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Jombang, 26 Maret 2013 Yang membuat pernyataan

LUNGIT WAWASTIONO 087169

WUTHERING HEIGHTS: A TRANSFORMATION FROM NOVEL INTO FILM.

JOURNAL

By: LUNGIT WAWASTIONO NIM: 087.169

SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN PERSATUAN GURU REPUBLIK INDONESIA JOMBANG 2013

WUTHERING HEIGHTS: A TRANSFORMATION FROM NOVEL INTO FILM.

BY: LUNGIT WAWASTIONO

ADVISOR:

RUKMININGSIH, SS, MPd

SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN PERSATUAN GURU REPUBLIK INDONESIA JOMBANG 2013

WUTHERING HEIGHTS: A TRANSFORMATION FROM NOVEL INTO FILM. BY : LUNGIT WAWASTIONO ABSTRACT
This article is aimed scrutinizing the Ecranization across genre, that is from novel into film. It was found that the Ecranization process from novel to film is a process involving the re-actualization from the written language to the audio visual language. The implication of that process is that there are some efforts to shrink, add, or alter parts of the story for various goals. Ecranization actually exposes an authors depression due to his lack of ability to articulate his audio visual language in representing the process is thus made, that is from the audio visual tradition, wrapped by advanced technology, to the reading-writing tradition (Eneste, 1991). The purpose of this research is to investigates the ecranization form of the novel Wuthering Heights into a film, the function and meaning of that ecranization and to what extent the novel Wuthering Heights remains unchanged in its ecranization into the film Wuthering Heights by Andrea Arnold. This research uses structural approach to analyze and descriptive qualitative design. The results of the analysis is the plot, setting, theme, language and characterization elements of the novel and the film Wuthering Heights show the existence of hyphogram forms, convention continuation, convention change and convention violation. Changes and violations were the reduction and variation made by the director Andrea Arnold to the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte. Keywords: The Ecranization, Ellipsis, and Expansion

WUTHERING HEIGHTS: A TRANSFORMATION FROM NOVEL INTO FILM. BY : LUNGIT WAWASTIONO ABSTRAK
Artikel ini ditujukan meneliti Ekranisasi lintas media, yaitu dari novel ke film. Ditemukan bahwa proses Ekranisasi dari novel ke film adalah proses yang melibatkan re-aktualisasi dari bahasa tulisan ke bahasa audio visual. Implikasi dari proses itu adalah bahwa ada beberapa upaya untuk mengecilkan, menambah, atau mengubah bagian dari cerita untuk berbagai tujuan. Ekranisasi sebenarnya mengekspos depresi seorang penulis karena kurangnya kemampuan untuk mengartikulasikan bahasa audio visual dalam merepresentasikan proses yang telah dibuat, yaitu dari tradisi audio visual, dibungkus oleh teknologi canggih, dengan tradisi membaca-menulis (Eneste, 1991). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyelidiki bentuk Ekranisasi dari novel Wuthering Heights menjadi film, fungsi dan makna dari Ekranisasi itu dan sejauh mana novel Wuthering Heights tetap tidak berubah di Ekranisasi ke dalam film "Wuthering Heights" oleh Andrea Arnold. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan struktural untuk menganalisis dan desain deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil analisis adalah elemen plot, latar, tema, bahasa dan karakterisasi novel dan film "Wuthering Heights" menunjukkan adanya bentuk hyphogram, kelanjutan konvensi, perubahan konvensi dan pelanggaran konvensi. Perubahan dan pelanggaran adalah pengurangan dan variasi yang dibuat oleh sutradara Andrea Arnold ke Wuthering Heights novel karya Emily Bronte.

Keywords: Ekranisasi, Penyempitan, dan Perluasan

INTRODUCTION Literature is the kind of writing that used language in special way. In technical term, it is called estranging or defamiliarizing as opposed today or ordinary use of language. First of all not all literary work, a novel or drama use the language with this estranging effect. They are still characterized as literature. Other definition of literature namely literature as fictional writing and literature as belles letter are easier to refute. Literature is as 'imaginative' writing in the sense of fiction - writing which is not literally true. (Eagleton, 2005:1) Literary genre is a category of literature composition. Genre may be determined by literary technique, tone, content or even (as in the case of fiction) length. Genre should not be confused with age category. By which literature may be classified as adult, young adult or children. They must not be confused with the format. The most general genres in the literature are epic, tragedy, comedy, novel, short story and creative nonfiction. They can all be in genre prose or poetry which shows the best how lousily genres are defined. A novel is a fictional piece of prose usually written in a narrative style. Novels tell stories, which are typically defined as a series of events described in a sequence. The novel has been a part of human culture for over a thousand years, although its origins are somewhat debated. Regardless of how it began, the novel has risen to prominence and remained one of the most popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing. (Kenney, 1996: 104). There have been stories and tales for thousands of years, but novels must combine a few unique characteristics in order to be defined as such. First, a novel is written down. rather than told through an oral account. Secondly, novels are meant to be fictional in form, differentiating them from myths, which are said to have their basis in reality or theology. Although some modern scholars argue differently, there is no truly established guideline for length, point-of-view, or even establishment of a moral or philosophical point in novels. (Kenney, 1996: 104). The film is one art form the interplay between Light and shadows - shadows subtly. Film verbal communication through dialogue (such as drama), the film uses complex rhythms and smooth (such as music), the film communicates through images,

