple

or sasaonghah, Cf.

is (4),
tin;

for silaynktah, for silayukteoui daydyuktaih for and, lastly, ksayitasakalusah ksayita daydyitktah, kalusah. of
4. Split compounds are common, e.g. sarvair gund

use

"adorned with all virtues." lanikrtah, 5. Copulative -(a) Form compounds.rudram for -rudrdh. (b) Adjectival

: Borthoneoidra

are freely used (17), e.g. copulatives and "to be honoured, revered, pujyamdiiydbhivaiidya, esteemed "; prasdoitakalikalahacyimbadaonbarataskaoHiro "a oiagaraon, city gdpagataMliksugoniahisisampaoinani free from fighting, brawling, strife, and quarrels, without
diseases cows, and or robbers, buffaloes." provided with rice and sugar-canes,

6. Dependent comes second: putrasahasraih, (ii) in personal

? member (ct) The qualifying convpounds. "a lame foot"; (i) e.g. pddahhaiija, a thousand etc. "with sons," (10); " names (28), the e.g. Sautirnavanijah,

merchant Sautirna"; Ksemaonkarasaniyaksambuddhasya, " the perfect Buddha Ksemamkara." is used to express accompanying (b) The compound instrumental circumstances: (11), e.g. .s'^ (i) in the "he went forth with joy -prakrdntah, prasddajdtena ca, in locative in the born him"; (4), e.g. srutvd (ii) " tatha karisojati, bhavati having iirasddajdte ))rasddo do he will in him ; when arises, heard, joy arises joy use of the neuter adjective the thus." frequent Compare
as a noun.

member The qualifying 7. Descriptive compounds.?(a) second (23), e.g. prasddajdta, joy born in "having a for favour one"; "having performed pardrtliahrta, comes
another."

(b)

(i) The

masc.

sing,

of a dependent

descriptive

is

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LANGUAGE OF THE DVAV1MSATYAVADANAKATHA

295

= vikalendri to a noun (6), e.g. vikalendriyah equivalent " " a ; (ii) (e)tad leprous body ydni ; hisfJidinstakirirakah, " " as the first member means this (2), e.g. etatsa/inksepalah,
"from this summary."

Syntax Nouns sa adverbial e.g. (4), " he rules the earth prthivim adhy dsay ati, a more or less with mercy": (b) of respect, expressing the subject (8), e.g. sa--ndvani with vague connection - -kdlam he gatah, bhagnibhrdvd "being shipwrecked there "then died"; bhavati, atlidpioia kascitparitrdnaon was no one to (c) governed help"; by a noun (common), 1. Cases.?Accusative: akantam (a) -" e.g. Bliagavaodaoii rohandc arcandrtlunn, campakam to do Bhagavat"; puxpaoa, honour " from to the

of the growth Instrumental: "standing

ondoieoia

flower." eampaka = ablative, e.g. vyutthdya saonddhioid, (a) tadd kendpi up out of his trance"; kathya
"it was heard from one speaking."

srutam,

(2), e.g. pitur (/;) 11 his father's commands placing case this is common Ablative:
in the sense " as soon as ", e.g.

the

locative

vdcati on his with

sirasd head." saliaca

nidhdya. compounds

sahadarsandc

pdddbhivaiidaiiaAn
as soon as he saw

krtvd,
him."

" worshipping

Bhagavatah

Bhagavat's

feet

verbs of saying e.g. (common), " to said him." avocat, Bhagavan iasyditad Bhagavat = dative Locative: after verbs of saying, etc. (7), (a) " let to it told be thee"; e.g. tvayi oieyatjlooi, rdjd tvo,yi an "the has sent you oiionaoitounaop, prcsitah, king " = invitation the ablative -srutam ; (b) (4), e.g. kathdonone ondtaon kvacit, " a tale once heard ine from my by " " - mother ; Tattmgafe vydhiranam may pratilabheyoAii, I receive a prophecy from the Tathagata." 2. Number.?(a) The plural is used in place of the dual (2), e.g. asmdlcaon for dvayoh.

Genitive

dative

after

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296

LANGUAGE OF THE OVAVIMSATVAVAIMNAKATIIA (b) The of abstract words is used instead eva of the

plural

khalu (0), e.g. sthitih prthivydh singular " " the earth stands hy truth ; jndnair vihinah, of knowledge." (c) The instead of
st! dare na

satyaih, " bereft

of manner of is used instrumentals plural foi the singular sddaraih vise^aih (8), e.g.

v iscsena.

is neglected bhikmrthi (2), e.g. kasmaicid " to I ddnam datum wish icchdiiii, give a gift to kebhyo some people needing alms." is neglected 3. Gender.?(a) Concord (5), e.g. vrksam " " the tree rose up and walked ntth.ito gatah, ; striyau (d) Concord
sthitan, "two women were there."

