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,
_
dx
dy
1
tan
(2.109)
1
Fig. 2.10 (a) Two-hinge parabolic arch. (b) Two-hinge elliptical
arch. (c) Two-hinge hollow arch. (d) Two-hinge with horizontal
tie. (e) Twin circular arch
Since the parabolic arch in Fig. 2.8a is statically indeterminate
to the second degree, the horizontal force X
A
and bending
moment M
A
at support A are taken as the redundants. On this
basis, the arch is reduced to one that is hinged at end B,
supported by roller at end A, and loaded as shown in Fig. 2.8b.
By considering a segment A0 of the arch as shown in Fig.
2.8c, the normal force Ns, shear force Vs, and bending moment
Ms at the end 0 of the segment may be determined by using the
three static equilibrium equations. For example, by taking
moments about the end 0 of the segment and assuming
counterclockwise moments as positive, we have
0
6 6
3
0 0
0
+ + +
,
_
L
x w
M y X M x
L
M L w
M
s A A
A
(2.110)
Note that in Fig. 2.8c is the vertical reaction at end A in Fig.
2.8b, and it may be determined from this figure by using
statics. By solving Eq. (2.110), we find
) 1 (
6
1
2 0
x
Lx w
y X
L
x
M M
A A s
+
,
_
(2.111)
1
By setting equal to zero the sum of the forces in the
vertical direction, Fig. 2.8c, and assuming upward forces as
positive, we have
0 sin cos
2 6
2
0 0
+
s s
A
y
N V
L
M
L
x w L w
F
(2.112)
By setting equal to zero the sum of the forces in the horizontal
direction of the segment, we find
+ + 0 cos sin
s s A x
N V X F
(8.113)
The simultaneous solution of Eqs. (2.112) and (2.113) for V
s
and N
s
yields
sin
2 6
cos
2
0 0
1
]
1
L
M
L
x w L w
X N
A
A s (2.114)
cos
2 6
sin
2
0 0
1
]
1
+
L
M
L
x w L w
X V
A
A s
(2.115)
From Example 1.3 of Section 1.5, an equation analogous
to Eq. (10) may be written for the complementary strain
energy U of the parabolic arch. This equation is
ds
GA
KV
ds
EI
M
ds
AE
N
U
s s s
s
s
s s
+ +
0 0 0
2 2 2
2 2 2
(2.116)
where S is the arc length of the parabolic arch, A is its cross-
sectional area at any coordinate s, E is the modulus of
elasticity, G is the shear modulus, and K is the shear factor.
The shear factor K may be determined as shown in Example
1.3. For rectangular cross sections K is 1.2.
When the rise of the arch is large compared to its
thickness, say a ratio of 10 or larger, then the complementary
strain energy due to Ns and Vs would be small compared to the
one produced by Ms and it can be neglected. On this basis, Eq.
