Land Use&Classicfication Report Final

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)
Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)
TABLE OF CONTENT Abbreviations.......................................................................................................................c Executive Summary..............................................................................................................i 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 1.1. Background ..............................................................................................................1 1.2. Location ...................................................................................................................1 1.3. Objectives and Methods............................................................................................2 1.3.1. Objectives..........................................................................................................2 1.3.2. Methods.............................................................................................................3 2. Land Resources ...............................................................................................................4 2.1. Landform and Soils ..................................................................................................4 2.2. Climate .....................................................................................................................5 2.3. Current Land Cover and Land Use...........................................................................9 2.4. Current Land Utilization Types..............................................................................11 3. Land Capability Classes and their Environmental Requirements ...............................20 3.1. Land Capability Classes..........................................................................................20 3.2. Environmental Requirements of Land Capability Classes.....................................20 4. Major Land Uses /Production Systems Selected for Different Land Capability Classes and their Definitions....................................................................................................23 4.1. Major Land Uses/Production Systems Selected for Implementation in the ANRS ........................................................................................................................................23 4.2. Description and Definitions of Land Uses/Production Systems.............................24 4.2.1. Rain-fed Smallholders Food Crops Production ..............................................24 4.2.2. Rain-fed Smallholders Cash Crops Production...............................................24 4.2.3. Rain-fed Medium and Large Scale Food Crops Production ...........................24 4.2.4. Rain-fed Medium and Large Scale Cash Crops Production ...........................25 4.2.5. Irrigated Medium and Large Scale Food Crops Production ...........................25 4.2.6. Irrigated Medium and Large Scale Cash Crops Production............................26 4.2.7. Smallholders Small Scale Dairy, Fattening and Poultry Production...............26 4.2.8. Small Scale Livestock (cattle, goats, chicken and poultry) production...........26 4.2.9. Large Scale Poultry, Cattle and Dairy Production...........................................27 4.2.10. Smallholders Perennial Crops and Forestry Production ...............................27 4.2.11. Small Scale Agro-forestry Development ......................................................28 4.2.12. Large Scale Forestry Production ..................................................................28 4.2.13. Nature Conservation and Tourist Attraction .................................................29 5. Criteria Developed for Identification of Areas Potential for Major Land Uses in ANRS .....................................................................................................................................32 6. Findings of the Land Capability and Land use Potential areas.....................................35 6.1. Land Capability classes and their distributions......................................................35 6.2. Land Use Potential Areas and Their Distributions.................................................49 6.2.1. Land Use Potential Areas ...............................................................................49 6.2.2. Land Use Potential Area Distributions in the ANRS......................................51 7. Conclusions and Recommendations..............................................................................73
References..........................................................................................................................74
LIST OF TABLES
Abbreviations
ANRS DLGP DSA GIS GPZs ITCZ LCC SCI USDA Amhara National Regional State Dependable Length of Growing Period Development Studies Associates Geo Information System Growing Period Zones Inter Tropical Convergence Zone Land Capability Class Shawel Consult International United States Department of Agriculture
Executive Summar y
General The ANRS is endowed with spatially variable natural resources. These resources include climate, soils, vegetation, water, and fauna. They exhibit variable potentials and constraints of development at different sites. However, the differences were not properly documented regionally. Following the new economic policy of the Ethiopian Federal Democratic Government, the regional state has created favourable business environment to stimulate the private investment using the land capability and potentials of the National Regional State. Despite the encouraging environment, investments are restricted to specific areas and sectors mainly due to absence of investment opportunities and absence of entrepreneurial know-how that are based on resources potentials and constraints relating to land capabilities and potentials of production. Hence this study is launched to address the problem and give guidance by showing land capability and land potential areas distributions in different zones and Weredas of ANRS for land users. The National Regional State has a vast area of land that accounts for about 11% of the Country/Ethiopias land area. Highlands and lowlands are common land features of the region as far as land forms are concerned. The main and specific objectives of the study as specified in the Terms of Reference provided to the consultant are to: (i) (ii) (iii) Identify opportunities for Investment; Enhance the Participation of Private Investment/Capital based on the regions potential resources; and Enhance markets for goods & services through the establishment of various types of projects in the region.
The specific objectives of the Land Capability and Land Use Potential areas identification, mapping and characterization are to: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Identify, map and characterize the natural resources that occur at different sites at 1:250,000 scale; Identify the potentials and constraints of the different natural resources that occur at different sites; Determine the land characteristics and qualities of the natural resources of different sites; Identify and characterize the land capability classes that could occur at different sites; Determine the environmental requirements of land capability classes; i
vi. vii. viii. ix. x.
Determine land use types that match to different land capability classes and physical constraints of land uses; Map land capability classes at 1:250,000 scale that occur at different sites by matching the land use requirements with the land characteristics and qualities using the GIS facility of the consultant; Identify major land use types and define them; Develop criteria for identification and mapping of land use potential areas; and Map land use potential areas by matching natural resource characteristics and criteria of land use types.
The land capability classification and identification of high potential land areas for different land uses was mainly done by extracting the regional land information from natural resources study documents compiled especially for this purpose. The ranges of characteristics of each land type features were considered to determine the land capability and criteria for identifying, delineating and mapping different land use potential area sites and their distributions by taking into consideration the different features of the land and its resources and defining the ranges of potential levels for preselected land use types that can attract investors by multidisciplinary team of experts including the GIS specialist. Major land uses selected for the land capability and land potential assessment were crop, livestock, and forest, farm-forestry, ecotourism and flowers productions. Land Resources As per previously conducted studies the regional state is made up of: (i) Flat to rolling high altitude plateau including hills, mountains and side slopes (ii) Gorges (iii) Low land plains, and (iv) Rift valley On the other hand, the outcomes of several soil studies in Ethiopia indicated as there are different types of soils with different physical and chemical properties that determine land use choices in the ANRS. In addition, there are two major types of rainfall pattern regimes that also have direct contribution to the selection of land uses. These are: Dry and wet-characterized by mono-modal rainfall pattern Three types of seasons- characterized by quasi-bimodal rainfall pattern designated as Bega, Belg and Kiremt of which Kiremt is dominant in the eastern part of the region. Climatic constraints that have impact on the socio-economic developments especially on agriculture in the region are: a) The inter-annual & inter-seasonal rainfall variability; b) The frequent and severe occurrences of drought with no apparent periodic cycle;
ii
c) The occasional occurrences of flood associated with erosion and land slides, have significant negative impact on ecosystems together with considerable impact on agricultural production; d) The incidences of hail mainly over the highland areas where it would have significant impact on stalk crops; and e) The occurrences of frost mainly over the high land and valley areas where it would have significant effect on the production of crops, particularly vegetables and fruits. Moreover, it is understood that extreme values of air temperature in the region greatly influence the establishment, growth and development of plants and/or crops in the region. Maximum temperature occurs in the months of March to May; while minimum temperature takes place during the months from November to January. Minimum temperature which occurs even in the transition month in October also affects crops growth and development. In the ANRS 13 growing period zones are identified and delineated on a map of which 9, 3, and one are referred as single, double and no growing period zones respectively. Currently, in the region, built-up areas, cultivated land, afro-alpine and sub-afro-alpine vegetation, forest, woodland, wetland, exposed surface and water body are identified as major land cover types from satellite imagery interpretation and limited field checking. These land cover types influence the major land uses that currently exist. Built-up areas are mainly used for settlements, markets, and social infrastructures. Areas of natural vegetation influence livestock production; wood, incense and gum collection; recreation and tourism. Cultivated land areas influence crop, livestock and farm forestry production. The actual cultivated land in the ANRS occupies about 35 %, grassland 18.37 % and forest including all types 1.43% of the ANRSs land area. The natural forest alone covers 0.22 % of the region .Currently in the ANRS; quite a number of annual and perennial crops are produced indicating that the region has high potential for agriculture and natural resources development. Findings As a result of the study, in the ANRS, 8 land capability classes had been identified. Land areas that fall within class one to class four are capable for production of crops and variably class one land having no environmental limitations. Environmental limitations for agriculture increase from class one to class 8 land. Class one land occurs on soils that do not have physical and chemical limitations. In the ANRS, land capability class one land occupies 104, 535.7 ha (0.70%); class two land : 2,669,338 (17.1%); class three land 1, 352,784 ha (8.77%); class four land: 2, 600,019 ha (16.86%); Class five land: 4,511 ha (0.03%); class six land: 196,216 (1.27%); class seven land : 5,238,631 ha (33.98%) and class eight land: 3,251382 ha (21%) of the
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total land area of ANRS excluding areas occupied by the water bodies. Land capability class one land which has high attraction for investors occurs in the south western part of North Gonder, South Gonder and North Wello, South Wello and Oromia and West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping areas. The total land area which is capable for agriculture (Classes I, II,II and IV) is 43.64 % of the total land area of the ANRS. Class two to class 4 lands have more value for the Government and the local land users with considerations of appropriate interventions that remove land use hindrances. The Zonal and Wereda distributions of each land capability class are given in the main body of this technical report and on the thematic map produced by the consultant. High potential areas for production of crops, livestock, ecotourism, flowers, farm forestry, and forestry were determined by matching the environmental requirements of these pre-selected land uses with environmental properties of different land types occurring in the region. As a result, high potential lands for crop, livestock, floriculture, ecotourism, farm-forestry and forestry were discovered while matching100 % of the land uses requirements with the land properties. High potential lands occur at different sites and spots of the region and mostly overlapping with each other. Their spatial distributions are given on 1: 250, 000 Maps and in the main body of this technical report. High potential land for crop, livestock, farm-forestry, forestry, ecotourism and floriculture occupy 1,190,076; 3,951,744; 1, 915, 12; 868,768; 2,611,370 and 1, 665,877 hectares of land respectively at different places and spots of ANRS.
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1. Introduction
1.1. Background
The Amhara National Regional State is endowed with varied natural resources such as climate, vegetation, soils and terrain, water and fauna. These natural resources exhibit different potentials and constraints for different development uses. However, the capability and potentials of these resources for agriculture, nature conservation and tourism and forestry development were not evaluated and classified at regional level. Studies at localized levels however were conducted aimed at different development purposes. These include the Abay & Tekezie Rivers basins, integrated water resource development master plan, the Kobo Girana valley development study and the North Wollo Environmental Support Project study intended for better environmental and natural resources information to underpin policy formulation, development planning and decision making. The present study, however, emanated from the need to identify, classify, evaluate and determine land resource capability classes and potentials of areas for different uses as related to investment attraction in the entire National Regional State. According to the Regions Investment Office (2004), no significant Private Investment had taken place in the region mainly due to policy measures which had been working against the private sector. However, as a result of the new economic policy of the Federal Government of Ethiopia, the regional state has created a favorable business environment and is providing infrastructural facilities to stimulate Private Investment. Despite the encouraging investment atmosphere, investments in the region are restricted to specific areas and sectors mainly due to absence of entrepreneurial know-how and absence of investment opportunities that base on identified resources capabilities and potentials and socio-economic conditions of the region. In response to these, the ANRS Investment Office commissioned DSA/SCI to identify, classify, map and characterize the different natural resources of the region and determine the capability and potentials of the natural resources for investment and other developments. Accordingly DSA/SCI, based on existing studies and field assessment, identified, characterized, mapped, evaluated and determined the capabilities and potentials of the different natural resource units for development and investment attraction in the region.
1.2. Location
The Amhara National Regional State with an estimated population of 17.3 million (ANRS, Investment Office, 2004) occupies a total land area of about 160,000km2. The regions area is about 11% of the entire land area of Ethiopia. It lies across Northeastern and Northwestern part of Ethiopia. Geographically, it is situated between 9 0 and 13045' north latitude and 360 and 40036' east longitude with common boundaries with Tigray in the North, Oromiya in the South, Beneshangul Gumuz and the Sudan in the West and Afar in the east. Highlands and lowlands are common land features in the National Regional State. Highlands occur above 1500m asl and lowlands below this elevation.
1.3. Objectives and Methods