(b) The
e.g. svena

neuter
ca

of

the adjective
"

is used as a noun
to gain virtue

(48),
for

gunalabdhdya,

in order

himself";
"she awoke

sd prabudhyati
and fell into

mahddbhutam "great ; punar

astonishment";

ca mmprdjifd,
viva&dt,

api tasydh " there bhavanti, ndndlanikdraiiaripurmidiii in her ornaments chamber." of fluity independence
Vronomis

"

because

of

kof<thdgdre is a super

1. noAi, me, 2. The relative and the cittdndni

dharmmam

vo are used as the is attracted is omitted

?

first word

in a sentence.

correlative
desitavdn

to the case of the correlative, unvata (3), e.g. yemm parsadbhyo

temni -; unnatacittas

mdnadariipamodtiprahdndrtham
ya -

yemm
'nnovihlnds

annavihindndm
tesam -.

sarvadharmmam

visidati

ye

Particles uta=and, nta catvdro ca : (a) e.g. Brahma sahdmpatih the two tiakro words devendra or phrases cdsrosul etc.; ca

lokapdldh. between is placed sa rdjadhdnl (28), e.g. joined rdjd, etc.; prdsado parinyastah mam evam bhikmvo yuyam

tirthikdvastabdlul I cdk?ardni Tathdgatam

likhitdni, manasd

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VADANA KATHA LANGUAGE OF THE DVAV.IMSATYA mdena of

evam

297

samuddcaritavya copulative
ilcuh

in.

compound
hi

the members (b) It connects idha khuln (fi), e.g. ca drsfrd Bhago cantom

abhirnpadarkiniyaprdsddihim
; sarea,op. artli.aon

(dieanctdaJihaygnraip

ca

(vasa.ntatila.kd
or a mere

metre),
expletive

(c)

It is a slightly
(48), e.g. evam

emphatic
ukte 'tha

particle

lokdoidin Bhagaoxll vismaojdya tasnion bh utrd tra t ist hati akarot

ca

I nimittaoii II and

naikam tava

kusalam

rdjeoidra bdhydbliyaidaram ? md md kaseidrujaya na, e.g. siddhdni sarrakdryydni are is not "all his his body duties rapuh, performed; afflicted bjr any disease." vd = eva (2), e.g. kasmai putro vd sddliayate draryam " { te na vidyate, is thy wealth for whom being prepared
thou vd hast vdtha no son." vd, = vd vd, e.g. bharttd one 'pi mrto vapi

era ca.

jlvito
is alive."

vdtha

vd jmnah,

"

whether Verb

my

husband

is dead

or

I. Tenses e.g. sa.mbodhau

aoid

Moods.?Present: vydluwosi

(a)

s. =

imp.

s.,

tvaouojdcaojdonUoj

aiiamprablio,

"do

thou

1 beseech suvah pasya

do ye also

prophesy lord." thee, yuyam

listen thus."

thus complete enlightenment: = 2 2 bhik (b) p. p. (3), e.g. imp. look! api tatha srnotho, "O monks, the
(c) 3 s. = imp. 3 s.,

janaka let one

used krodharih for

lease id dgacchati come sent by

prohibition saJtasd (3), vraja,

tvadtritah, thee." (d)

e.g. "speak ond not

"

e.g.

one

o*aksa

protect ond with

me, father : the 2 s. is

vdeam, become md. not

vadastdrsayi thus;

ond blntdsi, "stay, be not afraid." sudden^ : (a) 2 s. = 2 p. (14), e.g. srnn*ro Imp. bhiksupumgardh, = bhiksavah tatha srnotha. pasya yuyam (b) 3 s. api wroth ; tisfha
2 s. (8), e.g. tatha, tvam samndramadhoje jiaiicatvam upo

"

"so mayest thou die in the middle of the sea" : gacchatn, " lata tebliyah par Itdni daddtu, them the father, give = 2 3 p. (c) p. pres., u.g.ksiprani yadi pieces." paldyata