metaphors, and symbols - symbol (such as poetry), the film focuses on moving images (such as pantomimes) which has a certain rhythmic (like dance), and finally, the movie has the ability to play time and space, to develop and abbreviate, forward or back it freely within the limits - Ample boundaries. Film remains something unique though there are similarities with other media. Film exceed drama because the film has the ability to take the point of view wide - range, motion, time and space is limited. different from novel, the film does not communicate with the emblem - abstract emblem printed on top of the paper so that it requires an interpretation by the brain to visual portrayal and voice, but directly through the images - visual images and real voice. (Farlex, 2008:1). Film is the visualization story, many novel were transformed and visualized into film, in the transformation novel into film there are many expansion and ellipsis, some of novel were transformed are Harry Potter (the transformation of the novel by JK Rowling to the film by Steven Kloves), The Old Man And The Sea (transformation of the novel by Ernest Hemmingway to the film by Spencer Tracey), and The Lord Of The Rings (transformation of the Tolkien novels to the film by Peter S. Beagle) and much more, in this study researchers interested to analyze Wuthering Heights (Emily Bronte novel transformation into film by Andrea Arnold). Based on the theory, adaptation of one particular medium into another form of creating the work is often done by artists, for example from a short story into a comic, novel into a comic drama in films, short stories into film, radio plays in the film, from the novel into the film, or vice versa. The process of converting the novel into a film is called Ecranization. Eneste (1991: 60). Ecranization is a theory to converting or transformation a novel to film, with adaptation the character of the artists can create. Many film make or produce began from the novel, the film maker read and catch the main idea and they can put in the film. The process transformation from novel into film is called Ecranization, in the process transformation into film there are some different shades and there is also additional (expansion), in the film there is also an ellipsis (removal time and the time of the telling of the story) the story in the novel. Eneste (1991: 78). Various reasons underlie the process of transformation from novel to film. For these reasons, among others because of a well-known novel, so that the general public is

familiar with the story of the novel. In the end, commonly supports commercial aspects. Reason last is because the idea of the novel is considered good by the community and screenplay writer. The emergence of the phenomenon of the film adaptation of the novel into shape a change in the substance of the discourse that gave rise to the term Ecranization. The term was raised by Bluestone, which means the process of moving or changes in the shape of a novel into film. Bluestone (1957: 5). Regarding the transformation from novel to film, one of the novel is interesting to analyze the work of Emily Bronte's novel Wuthering Heights entitled. Wuthering Heights is one of the classic works in English literature that elevates the name of Emily Bronte (1818-148) into one of the great figures in British literature. This novel is the story of a family saga about two love stories never get. But this is not the usual sentimental love story as Emily Bronte packaged in a compelling story with characters turn dark characters vividly and candid. Wuthering Heights itself is the name of a large house in Yorkshire UK. The story of this novel begins with the arrival of Mr. Who met Mr Lockwood. Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights for rent Thrushcross Grange, Heathcliff owned a house that is located not too far away with Wuthering Heights. His meeting with Mr. Heathcliff that seem strange and rude to make Mr. Lockwood tried to find out about the history of Wuthering Heights Heathcliff and Miss. Ellen Dean, a housekeeper who had long worked in Wuthering Heights. From the speech of Miss Dean is the story of Wuthering Heights revealed in detail until the last pages of this novel. Therefore, the authors chose the novel and the film Wuthering Heights to be analyzed. Based on the statement above, the researcher would like to conduct an analysis of transformation with the title WUTHERING HEIGHTS: A TRANSFORMATION FROM NOVEL INTO FILM. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design is to describe and to analyze the transformation that is used a research and also to understand the research. In analyzing the transformation on the film Wuthering Heights the researcher uses descriptive qualitative research. An approach means the basic principle that is used by the researcher to appreciate literary work. An approach will become the basic framework of thinking and analyzing literary work. To select and decide the appropriate approach is mainly influenced by the