1.3.1. Objectives
The main objectives of the study as specified in the Terms of Reference provided to the consultant are to: (iv) (v) (vi) Identify opportunities for Investment; Enhance the Participation of Private Investment/Capital based on the regions potential resources; and Enhance markets for goods & services through the establishment of various types of projects in the region.
The specific objectives of the Land Capability and Land Use Potential areas identification, mapping and characterization are to: xi. Identify, map and characterize the natural resources that occur at different sites at 1:250,000 scale; xii. Identify the potentials and constraints of the different natural resources that occur at different sites; xiii. Determine the land characteristics and qualities of the natural resources of different sites; xiv. Identify and characterize the land capability classes that could occur at different sites; xv. Determine the environmental conditions of land capability classes; xvi. Determine the major land use types that match the different land capability classes and physical constraints of land uses; xvii. Map land capability classes at 1:250,000 scale that occur at different sites by matching the major land use types requirements with the land characteristics and qualities using the GIS facility of the consultant; xviii. Identify major land use types and define them; xix. Develop criteria for identification and mapping land use potential areas; and
xx.
Map land use potential areas by combining natural resource characteristics and criteria of land use types.
1.3.2. Methods
The Land capability classification and land use potential areas identification was carried out by extracting the required data and information from the natural resources study documents compiled during the study period. The information or data extracted include climate, soils and physiography, forestry, livestock and land use and land cover. Land Capability Class determination was based on USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Land Capability Classes classification as modified by the Assistance to Soil and Water Conservation Program of the FAO in 1988 for the purpose of Land Classification for use in Soil and Water Conservation in Ethiopia. The classification was based on the experience of land use and natural resources relationship and management and local natural resource conditions of Ethiopia in general and that of the ANRS in particular. The range of characteristics of each land feature or natural resource was taken into account in determining land capability classes. The environmental conditions of different land capability classes were determined by considering land use limiting factors that were observable and measurable at different representative sites of natural resource features. Criteria for identification, delineation and mapping different land use potential sites were developed by taking into consideration the different features of the land and its resources and defining their range of suitability levels/classes for different predetermined major land use types by a group of respective experts involved in the study. These were climatologist, agronomist, livestock expert, soils expert, forest expert, GIS expert and land use expert. Major Land Uses were identified by considering both rain-fed and irrigated conditions as far as crop production is considered. Production of livestock, forestry, agro-forestry and tourist attraction were considered only from rain-fed production point of view.
2. Land Resources
2.1. Landform and Soils
The Amhara Region is made up of four major physiographic types: Flat to rolling high altitude plateau including hills, mountains and their side slopes: (i) Gorges (ii) Low land plains, and (iii) Rift valley The plateau highlands lie between elevations of 2000 masl and exceeding 3,000 masl. Within this range, one could see rugged mountains, undulating plains, numerous mountain peaks and hills. The plateaus descend in the west towards peripheral lowlands. The mountain peaks rise as high as 4,620 masl at Mount Ras Dashen. The plateau highlands cover the central and eastern part of the Region. Along the western border of the high plateaus, the topography drops off suddenly and gently declines towards the Ethio-Sudanese border. The streams flowing from the highlands cut deep gorges and ultimately end up in the Abbay or Tekeze rivers. The gorges and canyons have been formed by the major rivers and their tributaries within the Region along the weak zones of the plateaus and mountains. The streams flowing along the gorges and canyons have cut deep the geological formations along their course resulting in interfluvial ridges and inter-ridge valleys. Interfluvial ridges are the old ruminants of plateaus which are highly dissected by the major rivers and their tributaries within the Region forming a number of ridges. The interridge valleys are formed by the major rivers and their tributaries. They are mainly formed of alluvial colluvial fans. The deep gorges could have very steep or gently sloping sides. The Abbay and the Tekeze river gorges are spectacular and are very deep (up to 1500 m). In reality, the Region has been divided into a number of blocks by deeply incised gorges of the Tekeze and Abbay rivers and their tributaries. Low to medium altitude, undulating to hilly plains and moderate relief hills with low altitude alluvial colluvial plains are common land features in the region. The plains are mostly found in the western and northwestern parts of the Region. In the extreme west along the EthioDevelopment Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)
Sudanese boarder, the land forms are very gently undulating to almost flat landscape except where it is cut by streams. Rift Valley: this occupies a relatively small area south of Woldiya. This includes the broken land and plains in the vicinity of the Kesem and Borkena rivers. This land form is a complex of steep, rough and rocky escarpments and gently undulating terraces (steeped plateau) and includes shallow soils on severely eroded side slopes and almost flat land on the colluvium and alluvium along the Borkena River. Based on the outcomes of several soil studies previously carried out in the Region and the present field soil study, the land units were compiled and defined. For each of the land units presented and mapped, the appropriate association of soils has been indicated.
2.2. Climate
In order to promote effective economic growth of a regional state, it is of paramount importance to integrate climatic information with any natural resource and socio-economic development strategies. In this technical study, attempt has been made to identify important climate resource potentials of the ANRS. In view of this, brief summary of the climatic resource potentials of the region have been presented as specified underneath. 1. Rainfall regimes and seasons are delineated based on rainfall patterns. With regard to this, two categories of seasons were identified in the ANRS. (a) (b) Dry and wet characterized by mono-modal rainfall pattern, Three season types characterized by quasi-bimodal rainfall patterns designated as Bega, Belg and Kiremt, in which the later one is more dominant in the eastern part of the ANRS;
2. The weather/climate systems that influence the climatic conditions in the ANRS are the following: (a) Bega: (i) Winds that originate from the Saharan high pressure system bring hot and dry climate; (ii) Winds that originate from the Siberian high pressure system produce rather cold and dry climate;
(b) Belg: (i) (ii) Warm-moist air streams that originate from the Arabian Sea high pressure system produce considerable amount of rainfall, Cold and moist northwesterly winds created as a result of the intrusion of mid-latitude depression towards low latitude mostly across the Red Sea produce substantial rainfall. Kiremt: (i) Southwesterly and northwesterly airstreams coupled with warm moisture laden air streams originated from the subtropical high pressure systems that are located over the Southern Indian and Atlantic oceans; The fluctuation of the leading edge of the moist air steam which is termed as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ); The development of the thermal lows over the Sudan and the Arabian Peninsula; The generation and intensification of the monsoon depression over the Indian sub-continent, and The generation and development of upper level and low level strong winds that are referred to as the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) and the Somali-jet, respectively, enhance the spatio-temporal rainfall distribution;
(c)
(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
3. The rainfall trend generally shows that it is predominantly characterized by decreasing trend. 4. The regional prevailing winds at different levels have shown that: (a) They are generally easterlies becoming more south easterlies and south westerly during the rainy seasons; (b)The rose wind diagrams are anticipated to be beneficial (see the climate resource report): (i) In selecting sites for the establishment of industries, with a view to protecting cities from air pollution; (ii) For the provision of wind data to aircraft landings and take-offs.
5. The climatic constraints that have impact on the socio-economic development, particularly on agricultural and livestock productions include: f) The inter-annual & inter-seasonal rainfall variability; g) The frequent and severe occurrences of drought with no apparent periodic cycle; h) The occasional occurrences of flood associated with erosion and land slides, have significant negative impact on ecosystems together with considerable impact on agricultural production; i) The incidences of hail mainly over the highland areas where it would have significant impact on stalk crops; and j) The occurrences of frost mainly over the high land and valley areas where it would have significant effect on the production of crops, particularly vegetables and fruits. 6. Temperatures and Thermal Zones When the mean temperature values are above or below the threshold values, it is referred to as, respectively, maximum and minimum temperatures. It has already been indicated that extreme values of temperature would greatly influence the growth of plants and/or crops. In the ANRS, the maximum temperature occurs during the months of March to May; while the minimum temperature takes place during the months from November to January. Though October is a transitional month, the minimum temperature during the month would significantly affect crops which are particularly in growing stages. In this instance, with a view to protecting crops from the harmful effects of climatic hazards, appropriate preventing measures must be undertaken. 7. The Thermal Zones: The thermal zones of the ANRS that relate the mean annual temperature change in height with the altitude variations have been delineated (see the climatic resource map). 8. With regard to the Dependable Length of Growing Period (DLGP), the following brief notes must be considered during planning: (a) It has been well noted that the DLGP is assessed and evaluated by superimposing the mean annual potential evapotranspiration onto the mean annual rainfall. Since PET is much less during the rainy seasons and higher during the dry season, the line graphs of the two elements intersects at two
points. The first intersection is designated as the commencement of the DLGP and the second intersection is referred to as the end of DLGP. (b)The growing period zones (GPZs) are classified based on various soil moisture holding capacities at different root zones. In this respect, in Ethiopia 53 GPZs are identified. Out of these 53 GPZs, 13 GPZs of which 9, 3 and 1 are referred to as single, double and no growing periods, respectively, are delineated in the ANRS. (c) For practical purpose, with a view to producing the map of the 14 ACZs in the country, the map of the 53 GPZs were overlaid on to the map of the six thermal zones (T1-T6). Out of the 14 ACZs, 8 ACZs of which 4, 3 and 1 are identified as single, double and non-growing zones, respectively, in the ANRS. Table 2.1 below provides the general climatic conditions of ANRS.
Table 2. 1: Summary of climatic conditions of the ANRS within each DLGP polygon 1 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 2 DLGP (Days) 25 66 75 104 106 119 120 144 150 161 168 183 196 229 3 LocationZones E- NW & EM-OR E-WH E-NW, OR & NSH S-NSH W-SW, E-NG, W-WH & W-NSH W-SW, E-NG, WmWH, N-NSH W-NG Most- NG, S-SG, E-EG & Wm- NSH N-WG, S-NG, N-AG S-WG & SEG, SW-NG N-AG, Em-WG, WmEG Central & E NSH NW-WG & Most AG Southern NSH 4 Mean Kiremt Rainfall (mm) 400 100-500 500-700 500-800 600-1000 600-1100 300-500 600-1200 700-1200 600-1200 800-1400 700-1200 100-1600 600-1000 5 Mean annual Temp. (0C) 20-30 10-15 17-22 15-20 12-18 13-17 24-27 14-22 18-23 18-21 15-22 14-20 17-21 14-20 6.1 6.2 Climatic Constraints CV DP HV HV HV HV MV-LV LV-HV LV-HV MV-LV LV LV MV-LV MVHV LV HV-LV HDP MDP HDP-MDP HDP-MDP LDP & MDP LDP HDP-MDP LDP & MDP MDP-LDP LDP LDP MDP-LDP LDP MDP-LDP 6.3 Hail INS Fr- LFr INS- LFr LFr- INS LFR- Fr LFr-Fr INS LFr-Fr INS-LFr LFr LFr- Fr LFr-Fr LFr-Fr INS- LFr 6.4 Frost INS INS-LFr INS- LFR Fr- Pat Pat-Fr Pat-Fr INS Pat- Fr Pat Pat Pat-Fr Pat- Fr Par-Fr Par-Fr
Source: the climatic study of the region conducted by DSA/SCI in 2005. Note CV= coefficient of rain fall variability
DP = Drought Probability E= East W=West S= South N= North Em= Eastern Most Wm= Western Most Pat- Patchy NW = North Wello OR= Oromiya WH= Wag Humera NSH = North Shoa SW = South Wello NG= North Gonder SG = South Gonder WG = West Gojam EG = East Gojam AG = Agewawi LV = Less Variable MV= Moderately Variable HV = Highly Variable HDP= High Drought Probability MDP= Moderate Drought Probability LDP= Low Drought Probability Fr= Frequent LFr= Less Frequent INS= Insignificant
2.3. Current Land Cover and Land Use

