Microelectronics I

Chapter 2: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

2.1 Principles of Quantum Mechanics 2.2 Schrodingers Wave Equation 2.3 Applications of Schrodingers Wave equation 2.4 Extensions of the Wave Theory to Atoms

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2

Introduction 1
Control electron in the solid (crystal) Position Velocity devices speed No. of electron

Current, I

nxqxv
velocity

Density of electron

Need to know electron behavior in the crystal and the material (energy band, etc)

Introduction of quantum mechanics (Defines electron with wave function) Schrodinger equation

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2

Introduction 2
Quantum mechanic becomes more significant as electronic device becomes smaller Appearance of quantum effect Current, I
Electron channel

Width, W I

Voltage, V

Smaller W Ohms law classical V

I ? V

Here, classical Physics no longer applicable !!

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2

Objective:
To understand the basic of quantum mechanics Wave-particle duality Schrodinger equation - equation - physical meaning Application: -quantized energy -tunneling effect

Chapter 3: energy band theory of solids

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2

light
propagates as wave (frequency, ) Interference Refraction diffraction Particle having energy, h *h, Planck's constant = 6.625 x 10-34 Js 1905, Einstein Photon (discrete packet)

Explains the photoelectric effect

Max kinetic energy of photoelectron

light

photoelectron

o Wave-Particle duality

frequency

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Wave-Particle duality of electron Electron: charged particle (q=1.6 x 10-19 C) ex:

Inxqxv

De Broglie (1924) Particle with momentum, p has wavelength,

Wave nature

= h/p
Ex:
e

P: Plancks constant

Velocity, v=105 m/s = h/p =h/m.v =6.625 x 10-34/(105 x 9.11 x 10-31) = 7.27 nm

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Wave-particle duality : experiment

Double slit Electron gun
e

screen

When electron hits the screen, a dot will appears Particle nature

Shoot electron 4 times

Double slit screen 1st Electron gun
e

4th 2nd 3rd

Electron could go through the slit Position of electron was random

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Shoot electron many time

slit Electron gun
e

http://www.hitachi.com/rd/research/em/doubleslit.html

screen

slit

screen

a: 8 electrons, b: 270 electrons, c: 2000 electrons, d: 160,000 electrons Interference pattern Wave nature

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Interpretations

1. Electron propagates in space like wave 2. Each electron pass through both two open slit at the same time 3. Electron interfere with itself
Double slit screen

Electron gun

e e

The experimental results confirm the wave-particle duality of electron

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 The Uncertainty principle (Heisenberg 1927)

Impossible to simultaneously describe with absolute accuracy the position and momentum of a particle

px

p: uncertainty in momentum x : uncertainty in position

Impossible to simultaneously describe with absolute accuracy the energy of

particle and the instant of time the particle has this energy

Et E: uncertainty in energy t : uncertainty in time Cannot determine exact position of electron use probability

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Schrodinger Wave Equation

Describe and discuss electron behavior

Wave function

sin, cos
k : wave number : angular momentum : initial phase

(x,t)= a.cos(kx-t+))
Use exp exp(j)=cos+jsin

(x,t)= exp ( j(kx-t)) = exp( jkx)exp(-jt) (x,t)= (t)(x)

=0

time-dependent position-dependent

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Schrodinger Wave Equation2 Time-independent Schrodinger equation H(x)=E(x)

Hamiltonian Energy of electron

Hamiltonian: total energy operator H = kinetic energy + potential energy

h2 2 H = + V ( x) 2 2m x

h2 2 2m x 2 + V ( x) ( x) = E ( x)

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Physical meaning of wave equation (x): wave function |(x)|2: probability of existence of electron at x position of electron cannot be determined precisely

2 * | ( x ) | dx = ( x) ( x)dx = 1

*(x): complex conjugate function

total probability=1

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Major quantities: energy, momentum, position of electron

H ( x) h Momentum, ( x) i x Position, x ( x )
Energy,

Result :equation

Value of major quantities given by expected value in probability theory energy

+
+

momentum
* ( x)

* ( x)H ( x)dx * ( x) ( x)dx

h ( x)dx i x

position

* ( x)x ( x)dx * ( x) ( x)dx

* ( x) ( x)dx

Result :real number

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Boundary Condition Region I Region II

x=a Condition 1: (x) must be finite, single-valued, and continuous Condition 2: (x)/x must be finite, single-valued and continuous

I (a ) = II (a) I II
x
x=a

Condition 1
x=a

Condition 2

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Basic solution of Schrodinger equation