intention of this study. The researcher will use structural approach to analyze the transformation from novel into film. The importance source of the data is watching Wuthering Heights film and read the Novel, determining part to the whole of the film, understanding and interpreting the film. The researcher use instrument novel and film of Wuthering Heights to analyzing the transformation from novel into film. PROCEDURES OF COLLECTING DATA Data collection uses to the steps on follow: a. Watching and understanding film Wuthering Heights. b. Reading and understanding the novel of Wuthering Heights. c. Classifying the data dealing with the question problem of the study. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the discussion on how the study is conducted. The discussion will include get the result of this analysis, the researcher focuses on two aspects on the statements of the problem. And the purpose is getting information about differences between a film depiction reveal novel Wuthering Heights. By analyzing the data derived from the novel Wuthering Heights (Emily Bronte) and the movie Wuthering Heights (Andrea Arnold), the author can specify a variety of interesting things that trigger her to undertake the following. Form of the transformation done in Wuthering Heights (Process of Ekranization). 1. Setting In settings where investigators found some reduction or often called an ellipsis, and also the addition of an expansion is often referred to in the upload of the novel to the big screen, the reduction was made due to several factors such as the emphasis in terms of the aspects of the story or plot, the film focuses on the message itself, or in terms of time is too long resulting in less fuel-efficient on the film and a variety of other factors, so that from a sociological view is something that often happens even have occurred due to differences in the delivery of media from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, some narrowing of the researchers have found is as follows.

Time is a marker of when a story takes place. Time is very important aspects of the novel as a reference for imagine the reader in the story. In the film, time also plays quite important because sometimes the film also has its limitations, so generally the film begins with an introduction to the place and time that an event occurred. Story in the novel occurs in 1705-1802 the story spans roughly fifty years, the last half of the eighteenth century, though Lockwood's narrative begins in 1801 but in the film we do not know when it happened because there is no explanation. Weather is not only a condition of the occurrence of a story but also the course of a story, the length of the season is also a marker of an ongoing story so that the audience understands and follows the length of travel stories. In the movie the researcher found that the weather was not clearly visible in the film, which change with the seasons is not clear, the atmosphere always seemed dark even though it looks beautiful but it is very confusing because it always looks grim. Change of seasons does not seem important to know your audience in the film because the sun looks like a myth because that looks just the rain, wind and snow. 2. Plot Plot is used in both the same literature, the single strands (forward). In his novel description of the flow is very visible at first reading. Where is the first time we read we can capture an event that is when and where the story takes place, whereas in the film it is hard to know the place and time of the incident because of the film walked away without an explanation. In some scenes in the film there is a double plot (grooves forward and backward flow). In the film very obvious differences due to the film medium can be seen. While there is time to read a novel imagining the first because the novel is a medium for the delivery of information using words. In the narrative of the movie Wuthering Heights experienced large deletion cut in half the novel, while the elimination of the nature of the film medium itself. The story of Wuthering Heights was cut in the Chapter XVII, from chapter XVIII until chapter XXXIV didnt include in the film. 3. Theme For the theme of the both literary work is the same, kid that tells Heathcliff is found by Mr. Earnshaw in Liverpool and was appointed a member of the family. In the film and in the novel Heathcliff have same character. Any differences arising from the two

works are both the work experience due to narrowing and expansion addition and subtraction by the filmmaker. This is done so that the film served to attract the attention of the audience. If the film is what it is, then the film certainly did not sell. Besides, there is also a commercial side. What I mean here is when Andrea Arnold made the film without any addition and subtraction, there may be an audience as consumers will find it increasingly saturated due to the depiction of any audience is relative and the cost of making the film is also getting bigger. 4. Characters In the movie Wuthering Heights 2011 there are some figures that do not show up, because they cut the story in half the novel the Young Catherine and Linton Heathcliff cannot be found. In the early half of the novel as a major of transformation in the film adaptation some of the characters are also removed or we cannot meet in the film, Zillah is one of as a servant in Wuthering Heights. In the comparison between the novel and movie characters are reductions, this is because the function of those figures didnt too important or influential role in the main story so the character does not appear in the film. Reductions were also determined to remain focused on the main character and the heart of the story that was delivered. We can look characters of film in the appendix. 5. Language Language is one important part in the literary work, in the novel that are very important to explanation all of the story because the reader can imagine and follow the story from the words, so language must be detail in explanation all of the novel contain. Language impressed more polite on film because some of the scenes in the novel that seems to be not polite been eliminated, the process of change also influenced the design of novel language. How did it after being transformed. 1. Quality of the film compared with the novel Wuthering Heights The analysis of the novel and the film Wuthering Heights is showing the similarities as well as differences. Chronology of the novel and the film Wuthering Heights shows different shades and there is also addition (expansion), in the film there is also a reduction or ellipsis (removal time and the time of the telling of the story) the story in the novel. Plot between the novel and the film Wuthering Heights