Land cover types are the main natural and economic resources of the region. Land cover types determined from satellite imagery analysis and limited field survey conducted in the region include built up areas, cultivated lands, Afro-alpine and sub-afro-alpine vegetation, forest, woodland, shrub land, grassland, marshland, exposed surface and water body. The spatial occurrences of these resources are influenced by climate, soil & terrain conditions and human influence in the ANRS. Built up area, cultivated land and forest are highly influenced by human needs and activities more than other cover types. Built up area and cultivated lands are highly man made land features while forests in the region are partially man made and partially natural. Built up areas and cultivated lands are established at places of natural vegetation including forest lands at the expense of the natural fauna and flora of the region.
Land cover types indicate/imply land uses in the region; for instance built up areas are mainly used for settlements, markets, construction of social infrastructures and other services like roads, footpaths etc. The natural vegetation types influence livestock production, wood collection for different purposes, incense and gum collection, recreation and tourism. In the ANRS built up area was sub-classified into two; cultivated land into 9; afro-alpine vegetation into 3; forest into 3; woodland into 2; shrub-land into 2 and grassland into 4 while the remaining were unclassified because they didnt show differences of compositions determined by signatures and field observation properties (details of Sub-units are given in the Land Cover /Land Use Report and Map produced by DSA/SCI) The cultivated land mapping unit area occupies about 66.2% while the actual cultivated land is only 35 % of the regions land area (i.e. the remaining 31.2 percent are occupied by about 23 % inclusions and 9 % inaccuracy of interpretation. For details see the land cover land use report and map produced by DSA/SCI for ANRS) and the grassland mapping unit area occupies the second largest area of the region which amounts for about 18.37% of the entire land area of the region (detail description is given in the land cover/land use report). Forest was found as natural and plantation forest. Plantation forest refers to enrichment planting at the original sites of natural forests and plantation of woodlots and forestation carried out at different sites including the surrounding areas of homesteads. Currently woodlots planted around homesteads supply wood for construction, fire and poles. Natural forest occupies only 0.22% of the land area of the national regional state; enrichment plantation 0.82% and plantation forest as woodlots 0.39%. In the National regional state tree plantation in the last 3 decades is considered one of the important conservation and economic activities being undertaken by the government and the communities. Currently farmers in the ANRS sell wood as a means of improving their living. Area occupied by different land cover types and their sub-types in the ANRS are given in the Land Cover and Land Use report and on the map accompanying it. The associated land use types of different land cover types are also shown in Table 6.2a and 6.2b of the aforementioned report. Detail information on land use and its distribution can be obtained from the land cover & land use map and report prepared as
Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI) 10
one of the background documents prepared for land capability classification for ANRS by DSA/SCI.
2.4. Current Land Utilization Types