Consider V: constant

h2 2 2m x 2 + V ( x) = E ( x)

--eq.1

2 ( x) 2m(V E ) ( x) = 0 2 2 x h
constant

Second order differential equation

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 1. if, E < V

2m(V E ) 2 = >0 2 h
eq.1

" 2 = 0 " = 2

Solution:

= Ae x + Be x

A,B: Coefficient

Condition 1( must be finite)

= Be x

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 1. if, E > V

2m(V E ) 2 = >0 2 h
eq.1

" + 2 = 0 " = 2

Solution:

= Ce i x + De i x

C,D: Coefficient

Wave function is given by the combination of the two type solution

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Application 1: Potential well

region I

region I and III

region II region III

V(x)= Electron cannot exist in the regions

x=0

x=L

=0

region II (0<x<L)

2 ( x) 2m(V E ) ( x) = 0 2 2 x h
V=0

Time-independent equation

2 ( x) 2mE + 2 ( x) = 0 ---eq. 1 2 x h

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 eq. 1

2 ( x) 2mE = ( x) 2 2 x h

=
Solution ;

"

2mE = 2 h
2

= Ae i x + Be i x
Boundary condition;

I ( 0 ) = II ( 0 ) = 0

II ( L ) = III ( L ) = 0

A+B =0

...eq. 2

Ae i L + Be i L = 0

...eq. 3

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 From eq. 2 & 3

A ( e i L e i L ) = 0
A0

e e =0 i 2 sin( L ) = 0

i L

i L

region II

En=3 En=2 En=1 x=0 x=L

L = n
2 mE L = n h

n; integer

h 2 E = n 2m L
2

The energy of particle is quantized Particular discrete values Classical; continuous values

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Wave function

= Ae i x + Be i x
n = 2 iA sin x L n = C sin x L
normalization

n C sin x dx = 1 L 0
2 2

Total probability=1

C =

2 L

2 n sin x L L

n=1,2,3,4

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2

x=L Wave functions

x=L Corresponding probability functions

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Application 2: Potential well

region I region II region III

V0 e Region I

x=0 Region II

x=L

2 I ( x) 2mE + 2 I ( x) = 0 2 x h
Region III

2 II ( x) 2m(V0 E ) II ( x) = 0 2 2 x h

2 III ( x) 2mE + 2 III ( x) = 0 2 x h

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Consider E<V0,

2mE 2m(V0 E ) 2 = , = 2 2 h h
2

Solution; wave function

I = Ae + Be x II = Ce + De

i x

i x

region I

region II

region III

V0 A C E

III = Ee i x + Fe i x
B F=0 x=0 D x=L F

III = Ee i x

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Boundary condition;

I (0) = II (0) II ( L) = III ( L)

Continuous wave function

4 equation

I (0) = II (0) II ( L) = III ( L)

' '

'

'

Continuous first derivative

Can solve for the 4 coefficients B, C, D, E in term of A

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Parameter of interest; Transmission coefficient, T

region I region II region III

V0 A E

E E* T= A A*

x=0

x=L

E E T 16 V 1 V exp(2 L) 0 0
T is not zero Electron penetrate the barrier

tunneling

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2

L Wave function through the potential barrier

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Extensions of the wave Theory to Atoms Potential function (coulomb attraction)

+
Nucleus; positively charged

e2 V (r ) = 4 0 r

approximation
Expected results
=

Quantized energy
2 n x sin L L

+
Quantum well

+
Quantum well

n=1,2,3,

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Solving Schrodinger equation

2m0 (r , , ) + 2 ( E V (r )) (r , , ) = 0 h
2

Wave function & energy of electron in the atom result

m0 e 4 1 En = 2 2 2 (4 0 ) 2h n

n; 1, 2, 3, (principal quantum number)

1. Energy of atom is quantized. The value is determined by a quantum number,n 2. Wave function of electron also determined by quantum numbers (n, l, m)

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 Quantum states of electron Quantum number n: principal quantum number (determine total electron energy) N=1, 2, 3,. l: azimuthal quantum number (specifies the shape of atomic orbital) l= n-1, n-2,,0 (s,p,d,..) m: magnetic quantum number ( direction) |m|=l,l-1,0 s: spin quantum number ( spin of electron) S=1/2, -1/2
y
S- orbital

z z y x z y x y
p- orbital

z x x

Microelectronics I : Chapter 2 electron energy ex: C (no. of electron: 14) n=2

l=2s m l=1s n=1

l=2p

n=2

n=1

As n increases, energy of quantum state increases

Pauli Exclusion Principle No two electrons may occupy the same quantum state