did not show a difference. The film transformation from the novel is still follow as the principal the story in the novel. Setting space in the novel and the film Wuthering Heights there is a difference because the movie needs more emphasis on visualization effects, whereas in the novel further strengthening in the form of descriptions and explanations to support the venue. The presence of the life story of love found in the film gives characteristic to distinguish the novel. All of these differences indicate different interpretations of the director on the novel Wuthering Heights. Film Quality is not as famous as her novel Wuthering Heights, that film feels unbalanced with so famous novel. The film felt too long, too dark, too violent, no passion. That film is one of good in adaptation although the film cannot increase the popularity the novel but it was nearing the mind of novel author. In accordance with the sociological view of readers and movie audiences the sight of the novel, has a story higher than the films that have been adapted or have been in transformation. The process of transformation the film through many changes because just taking the central story of the novel. If we compare the story in the novel and the story of the movie, it can be said that the story of the movie had a lot of reductions due to various technical factors in filmmaking and technical appreciation of the film. After analyzing all the comparisons between the novel and the film, the author compares the two works of literature through a reader or an audience so as to know whether the ekranization can boost the reputation of the novel as a basic material in the making of the film or the film in such a transformation actually degrade the quality of the novel. CONCLUSION Based on the data analysis of the transformation from novel into film Wuthering Heights the researcher had done some definition including (1) The form of the transformation, (2) The result after transformation. The researcher concludes : 1. The form of the transformation. Transformation of the novel into a film is usually due to the well-known novel, so that the general public is not foreign to the story. This condition will support the

commercial aspect. There was also an emphasis on story ideas that are considered good. As for the screenwriter, the adaptation process initiated quite helpful in a story that will be presented in the film. In this case the literature used as a source and starting point of the work. The studies used data novels and movie scripts. The rationale for the study is a movie script in this study is a comparison of the structure of the novel and the film can be studied through dialogues, storyline and characters derived from movie scripts without having to use scenarios. Mutation from one kind to another exactly there is effect Transformation not only because the materials differ but also because the origins, conventions, and audiences differ as well. When the filmiest undertakes the adaptation of a novel, given an inevitable mutation, is that he does not convert the novel at all. What they transformed is a kind of paraphrase of the novel, the novel viewed as raw material. Because this is we often find that the film adapter has depended instead on a paraphrase by his secretary or his screen writer. That is why there is no necessary correspondence between the excellence of a novel and quality of the film in which the novel is recorded. As we go on to trace the mutations from book to film if we remain aware of these crucial differences between the media. An art whose limits depend on a moving image, mass audience, and industrial production is bound to differ from an art whose limits depend on language, a limited audience and individual creation. In short, the filmed novel, in spite of certain resemblances, will inevitably become a different artistic entity from the novel on which it is based. 2. The result after the transformation. Wuthering Heights has been made and remade. Heathcliff howls through the years. Cathy weeps through the ages. And now comes another, the eighteenth adaptation of the novel, by Andrea Arnold. Emily Bronte tells us Heathcliff is dark and brooding and that loves a pain, and yet theres more gauze and tenderness in the typical adaptation than in a burn unit. Not so in Arnolds film. And in this Wuthering Heights, she completely elides the second half of the novel. Instead, she focuses on the childhood relationship between Cathy and Heathcliff and their tumultuous young adult years. Theres something in all of us that longs for our childhood, she explains of the radical choice. Thats the place where Heathcliff was able to make a connection to

someone and, when he loses that, it is to that place he must return. Shes actually quite cruel but they make this connection and even though everything was harsh, he had her. The results of analysis novel and film Wuthering Heights to the elements above is showing the similarities as well as differences. Chronology of the novel and the film Wuthering Heights show different shades and there is also additional (expansion), in the film there is also an ellipsis (removal elements of the story) the story in the novel. Causality plot between the novel and the film Wuthering Heights showed difference. The film adaptation of the novel as the principal still follow the story in the novel. Setting space in the novel and film Wuthering Heights there is a difference because the movie needs more emphasis on visualization effects, while further strengthening the novel in the form of descriptions and explanations to support the venue. The presence of the life story of love found in the film gives characteristic to distinguish the novel. All of these differences indicate different interpretations of the director on the novel Wuthering Heights. REFERENCES Bluestone, George. 1957. Novels Into Film. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University California Press. Eagleton, Terry. 2005. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. Eneste, Pamusuk. 1991. Novel dan Film. Flores: Nusa Indah Clipartr, Farlex. 2008. http://www.search?hl=glossary_definition&ct=title.htm Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. Manhattan College Stanton, Robert, 1965. An Introduction to Fiction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

APPENDIX 1

The Picture of The Novel Wuthering Heights

APPENDIX 2 The Picture of The film Wuthering Heights