A land utilization type is a kind of land use defined in more detail according to a set of technical specifications in a given physical, economic and social setting. A single crop can be regarded as a land utilization type. In the existing farming systems of the ANRS crop cultivation, livestock rearing including apiculture and poultry production, tree planting and incense and gum collections are the major land uses that prevail in different traditional agro-ecological zones. These major kinds of land uses constituted different land utilization types that can be defined by defined management practices, inputs, outputs and uses. The major land use rain-fed crop production for instance includes the production of cereals, pulses, oil crops, perennials, and spices cultivation or planting. Each group again consists of different single crops that have different management and environmental requirements. Accordingly, the livestock production sector includes livestock needed for draught power, milk, meat, honey, eggs, etc. each of them having different environmental and management requirements like the crops mentioned above (detail account on the livestock production is given in the respective technical report). Some of the current crop production land utilization types identified in the ANRS during the land use survey are the ones given in Table 2.2 below (Land utilization types were collected during land cover and land use survey carried out by DSA/SCI in ANRS and their requirements from literatures reviews).
Table 2. 2: Current Land Utilization Types Occurring in the different TAEZs of ANRS TAZs in m asl 240128012800 3200 (n=28) (n=13) 82.1 100.0 42.9 7.7 21.4 10.7 85.7 92.9 46.4 3.6 85.7 46.4 78.6 57.1 38.5 15.4 38.5 92.3 23.1 7.7 92.3 61.5 92.3 15.4
Crop in % of observation Barley Maize Millet Oats Rice Sorghum Teff Wheat Chick Peas Haricot Beans Horse Beans Lentils Field Peas Vetch
5001500 (n=10) 20.0 60.0 20.0 100.0 90.0 50.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
15012400 (n=59) 69.5 50.8 32.2 6.8 5.1 67.8 98.3 57.6 61.0 6.8 64.4 42.4 66.1 33.9
>3200 (n=5) 80.0 20.0 40.0 20.0 20.0 60.0 20.0 20.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 40.0
Total (n=115) 72.2 43.5 18.3 14.8 2.6 48.7 84.3 65.2 50.4 7.0 67.8 44.3 68.7 35.7

TAZs in m asl 240128012800 3200 (n=28) (n=13) 85.7 50.0 10.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 50.0 3.6 21.4 7.1 7.1 7.1 3.6 14.3 7.1 14.3 53.6 14.3 35.7 50.0 3.6 46.4 7.1 3.6 3.6 10.7 3.6 14.3 84.6 7.7 23.1 7.7 23.1 7.7 15.4 15.4 7.7 23.1 7.7 7.7 23.1 69.2 30.8 15.4 61.5 92.3
Crop in % of observation Soya Bean Flax Niger Seed Rape Seed Sesame Safflower Mango Black Comun Black Paper Cinnamon Fenugreek Ginger Red Paper White Comun Apples Banana Lemon Mango Oranges Papaya Beet Root Cabbage Carrot Cauliflower Garlic Lettuce Onion Green Paper Potatoes Pumpkin Sweet Potatoes Tomatoes Guava Peach Spinach Green Bean Chat Coffee Cotton Enset Gesho Sugar Cane Coriander Sacred Basil Rue Avocado
5001500 (n=10) 60.0 10.0 50.0 20.0 10.0 10.0
15012400 (n=59) 1.7 61.0 76.3 20.3 15.3 20.3 1.7 35.6 1.7 33.9 5.1 64.4 39.0 1.7 30.5 22.0 13.6 22.0 20.3 13.6 49.2 10.2 40.7 3.4 45.8 3.4 35.6 3.4 3.4 25.4 3.4 1.7 25.4 28.8 1.7 89.8 6.8 8.5 28.8 15.3 13.6
>3200 (n=5) 80.0
Total (n=115) 0.9 65.2 57.4 13.9 12.2 15.7 1.7 20.9 0.9 0.9 32.2 4.3 48.7 24.3 1.7 25.2 15.7 8.7 17.4 18.3 13.9 50.4 12.2 0.9 33.0 1.7 47.8 2.6 42.6 4.3 1.7 15.7 3.5 5.2 1.7 0.9 19.1 14.8 0.9 0.9 78.3 5.2 8.7 21.7 10.4 7.8
100.0 10.0 10.0 60.0 30.0 10.0 20.0 60.0 20.0 10.0 40.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0
20.0 60.0 20.0 20.0 40.0 40.0
15.4 7.7 20.0 7.7
20.0
10.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0
85.7 3.6 10.7 10.7 10.7
92.3 7.7 23.1
Source: Land Cover and Land Use Survey Conducted by DSA/SIC in 2005
The environmental requirements of these land utilization types as researched from literatures by the agriculture expert of this study are given in Table 2.3. S1 represents environmental requirements of highly suitable land use; S2 for moderately suitable; S3 for marginally suitable and N for not suitable land uses.
Table 2. 3: Environmental requirements of LUTS potential in ANRS
S.N
1
Crop Type
Forage Crops Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Banana Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Beans Mean Temperature (oc) >5 25 2000 -2800 800-1600
S1
Suitability Class S2 S3
25 - 30 1500 2000 750-800 NA 110-120 Drained 5-5.5 3-2 2-5 30 32 2800 -3500 700-750 NA 100-110 Poorly Drained 7-8.5 2-1 5-8
N
>30, <5 <1500, >3500 <700, >1600 NA <110, >150 Imperfectly very poorly drained <5, >8.5 <1 >8
NA 120-150 Deep, Medium textured, Well-drained 5.5-7 >3 0-2
20 27 800 -1500 2000 -2500 <1 Treated as perennial Loams with high water holding capacity Well Drained 5-7 >3
16 - 20 500 -800 1800 2000 1-2 -
27 35 400 - 500 1500 2000 2-4 -
<8, >35 <400, >1800 <1500, >2500 >4 Saline soils
Loams with less water 5.5-5 3-2
Silty clay loam 7-8.5 2-1
<5, >8.5 <1
15-20
20- 22
22 25
<10, >27
Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) Suitability Class S2 S3