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298 na

LANGUAGE OF THE DVAV1MSATVAVADANAKATHA do not

if you "go quickly; nasyata, paldyata will you perish." :md is the negative (frequent), Optative md khedam kdrandn kdrayet pilardv api, let

go

e.g. lasmdt " therefore ma, one lord,

a man his parents"; not distress manasdjri " man a not think in his let heart." cinlayel, = 2 s. Future: (a) 2 s. imp., e.g. svapnam ddsyasi ndlha asti ndsty atha vd munc, "give me a dream,

to say whether he lives or not." the 3 p. (b) md with is used for prohibition, e.g. vo md. anartham karisyanti, " let them do you no 11111111." (c) = the optative, e.g? na bhiksavo l.athdpi yusmabhyam yadi mriyadhvam gha to me dadamy api pdnlyam jar would not be sufficient." 2. Participles.?Past with all verbs actively is used participle (54), while uno bhavisyati, "... my

onlj' about actively " thus uktdh, vdnyalokdpy he "thus cintitah, thought"; saw The

: (a) is used passive in -taval the participle times, e.g. tathdi twenty iti other people spoke"; abhut sa jmnar api drstah, "he is frequently added,

auxiliary again." the *bhut, "he received e.g. statpdramitdh" pratilabdho " he had a hall Invito hhut, ten perfections ; vihdram : are thus used actively The built." participles following antarddhdpila rita avidita avadhdrita abhildsila apaharita nkta dnita drabdha dro})ita car ita eintita, krta kdrita kathita daviita pytfa dytfa n imantvita avicd updsita, chddita

utpddita tlrnna j ndta,

nivmmdprita prati

pujita niryydtita labdha prasanisita bhulcta mdnita

pvandmita

pratipddita

premta prdpta vismdrita labdha

bhinna bhagnita sruta samvarnnita

subhdsita. sambhdsita samtosita samtarppita sense is used with a sing, or active neut.s. with The (b) is (i) The subject neut., or fem. subject. plur., masc, na sa darsanam 1 nascs. prdp)tam may dpi e.g. (13), " was not seen by me "; sresthl - Bhagavat Bhagavan, " made a vow ; krtam, "the guild-president pranidhanam

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LANGUAGE OF THE DVAVIMSATYAVADANAKATHA once kendjti

auxiliary

299 sa The
sd - -

this

is used with construction " was not noticed he avicdvitam,

abhut is sometimes added,

passive
Fem.s.,

sense,

by anyone."
e.g.

she threw the cloth." (iii) Dual, e.g. patakam ksiptam, " ndv adya labdha.ni snvisuddha caksuh, to-day have we " - - annam no two gained sight kukdavihlnan ; prdptam, " bereft of merit they did not obtain food." (iv) Alasc.p. (4). " na bhuktam, the monks did not eat the food." Cf. the use of the neut.s. of the gerundive (3), na buddha bhikmvo e.g. yamakdlena bhoktavyam, " must not eat at the season of Yama." Buddhist monks - e.g. brahmanasahasrdni (v) Neut.p., svotdpattiphalam " thousands the sdksdt kytam, made manifest of brahmans that of these It should be noted fruit of conversion." bhiksavas tad annam
twenty four examples, in the ace. twelve masc. or have fem. an object in four the have ace. no neut.s., object. s., while e.g. te - samtartum " drabdham, they began to cross" ; te

- -

"

(ii)

The

active

participle

in

-lavui
"

is used

passively
was honoured

(0),

e.g.liatnamatitikhydtavdn,"
mahata with great salkdrena reverence." pujitavdn,

called Ratnainati";
Bhagavat

Bhagavan

The

gerundive

in

-tavya

is active

laihdgatam 'rcayitavydh, Tathagata, bhiksavas let

arcandbhildsajaiids " whatever people them worship

(5), tasmim circle"

e.g. ye ye mandate

desire in this

iathdgatesn kdrdpayitavydli, (J monks, to Tathagatas." you must do honour : middle in bhdsantam, 3. Voice.?Active (a) for vamatah
pva-mue

to wTorship the ; tasmdd " therefore, vamati cint

kula

vamanti
davsaya

; (b) for passive

vrj, e.g. nlcena

with
mahata

the

verbs
capi

dharmmam be transgressed "it is thought Aliddle (b) for

na

" or

varjayet, by small by for in thee." active the sddh

the

family

great"; in

not Jaw should -tvayd cintayati,

: (a)

pra-bhnj

passive vi-slcabh

srnudhvam; kathayasva stem with the verbs present bhas gad uqwya, e.g. kasmai

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300

LANGUAGE OF THE DVAVIMSATVAVADANA KAT11A " for whom

vd te na ridyate, putro sddhayate dravyam is th}* wealth thou hast being prepared? yena yena whomsoever Passive: tena

no son"; " tena krtam karmmam prahhuoljate, by a deed is done, him is it by enjoyed." in the verbs jmi (3) ounn dropaya for active ca sarvesdm not recognize,
ramyd-muhc,

ci, e.g. sukhaduhkhaon " how dost thou nrpa,

sorrow make of love." all?";

katliam 0 king,

na

j nay use the joy and

let us

dgaccha

"come,

A singular is followed 4. Concord.?(a) subject by a t ist hati tvatkirttir verb, saopsdras e.g. yavat plural " idvat tistheyuh, may thy fame extend as far as existence A dual subject is followed extends." (b) ly a singular
verb, e.g. tasya dvau pntrdv asti, " 9bhut, iksuga "he has two sons."