(8.116) yields
ds
EI
M
U
s
s
s
0
2
2
(2.117)
The integrations in Eq. (2.116), or Eq. (2.117), may be
simplified by using the expression
dx
I
I
ds
c
s
(2.118)
1
Thus, by substituting Eqs. (2.111) and (2.118) into Eq. (2.117),
we find
dx x
Lx w
y X
L
x
M
EI
U
L
A A
c
2
0
2 0
) 1 (
6
1
2
1
1
]
1
+
,
_
(2.119)
2.4.2 Additional Subjects and Methods
The values of the redundant force X
A
and redundant
moment M
A
may be obtained from the minimizing conditions
0
A
X
U
(2.120)
0
A
M
U
(2.121)
Application of Eqs. (2.120) and (2.121) yields
0 ) ( ) 1 (
6
1
2
1
0
2 0
1
]
1
+
,
_
dx y x
Lx w
y X
L
x
M
EI
L
A A
c
(2.122)
0 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
6
1
2
1
0
2 0
1
]
1
+
,
_
dx
L
x
x
Lx w
y X
L
x
M
EI
L
A A
c
(2.123)
By considering the geometry of the arch in Fig. 2.8a, we
find
) (
4
2
x L
L
Hx
y
(2.124)
By substituting Eq. (2.124) into Eqs. (2.122) and (2.123) and
performing the required integrations, we obtain the following
two equations, which are in terms of the redundants X
A
and
M
A
:
0 10 16
2
0
L w M HX
A A (2.125)
0 7 120 120
2
0
+ + L w M HX
A A (2.126)
Simultaneous solution of Eqs. (2.125) and (2.126) yields
1
H
L w
X
A
72
5
2
0
(2.127)
90
2
0
L w
M
A
(2.128)
With known X
A
and M
A
, the values of M
s
, N
s
, and V
s
may
be determined from Eqs. (2.111), (2.114), and (2.115),
respectively. They are as follows:
) 1 (
6 72
5
1
90
2 0
2
0
2
0
x
Lx w
H
y L w
L
x L w
M
s
+
,
_
(2.129)
sin
90 2 6
cos
72
5
2
0
2
0 0
2
0
1
]
1
L
L w
L
x w L w
H
L w
N
s (2.130)
cos
90 2 6
sin
72
5
2
0
2
0 0
2
0
1
]
1
+
L
L w
L
x w L w
H
L w
V
s (2.131)
2.4.3 Semicircular Arch with Hinged Ends
We consider now the uniform semicircular arch in Fig. 2.11a
that is hinged at the support points A and B and loaded by a
uniformly distributed load w as shown. The moment of inertia
I is uniform throughout the arch. Since the arch is statically
indeterminate to the first degree, the horizontal reaction X
A
at
the end A is taken as the redundant. On this basis, we have an
arch that is hinged at end B, supported by roller at end A, and
loaded by the reactive force X
A
and applied load w as shown in
Fig. 2.11b.
By considering the free-body diagram of the arch
segment AC in Fig. 2.11c and applying the three static
equilibrium equations, the expressions for the normal force
1
Fig. 2.11 (a) Semicircular arch hinged at the end supports. (b)
Semicircular arch loaded with redundant force X
A
and applied
distributed load w. (c) Free-body diagram of a segment of the
arch.
2.4.4 Additional Subjects and Methods
1
N
s
, shear force V
s
, and bending moment M
s
, may be
determined. For example, by setting equal to the sum of the
moments about point C of the segment, we find
2
2
2
) cos 1 (
2
sin ) cos 1 (
wr
r X wr M
A s
(2.132)
The static equilibrium equations in the horizontal and vertical
directions of the arch segment yield
0 cos sin ) cos 1 ( +
s s
N V wr wr
(2.133)
0 sin cos + +
s s A
N V X
(2.134)
Simultaneous solution of Eqs. (2.133) and (2.134) yields
2
cos sin wr X N
A s
(2.135)
cos sin cos
A s
X wr V
(2.136)
By considering only the complementary strain energy due to
bending and using Eq. (2.132), we find
d
wr
r X wr
EI
d
EI
M
U
A
s
2
2 /
0
2 2
2 /
0
2
) cos 1 (
2
sin ) cos 1 (
1
2
2
1
]
1
A
X
U
(2.137)
Equation (2.137) yields
0 ) sin ( ) cos 1 (
2
sin ) cos 1 (
2
2 /
0
2
2
2
1
]
1
d r
wr
r X wr
EI
A (2.138)
1
By integrating Eq. (2.138) and solving for X
A
, we find
X
A
=0.4099wr (2.138a)
By substituting Eq. (2.138a) into Eqs. (2.132), (2.135), and
(8.136), we find
sin 4099 . 0 ) cos 1 (
2
) cos 1 (
2 2
2
2
wr
wr
wr M
s
(2.139)
2
cos sin 4099 . 0 wr wr N
s
(2.140)
cos 4099 . 0 sin cos wr wr V
s
(2.141)