14501500 250-300 NA 80-90 Friable 14001450 200-250 NA 75-80 Deep
S.No
Crop Type
Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type 1500-2200 300- 500
S1
N
<1400, >2200 <200, >500 NA <75 None friable, and very shallow (10cm) Poorly Drained <5, >7.5 <1 >8
NA 90-120 Friable, deep
Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Vegetables Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Citrus (If not Irrigated) Mean Temperature (0c) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH
Perfectly Well Drained 5.5 6 >3 0-2
Well Drained 5 5.5 3-2 2-5
Drained 6 7.5 2-1 5-8
17-24 1500-2200 400-500 NA 90-140 Sandy Loam Well drained 6-7 >3
24 - 28 14501500 350-400 NA 80-90 Sandy Drained 5.5-6 3-2
28 -30 14001450 300-350 NA 75-80 Clay Poorly drained 7-8 2-1
<5, >30 <1400, >2200 <300, >500 NA <75 Imperfectly poorly drained <5.5, >8 <1
23-30 500-1500 900 1200 NA NA Light to medium textured, deep soils Well drained 5-8
30-35 450-500 800-900 NA NA Medium textured Drained 4.5-5
35-38 400-450 750-800 NA NA Heavy textured Poorly drained 4.0-4.5
>38, <13 <400, >1500 <750, >1200 NA NA

Very heavy textured
Imperfectly poorly drained <4, >8.0

3-2 2-1 <1 <-3oc >40, <12 <700, >1300 NA <140, >160 Imperfectly poorly drained <6,>8.5 <1
S.No
Crop Type
Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Cotton Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Pepper Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Coffee Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage >3
S1
Tolerant for light frost for short periods only 20-30 800 1300 NA 150-180 Medium heavy textured, deep. Well drained 7-8 >3 No Information 18-25 600-1250 NA 120-150 Light Soils are Preferred Well drained 25-27 550-600 NA 110-120 Drained 12.5-18 500-550 NA 100-110 Poorly drained 2-1 30-35 750-800 NA 140-150 Drained 6-7 3-2 35-40 700-750 NA 130-140 Poorly drained 8-8.5 2-1
<12.5, >27 <500, >1250 NA <100, Imperfectly poorly drained <1
>3
3-2
1500-2000 Under Irrigation Condition only NA NA Well drained
NA NA Drained
NA NA Poorly drained
NA NA Imperfectly poorly
S.No
Crop Type
PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Teff Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Wheat/Barley Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Rice Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec)
S1
N
drained
15 20 1700-2500 400-600 NA 120-150 Well drained 5.5-8 >3
12.5- 15 15001700 600-800 NA 90-120 Drained 8-8.5 2-3
20-25 26003000 200-400 NA 75-90 Poorly drained 4.5-5.5 1-2
<12.5, >25 >3000 <200, >800 NA <75 Imperfectly poorly drained <4.5, >8.5 <1
10
12.5-17.5 2000-2800 400-800 NA 130-180 Well drained 5.5-8 >3 0-2
7.5-12.5 15002000 200-400 NA 80-130 Drained 8-8.5 2-3 2-5
17.5 22.5
<7.5, 22.5 <1500, >2800 <200, >1200 NA <65, >120 Imperfectly poorly drained <5, >8.5 <1 >8
800-1200 NA 65-80 Poorly drained 5-5.5 1-2 5-8
11
13-15 1800-2600 400-800 NA
12-13 15001800 200-400 NA
10-12
<12, >20 <1500, >2800 <200, >1200 NA
800-1200 NA

80-130 Clay Loamy Poorly Drained 5-6.5 65-80 Silty clay loam Drained 4.5-7
S.No
Crop Type
LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Sesame Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Lentil Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Hazard Chick Pea Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec)
S1
130-180 Heavier soils
N
<65, >120 Sandy soils Excessively Drained <4.5, >7
Imperfectly Poorly drained 5.5-6
12
NA
NA
NA
NA
Well drained
Drained
Poorly drained 2-1
Imperfectly poorly drained <1
>3
3-2
13
12.5-17.5 2200-3000 650-900 NA 90-150 Moderately Well 5.5-7.3 >3
10-12.5 18002200 500-650 NA 80-90 Somewha t drained 7.3-8.5 2-3
10-20 30003200 900-1200 NA 75-80
<10, >20 <1800, >3200 <500, >1200 NA <75
5-5.5 1-2
<5, >8.5 <1
14
15-20 1800-2400 650-750 NA
12.5-22.5 15002800 550-1000 NA
12-23 12002800 500-1000 NA
<12.5, >22.5 <1200, >2800 <550, >1000 NA

75-140 Drained 8-8.5 2-3 25-27 16001800 600-1100 NA 90-120 Medium textured Imperfectl y Somewha t drained 7.5-8.5 3-2 20-38 13002000 1-2 NA Drained 5-7 18002200 550-1200 NA 75-90 Poorly drained 5-5.5 2-1 15-38 100-120 Poorly drained 5-6.7 1-2 <75,
S.No
Crop Type
LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Sorghum Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage 90-140
S1
Moderately drained 6.7-8 >3 20-25 1000-1600 800-1000
<5, >8.5 <1 <17.5, >32.5 <1000, >2200 <550, >1200 NA <75 Very, Excessive (un-drained) <5, >8.5 <1 <10, >38
15
NA >120 Light to Medium textured Moderately Well drained
16
PH Organic Matter Content (%) Sugar Cane Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Grape Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type
5.5-7.5 3> 22-30 1500-2500 evenly distributed during GP <1 NA All type, but deep more than 2 meter Well drained 5.5-6.5
2-2.5 NA Poorly drained 5-8.5
>4 NA Imperfectly poorly drained <5, >8.5
17
10-18 1500-2000 Under Irrigation Condition NA Light Soils
8-20 14502200
8-22 14002500
<8, >22 <1400, >2500
NA
NA
NA

Drained 5-8.5 3-2 Poorly drained 5-8.8 2-1
S.No
Crop Type
Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Slope Frost Groundnut Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Matter Content (%) Maize Mean Temperature (oc) Altitude (meter) Rainfall during (mm) GP Wind speed (m/sec) LGP (Days) Soil Type Drainage PH Organic Content (%)
S1
Well drained 5.5-8 >3 No Information 22-28 500-700 NA 90-120 Loose, friable textured Well drained 5.5-8 >3 15-20 500-800 NA 110-140 Light friable loam Well Drained 6-7 >3
N
Imperfectly poorly drained <5, >8.8 <1
18
20-30 450-700 NA 85-120 Medium textured Drained 5-8.5 3-2 15-25 400-800 NA 100-140 Friable loam Drained 5.5-7.5 3-2
18-33 400-700 NA 80-120
<18, >33 <400 NA <80 High Clay content soil type Imperfectly poorly drained <4.5, >8.8 <1 <12, >27 <400, >1000 NA <100, >135 Heavy clay, & very sandy Imperfectly poorly drained <5, >8 <1
medium
Poorly drained 4.5-8.8 2-1 12-27 400-1000 NA 100-135 Loam Poorly drained 5-8 2-1
19
Matter
Source: Various research results and studies
3. Land Capability Classes and their Environmental Requirements

3.1. Land Capability Classes
The land capability classes determined by USDA and modified for soil and water conservation land classification and use in Ethiopia by FAO in 1988 are adopted for this study. These land capability classes are 8 and determined by important environmental limiting factors in a range of land characteristics and qualities for each land feature. The land capability classes are coded using Roman numbers as I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII. In these classes of land, the risk of environmental limitations increases through Class I to class VIII and requirements for improvement and amelioration of risks as well. According to this classification, Class I to Class IV land are suitable for crops specially annual crops with increased limitations that reduce production respectively from Class I to Class IV land. Class V land is a wet land i.e., suitable for temporary grazing after rainy periods and production of rice by using appropriate techniques of wet land management practices. Class VI land is suitable for perennial crops, grazing and tree planting with implementation of appropriate soil and water conservation practices that are recommended for a specific ecological zone where this class of land is available. Class VII land is suitable only for forestation, reforestation and grazing. Tree crops/perennial crops could also be integrated with the forestry system where it could environmentally be possible. Class VIII land is not suitable for agriculture. It is potential for nature conservation and recreation since the limiting factors are unmanageable and costly to change or modify the situation. Grazing, forestry and agro-forestry systems are also potential land uses in Class I to Class IV lands.
3.2. Environmental Requirements of Land Capability Classes