(c) A
e.g. savva

plural
janaka

subject
-antarhito yah

is followed

ly
the ndoi

a singular
rays - nimantrito were

verb
hidden

(7), "
; 'bholt,

ta arciso-

- - sarvabli

"all the

the people entertained all the monks." 5. The causative formations following same sense as the simple verb (33) : abhildsayati utpddayati oidsaojati bhdsayati sdsuyati oiipataojati vikarttayati sosayati The Sentence as opposed
Sakrah - sapa.rivd.ro

are

used

in

aoiusasayati dhvdya/yati

abhiprasddayati uttarayati ksobhaojati pao%ipdlaojati hhaksayati yati sdpayati

ao:arohaojati

upavdsayati

upasaonkrdmayati p'^vrn^sv/ya// vismdra

oiipdtayatiniskrdmayaii pravdyati vidvesayati samlidrayaii.

jrralioiivrttayati

Constructions
grammar are

of sense
frequent, e.g.

to the strict

rules of
- divam

bhutvd - - sukham cakravaoiti for - -jagdnia,onayd jagmuh tat for cakravartlind, aoiubhfitam yad yad abhi'prdyaop, tat tasyai datfdni for dattaip. Two sthdtum
remain

constructions mano na
there" (a

tatre confused: (a) sa, oidvikas " to not wish does the sailor ouonatc, are
confusion of - tasya oidvikasya onaoiah

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LANGUAGE OF THE HVAVIMSATVAVADANAKATIIA and sa ndvikas

301

- - - kdlam tat ah pratydgale manasi); "then when he had returned he died (10). (b) Tin? yaialj, sentence begins with an indeclinable and omits participle
the main verb, e.g. sa grha pa fir - dhdrani samupdddya

ca II (c) Active and passive are constructions vilcpanu.ni so that the instrumental as the confused, appears subject - -tlrthikdn of au active verb(5), e.g. kena, cid yrhasfhena (< n certain householder fed the heretics"; bhojitah, laya "the maid places stupe puspdny cetikayd aravopayati, on the flowers the reverse The of (c): (d) stfipa."
a nominative takes the place' of an

Bhagavan

expounded by Bhaga vat." The use of the parenthesis is peculiar (5), e.g. sa kdlam krtvd Kanva mahisl ivy ardjno tasydh knksdv npapannah, " when he died he entered the womb of the wife of the ": tatas krtvd king of the Kauravyas fosydlpdyuskdlam Srdvastydm mahdnagaryydm anyatamadhtivmmasita ndmasresthi knksdv tasya upa panna h, prajdpaiyd.lt " then dying he entered the womb of the wife young of a guild-president named Dharmmasila in the great
citj' of Sravasti." Vocabulary

dliarmmadesand

krid,

"

instrumental,

e.g.

the law was

In the following lists I have inserted those words also which occur elsewhere in Northern Buddhist literature only or in the lexicographers.
j. Peculiar adbhnta, adhikrtya, ananna, abhijmta, no n., mcanimjs. astonishment. c.gen., food. tlesirable. concerning. dknla, place. abhoya, dscaryya, ucchcda = effort. n., miracle. ucchinna; cf. itpa n., confusion, crowded

arhati
acakirati,

is used impersonally.
surround. avaropayati, on. get

pain
ujrala, itpaedraka, upapatti

and prabodha.
in., = light. servant. upapanna.

avarohayati, on to, place

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302

LANGUAGE OF THE DVAV1MSATYAVADANAKATHA

uparodliaka, upeksd, ullola, ka rpafa, kal it a, regard.

destroying.

praydti, produrblulva,

give. manifest. obeisance. n.f fear. love.