The environmental requirements of the land capability classes are the range of characteristics and qualities of different land features that determine the land capability class. In this study, land characteristics and qualities chosen to determine a specific land capability class are
slope in percent, soil depth in cm., signs of past erosion, conditions of water logging, drainage conditions of the soil, surface texture of the soil, surface stoniness and rockiness, length of growing period in days, mean air temperature in 0C, frost hazard, and toxicity of the soil. These land properties are the most limiting factors that determine the capability class of the land. As the limiting factors become severe the land capability class decreases and the production per unit area becomes low. Thus one or two severe limiting factors in a certain class pushes the land capability level to the next lower class. Inputs and technologies required to ameliorate limitations are expensive. Hence, when one considers involving inputs to overcome limitations one could calculate the cost and benefit margins of the chosen land use. The land capability class limiting factors determined by this study for the ANRS land capability classification are given in Table 3.1 below.
Table 3. 1: Land Capability Classification/Conversion Criteria Developed for Ethiopia based on USDA and adjusted to ANRS and applied as per the ANRSS Environmental Conditions. Limiting factor Range of Factors Slope % 05 58 8 15 15 30 0 30 30 60 > 60 0 - 60 0 - >60 Soil Depth cm > 150 100 150 100 150 50 150 25 150 50 150 25 150 0 - 150 0 - 150 Past erosion** None None None to None to None to moderate None to None to None to slight moderate severe very very severe severe Water logging None None None to None to None to regularly None to None to Water intermittent regularly water logged regularly regularly logged to ly water water logged water logged water swamps logged logged Drainage Well Well Well to Well to Well to imperfect Well to Well to Poorly to moderately moderately imperfect imperfect very poorly well well Surface texture L, SL, CL L, SiL, CL, L, SL, CL, SL, L, SiL, CL, SL, L, SiL, CL, SiC, SL, L, SiL, CL, S, SL, L, S, SL, L, SL SiC, Hc SiC, C, Hc C, Hc SiC, C, Hc SiL, CL, SiC, CL, SiL, SiC, C, HC C, HC Surface None to Common to None to None to None to abundant None to None to None to stoniness/ common many many many abundant extremely extremely rockiness stony/roc stony/rocky ky LGP (days) > 120 > 90 > 90 > 90 45 to > 90 45 to > 90 45 to >90 >120 Mean 12.5 25 12.5 25 12.5 - 25 12.5 25 7.5 25 12.5-25 7.5 7.5 Temperature 0C Frost hazard Light Light Light Light Moderate Moderate Moderate Light to severe Toxicity 5.5 7.5 5.5 - 7.5 5.5 - 7.5 4.5 8.5 4.5 8.5 4.5 8.5 4 - 8.5 7.5 - 8.5 Land Capability I II III IV VI VII VIII V Classes
S= Sandy, SiL= Silty Loam, SL= Sandy loam, CL= Clay loam, L = Loam, C= Clay, SiC= Silty Clay, Clay
Hc= Heavy
**
Signatures of erosion such as rill, gulley and ravin which had resulted from processes of erosion in the past
22
4. Major Land Uses /Production Systems Selected for Different Land Capability Classes and their Definitions
Major land uses suitable for different land capability classes identified in the Amhara National Regional State were selected on the basis of natural resources potentials recognized in different physical resource units of the region. These physical resources include current land cover types, soil depth, slope of the terrain, altitude of the area/locality, length of growing period, mean annual rainfall of belg or meher seasons, availability of water for irrigation, distribution of rainfall, and mean annual air temperature during the growing period. These environmental conditions were considered because they highly influence the required land management practices, inputs and technology of land uses and the production level of a certain land use in a specific environmental condition.
4.1. Major Land Uses/Production Systems Selected for Implementation in the ANRS
Major Production Systems chosen for different land capability classes that were recognized in the region by matching the land use requirements with the land characteristics are the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Rain-fed smallholders food crops production Rain-fed smallholders cash crops production Rain-fed medium and large scale food crops/cereals production Rain-fed medium and large scale cash crops production Irrigated medium and large scale food crops production Irrigated medium and large scale cash crops production Smallholders small scale dairy, fattening and poultry production Small scale livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, chicken and poultry) production 9. Large scale poultry, cattle and dairy production 10. Smallholders perennial crops and forestry production 11. Small scale agro-forestry/farm forestry development 12. Large scale forestry production 13. Nature conservation and tourism
23
4.2. Description and Definitions of Land Uses/Production Systems

Description and definitions of these land use types/production systems are based on physical and management conditions required by the land use types to provide the required output. The definitions are general because the level of detail available on soils, landform, climate and management factors affecting the land use system are at reconnaissance level. Though this level of study help assist to indicate areas potential for different projects and enables to initiate semi- detail and detail project studies that enable implementation of projects based on identified detail costs of implementations.
4.2.1. Rain-fed Smallholders Food Crops Production

The smallholders food crops production is supposed to be conducted at the level of land holdings of local farmers, i.e., on less than one hectare land. The land use will be carried out with low capital intensity, high family labour input and oxen, mule and horse power will be used for land preparation. Rain will be the main source of moisture. In order to improve the current production level appropriate chemical fertilizers, manure, improved seeds and pesticides will be used as input of production. Family labour is used for land preparation, sowing, weeding, harvesting, threshing and winnowing. The land use is expected to produce surplus for markets or as outgrows for agro-industries of investors.
4.2.2. Rain-fed Smallholders Cash Crops Production

The land use is supposed to produce cash crops for the market on the land available with the local farmers. It will be conducted with low capital intensity, high family labour, and oxen, mules and horses being used as farm power together with the family labour. Source of moisture in this production system will be rain. Local farmers use improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, manure and pesticides to improve production per unit area. Outputs of the production system can be supplied for investors on contractual agreement basis or directly to local market to be used by any consumer. Crops to be considered include vegetables, fruits, spices and oil seeds. These are high value crops.
4.2.3. Rain-fed Medium and Large Scale Food Crops Production
24
The land uses activity is supposed to be conducted by investors on 200 to 3000 and above hectares of land that would be provided by the Investment Office. The activity will be carried out with high capital intensity. Source of moisture for this land use system is rain. Farm machineries and human labour will be used for land preparation, harvesting and threshing. Inputs will be improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. Crops that would be considered in this land use system include wheat, barely, maize and sorghum. The production of this land use type is mainly market oriented.
4.2.4. Rain-fed Medium and Large Scale Cash Crops Production

The production system will focus on market and agro-industry oriented crops like vegetables, spices, fruit crops, oil seeds, fiber crops and cereals. The land use activity will be conducted with high to medium capital intensity, and high labor intensity depending on the type of crops to be considered. Land preparation can be carried out with farm machineries and/or animal power depending on the size of the land that would be developed. Land preparation and crop harvesting could also be done either with machineries or human labour depending on the type of crops that would be grown. The land use activity will be carried out by investors provided with land through the investment office. The land size could vary from 25 to over 3000 hectares or less depending on the type of crops to be produced by the investors and requirements of capital. Source of moisture for this land use type will be meher and belg rains. Inputs required are chemical fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and improved seeds that maximize production per unit of land.
4.2.5. Irrigated Medium and Large Scale Food Crops Production

This land use production system focuses on production of crops like maize, sorghum, wheat and barely on a land size of 200 to 3000 hectares that will be provided to investors in the areas where fresh river and lake water is available for full irrigation schemes. The capital and labour intensity is high. Land preparation will be fully covered with tractors while harvesting and threshing can be done also with farm machineries and labour. Weeding can partially be done by hand. Appropriate water conveyance system can be decided by the investor. Inputs required include improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides. Outputs could be market or agro-industry oriented depending on the interest of the investors.
25
4.2.6. Irrigated Medium and Large Scale Cash Crops Production

This production land use system focus on production of cash crops like vegetables, fruits, spices, oil seeds, fiber crops and cereals. The activity can be conducted on land size of 25 to 3000 hectares where fresh water is available. The size of the land that would be given to investors could be greater or smaller than the above indicated size depending on the type of the investment, availability of water and interest of the investor. The capital and labour intensity of this land use production system is very high. Farm machineries are needed for different operations depending on the type of crops and area of land used. Both oxen and tractor powers could be used for land preparation. Water convergence system can be decided by the investor and the type of land used. Water sources for irrigation could be rivers and lakes including ground water. Inputs required include chemical fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and improved seeds and seedlings. The production of this land use system is either market oriented or agro-industry oriented depending on the interest of the investor.
4.2.7. Smallholders Small Scale Dairy, Fattening and Poultry Production

These land use systems can be conducted by the local farmers together with the other farming activities on the land available with the local farmers. The local farmer can choose one, two or all types of the land utilization types. The activities require low to medium capital and labour intensity depending on the type of the investment. Inputs required for these activities include good housing facility, good sources of water and feed; improved breeds of dairy heifers or cows; good breeds of poultry and fattening animals; livestock clinic and veterinarians services and good market network. The production can directly be oriented to market or to agro-industries with contractual agreements entered between farmers and investors.
4.2.8. Small Scale Livestock (cattle, goats, chicken and poultry) production
This type of land use system is traditional in the region. However, the production is very poor due to the prevalence of animal diseases, poor genetic make and poor availability of feed. This can be improved by developing a mechanism that overcomes the existing problems. The small scale livestock production system can be improved by improving the housing facilities, the veterinary services, and the genetic make-up
26
of the livestock and feed and water availability in the existing farming system. The activity requires low to medium capital and labour intensity in order to improve the production and productivity of the livestock. Livestock feed can be improved by improving the conditions and management practices of existing feed sources such as grasslands and crop residues. The labour source for such production system would be the family. Products can be sold to markets or Agro-Processors.
4.2.9. Large Scale Poultry, Cattle and Dairy Production

These land uses are targeted to large scale production system in a confined area mostly situated near towns and elsewhere. The land size needed by investors will depend on the type of the production project and number of livestock that would be used for the production. The poultry production system is intended for supply of eggs and meat while the cattle production is for supply of fattened live animals, meat and the dairy production is meant for supply of milk and milk products. These land use production systems require high capital and medium labour intensity. Inputs required for these types of projects include veterinary clinic or service; improved genetic base of livestock; housing facilities, concentrated feed; natural grazing areas, and water sources. Farm machineries could also be necessary depending on the type of the project and activities needed to enhance production. Projects could supply their produces directly to markets or change produces into agro-industry based production like caned meat, cheese, etc.
4.2.10. Smallholders Perennial Crops and Forestry Production

This mixed type of land use is targeted for areas with slopes less than 60% where land is available for forming by local farmers. Perennial crops that provide economic benefit from sales of fruits, leaves and stems could be planted and additionally serve as soil and water biological conservation measures. Together with this, farmers can also grow trees that produce poles, timbers, firewood and products can be used for local construction purposes and making farm tools to be sold in markets. The system can also be integrated with controlled livestock production. The livestock can be stall fed in order to avoid destruction of woody plants established by farmers. The land use system requires low to medium intensity of capital and labour. It can be practiced mainly on private land holdings of farmers. Inputs needed for the production system include improved multipurpose fruit crops and tree
27
species seedlings and appropriate techniques of farming. Products of the land use system can be sold in markets or can be delivered to investors who entered contractual agreement with local farmers for use in agro-industries. Appropriate fruit tree crops can be introduced to the appropriate environmental conditions through the governments extension system.
4.2.11. Small Scale Agro-forestry Development

Farm-forestry/Agro-forestry is a system whereby the land use system integrates production of trees and annual crops. The system focuses on conservation and production activities that sustain production and improve the conditions of the environment. In this system multipurpose trees will be planted along field boundaries and terraces to support physical features and thereby protect the movement of soils down slope. In this system again woody plants will also be planted to supply fodder, firewood and fruits as additional output. Leguminous woody species also add organic matter, nutrients and fix nitrogen into the soil to improve its fertility level. Improving the fertility status and water holding capacity of the soil improves the production level of annual crops grown in the system. Thus, farmers and investors can produce cereal crops, fodder and fruits that would be sold in markets for various uses by different interest groups and for home consumption. The labour and capital intensity is low to medium depending on the size of the project. The land size that would be used for this land use system can vary from 10 to 50 hectares.
4.2.12. Large Scale Forestry Production

Large scale forestry production can be established mainly on areas > 60% slope and at any place where land is available for investors. The land area to be used for such land use should not be less than 100 hectares. Trees that would be planted should involve economic species that produce pole, timber, firewood and other construction materials. It requires medium capital intensity and high labour intensity. Selections of species depend on the outputs intended by investors. In order to develop the system and attract investors in such a land use system the government is expected to construct roads that access to these areas and other communication facilities. Large scale forestry production can also be implemented in areas < 60% slopes if land is available. In principle all land types are suitable for forestry except rock outcrops.
28
4.2.13. Nature Conservation and Tourist Attraction

This type of land use can be implemented on areas having unique ecosystems such as wetlands, lakes, heath vegetation, natural forests, and natural woodlands. The purpose of such a project is to attract biodiversity, tourists and to generate income from the smokeless industry and conserve the unique biodiversity of the region. It can properly be done with high capital intensity and low labour intensity. Construction of roads and integrating the existing land use system with nature conservation and tourist attraction is an important activity that needs to be agreed with the local land users and the government. Benefit sharing and integrating systematic livestock grazing with the intended investment could be best strategy to be developed with the local land resource users. The relationship of the recommended land use types and the land capability classes are the ones given in Table 4.1 below. Matching the land use types with the land capability class was based on descriptions of land capability classes given under 3.1 and Table 4.1.
29

Table 4. 1: Assumed & Recommended Production Systems/land use types for Different Land Capability Classes
LCC (Land Capability Class) I= Land mainly suitable for annual crops
Recommended Potential Production Systems 1. Rain-fed smallholders food crops production 2. Rain-fed smallholders cash crops production 4. Rain-fed medium and large scale cash crops production 5. Irrigated medium and large scale food crops production 6. Irrigated medium and large scale cash crops production 7. Smallholder & small scale dairy, fattening and poultry production 8. Small scale livestock (cattle, sheep & goats, chicken and poultry production) 9. Large scale poultry, cattle and dairy production
II= Land mainly suitable for annual crops with minor limiting factors III= Land suitable for crops with difficult conservation practices due to more restrictions than in class II land IV= Land suitable for agriculture with greater restriction than class III land (conservation practices are more difficult to apply and maintain) V= Land suitable for high water demanding crops and grasses
The same as above with little care for the land The same as I and II, but with more care for the land than I The same as I, II, III with most care for the land
VI= Land suitable for perennial crops, grasses and forestry with difficult conservation structures
Smallholders and small to large scale rice, chickpeas, lentils and vetch production with proper surface and sub-surface drainage management(Before implementing this Production System, its impact on the environment should be studied in depth by the implementing Organization) 1. Smallholder perennial cropping and forestation 2. Small-scale agro-forestry development 3. Small to large scale forestation 4. Controlled livestock grazing/livestock production 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. Smallholder forestation Smallholder livestock production Area closure for ecosystem rehabilitation Wildlife conservation and eco-tourism Tourism and nature conservation
VII= Land suitable only for forestation wildlife and rough grazing VIII= A land the use of which is restricted to protection, reclamation and wildlife
30
Source: MOA/FAO, 1988 and expertise assumption during the study.
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5. Criteria Developed for Identification of Areas Potential for Major Land Uses in ANRS
The potential use of a land unit in an area is highly influenced by its inherent properties or characteristics of natural resources. These natural resources are climate, physiography, soils, water and vegetation. The qualities, quantities and extents of these resources determine the type of potential land use that has to be carried out by land users of any type. Thus, during development of criteria for identification of areas potential for major land uses determined indispensable for the development of the rural areas of the ANRS, are physical parameters like altitude, slope, current physiognomic vegetation type, current land cover or land use, soil depth, length of growing period, mean annual rainfall, availability of water, mean annual air temperature and unique land cover types. The criteria were developed by concerned experts involved in the study in a technical meeting held among experts during the study. The major land use types considered important for implementation in the rural environment of ANRS and the related physical parameters determined necessary for delineation and characterization of the potential sites are the ones listed under each major land use type here under. The major land uses considered are food and cash crops production using rain-fed and irrigation, livestock production, Forestry, Agro-forestry, Floriculture and tourism and nature conservation. I. Criteria for Identification and Delineation of Agricultural Potential Areas (both for food and cash crops) with rain and irrigation. (irrigation in areas where water is available) 1. Alt between 500 and 3200m asl 2. Slope: below 30 % 3. Both currently cultivated and uncultivated areas with capability classes of cultivation 4. Areas not covered with forest and woodlands 5. Soil depth: > 50cm 6. LGP: > 90 days 7. Mean annual rainfall of Meher or Belg rainfall: not less than 500 mm 8. Both densely and sparsely populated areas 9. Availability of water for full and supplementary
32
Irrigation (> 1500m elevation rain-fed + supplementary + full irrigation during dry period; 500 1500m elevation supplementary + full irrigation) 10. Mean annual temperature between 7.5 and 250C 11. Areas of slope < 8% for large scale rain-fed mechanized agriculture II. Criteria for Identification and Delineation of Areas Potential for Livestock Production 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. III. Altitude between 500 and 3200 m asl RF greater than 200 mm Slope below 60% Uncultivated areas except areas occupied by forest, woodlands and Afro alpine vegetation/grazing and browsing areas. Annual dry matter production more than one tone/ha/annum All cultivated areas Not very shallow soil, i.e., areas not less than 30cm depth mean annual temperature between 10 and 27.50C Areas free from Tsetse fly
Criteria for Identification and Delineation of Areas Potential for Forestry 1. 2. 3. 4. Slope: <60% Existing forest and natural vegetation areas Altitude between 500 and 3200m asl Rainfall > 300mm
IV.
Criteria for Identification and Delineation of Areas Potential mainly for Farm forestry/ Agro-forestry based Agriculture 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Slope: < 60% Altitude between 500 and 3000m elevation (asl) Soil depth: > 20cm LGP: > 45 days Areas not currently occupied by natural forest and woodland Both currently uncultivated and cultivated areas with land capability classes of cultivation 7. Rainfall >500 mm
V.
Criteria for Identification and Delineation of Areas Potential for Tourist Attraction (Eco-Tourism) 1. Unique ecosystems like Afro alpine & sub-afro-alpine areas
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2. Low land woodlands and wooded shrublands and grasslands where unique species of wildlife and natural vegetation types occur including existing forests 3. Wetlands for conservation of water fawels 4. Lakes 5. Existing forest areas. VI. Criteria for identification and delineation of areas suitable for Floriculture/Flower production 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Altitude between 1400 and 2500 soil depth >30 cm well drained soil temperature between 5 and 300c rainfall between 800 and 1400mm
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6. Findings of the Land Capability and Land use Potential areas