11., large garmen 11., roar. rule. act

wave. t.

prdftjali, bhlta,

manasikdra,

kdrayati, kard,

mi thy a, falsehood.
yati, whatever. n., offering of ratnanuiya,

of worship.

kuilcita, cintdpara,
janasftnya, jdnapada, jlrnna, tapa, tdda, tvaksas, dar sanam m.,

controlled. bedroom. thought.

n., empty place. country. n., ruins. austerity.

kosthdgdra,

jewels. vardhdsva, ? stallion. rallarl, a particular

musical vani, vdhinl, viva sa, instrument. subjugation. baggage n., animal.

kind

of

drum. energy. prdpnoti, take. irresistible power. be seen.

independence. seek protection.

saranavi samsad, same/at a,

karoti, presence. n.,

daddti, durvdra,

collection. make to appear.

Hampasyati, sahadharmnui, sarva tha,

duskrta,
dhanya, dhairya, na param, niyatd, pataka,

infirmity.
n., wealth. wise. but continuity. n., cotton cloth. not.

marriage. at all times.

sail j ali, mhasam sulchastha, ness.

obeisance. karoti, n., be feeling excited. of happi

paralokavat,
world. par in ivarttate,

of

the next
return.

sudullabha,
imitated. surabhi,

very

hard

to be

perfume. n., n., in., friend.

paryaijkam

dbhavati,

take

up

sauhdrda, sty ana, svastha,

a squatting
pita, n., pitnydtman, being pauruseya, prakrti,

position.
ni., the state of

sloth. health.

beverage.

virtuous. retainer. image.

2. Peculiar alcuhsa, aqnimatha, past m. adj.

words, child-bearing. or n., stove. f., delirious.

pratigrhndti,
pratibhana, pratisara, jnabodha,

forgive.
splendour. daybreak. enlightened.

acetanl, ajdnaha, atiklesita, atitrsd,

? infant. very great sinful. thirst.

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LANGUAGE OF THE DVAVIMSATYAVADANAKATHA be very joyful.

very very very much. beautiful. wonderful.

303

atiprasddayati,
atyadhikam, atyabhirupa, atydscaryya,

gudagutldyate, (jrddha, vulture.

rumble.

jdmbunaddksa, flower. taripanya, = tftsnl n.,

name

of

adhivdsana,
adhy amy a, adhydsayati, aniiljamdna, apadaksaya,

? pertinacity.
having rule. unmoving. n., purification. at heart.

ferry

money.

til sin hi. n., three 2mt~

tripradaksina, daksinas.

tripradaksiiilkaroti,
three pra?.

make

the

apaharitd,
carried apratisama, abddhatd,freedom ance. abhinivesana,

the state of being

away. incomparable. from annoy

durhaudha, dvdrlhhavati,
door. dh diva n., the act of nityamh, nirnnasta,

foolish. be
a =

at

the

va ropan

dh a t va va \

always. destroyed. free = from every

dwelling.
abhiprabhd, abhibodhana, alpdyutva, avadhiryyatha, splendour. enlightenment. short 2 life. p. imp. act.,

ninpamsaka,

thing contemptible.
nispratikdra jnatiprasrabdha, ni$prati?. ? converted.

have courage ; ? dhira.

asaktatva, dksdlita, lack washed. of power.

prabhaksati,
imldcsikamandalin,

feed.
ruler of a

district. jndbhinandati,
prdviskaroti, balasthd, bhdnddgdrin, bhitd, fear. strength. treasurer.

dgarjita, ddikam,
dpa, drdgayati, dvarnnand, dsvasthd, ka smtras

puffed up. to begin with.

of water. love. description. illness. I la, ? s aflron.

rejoice.
make manifest.

quantity

viand alinardj an,

a small district. viahdndgivisa, f., name of snake.

chieftain

of
kind

kdmamithyd,
kdrttikapurnnamdsi, of a month.

incest.

a particular

maJidnusamsd, leprosy. of a particular

verses virtue, of an

in praise usually

kusthdvista,

krmdpardjita,
plant. kmyatva, ksaudra, n., n.,

namo
destruction. honey.

of a

at masi, yatha yonisah,

the

end

avadana.

(., month. = yatha. thoroughly. = rdtryaty0.

khanjaka,

limping.

rdtrydtyaydt

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304

LANGUAGE OF THE DVAV1MSATYAVADANAKATHA

reverence. consider.

vanija,

merchant. = Vapus

samddara, sampariganayati,

great

Vapitsmaddcaddna madava0.

sampratibodhikl,
samprativdraiia,

enlightening.
protection

viti =

vlti. lightning.
dislike.

vidyuttana,
viri'ajayati,

against. sambuddhatva, n., perfect

visada, dejection.
ciheld, wantonness.

Buddhahood. sambubhuksita,
sustukara, good

hungry.
fortune.

vesmatd, dwelling.

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