6.1. Land Capability classes and their distributions
Land capability assessment utilizes information from different aspects of the land specially soil properties. Hence, soil mapping units are grouped together to form land capability subclasses. The major aim of the land capability classification is to assess the degree of limitations to a given land use imposed by land characteristics as far as permanent land properties are concerned. As the degree of limitation increases, so the range of land use options decreases. The type of limitations encountered such as erosion, drainage, slope, soil depth etc. are indicated by a letter subscript. For example class IV with major limitations imposed by shallow soil depth and steep slope is indicated as IVs (l) where soil depth limitation is represented by s and slope by l. Land capability maps are prepared based on the land capability assessment criteria. Such maps can be used for a variety of purposes, by soil and water conservation advisors to determine the conservation needs; by agricultural advisors to understand the basic characteristics of the soils and for planning purposes. The following maps given here under (Figures LCa 1 and LCa 2) are examples of small scale inset land capability class maps produced for ANRS to help assist the reader to be encouraged to look at the 1: 250,000 scales mapping area land capability class maps accompanying this report.
35
Figuer LCa 1: Land Capability map of North Shewa Mapping Area
36
Figure LCa 2: Land Capability map for eastern part of North Gondr and Waghemra Mapping Areas
37
Class I This class consists of soil mapping units 32, 33, 44 and 50. The soils do not have limitations or hazards that restrict their use. They can be cropped very intensively, used for pasture, range, woodlands and wildlife reserves. The soils are deep, well drained, and the land is flat to gently sloping and generally fertile. Their texture indicates that they have a higher water-holding capacity. They are suitable for irrigated crop cultivation. The soils need only commonly used crop management practices such as land preparation, manure and fertilizer application and weeding to maintain their productivity. Erosion is slight to moderate. Land management, however, is linked to farm size, level of capitalization considered economically justified by the farmers. The level of yield is considered relatively high in these soils. The soils occur in the western part of Semen Gonder, East and West Gojam, Awi, South Wello and Oromiya zones. This capability class covers an area of 104,535.7 hectares which is about 0.70 percent of the total area of the Region. Weredas which contain the dominant part of the land capability sub-class include Dangla, Achefer, Merawi (in West Gojam and Awi zones), Alefa (North Gonder zone). Class II Land capability class II which is sub-divided into the following subclasses occupies a significant land area. The area of land occupied by this class is 2,669,337.6 hectares which accounts for 17.1 % of the land area in the region. Sub-Class IIe This sub-class consists of soil mapping units 3, 5, 6 and 49. The land capability mapping unit has erosion limitation which reduces the choice of crop cultivation and requires some conservation work. The erosion hazard is, however, moderate. The soils could be cropped intensively, used for pasture, forestry and wildlife. The soils are generally well drained, deep, and the land is gently sloping to moderately steep. The soils are clay textured and therefore, can sufficiently hold moisture. They commonly occupy plains, plateaux and side slopes. Some part of the unit is suitable for irrigated agriculture. Cropping is very flexible and a wide range of crops can be grown. The limitations are minor in their effect and the land in the capability unit is productive.
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The mapping unit occurs dominantly in West Gojam, Awi, Eastrn Gojam, North Gonder and North Shewa zones. The land capability mapping unit covers an area of 1,081,786.65 ha that is about 6.86 percent of the total area of the Region. Sub-Class IId This land capability mapping unit consists of soil mapping units 57, 92 and 93. Drainage is a limitation for this sub-class. This limitation could reduce the choice of crops and could entail certain drainage costs to improve the situation. The soils are deep, moderately well to imperfectly drained, slightly sloping, with mainly clay texture. The principal effect of drainage problem is through workability and traffic-ability in the farm and pasture land. In this mapping unit, there may not be severe physiological effects on the plant from waterlogging. Erosion is almost non-existent. The land is well suited from moderate to intense cultivation, moderate grazing, forestry and wildlife. The soils occur in South Wello, Oromiya, North Shewa, Awi, West Gojam, East Gojam, North Gonder zones. The land capability sub-class covers an area of 882,605.77 ha or about 5.6 percent of the total area of the Region. Sub-Class IId (e) The sub-class consists of soil mapping units 14, 62, 70 and 81. The unit has been downgraded because of drainage and erosion. Cropping is flexible and a wide range of crops can be grown and the level of yield is high but less consistently obtained than on Class I land due to minor drainage and erosion problems. The limitations are minor in their effect. The situation can be improved by draining the soil and arresting the erosion problem using biological and physical measures. The soils are deep imperfectly drained, flat to gently sloping with clay texture. Erosion is slight to moderate. Impermeable layers of various kinds, flushing by steams, regular flooding by rivers or simply high rainfall, all cause drainage problems and each requires different remedial measures. Surface water erosion is common in the sub-unit. Wind erosion exists in the area, but the damage caused is not very significant. The erosion in the area is a limitation because it reduces yield by selectively leaching the plant nutrients. It causes progressive deterioration of the soil. This capability unit occurs in North Gonder, Wag Humra, Mirab Gojam. South Gonder, North Wello, South Wello, South Gojam and North Shewa zones. The land capability sub-class covers an area of 640,170.61 ha or about 4.06 percent of the total area of the Region.
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Sub-Class II l (e) The sub-class consists of soil mapping unit 42. Slope and erosion are the major limitations of the sub-class. A sloping ground poses many problems to agricultural development. It obviously entails erosion. It, furthermore, inhibits the use of agricultural machineries such as tractors and combine harvesters. Some agricultural implements such as fertilizer spreader work effectively on a limited slope range. It is not possible to use agricultural machines and implements above 30 0 slopes. The soils with most risk on steep slopes are those with coarse loams or sandy soils and weak structure. The soils are deep, well drained. The soil texture is clay. The soils are capable of sustaining less intensive cropping. The management practices required include terracing, strip cropping, contour tillage and grassed waterways. The soils occur in Awi, West Gojam and East Gojam zones. The subclass covers an area of 28,197.24 ha or about 0.18 percent of the total area of the Region. Class III This class consists of soil mapping units 55, 58, 59, 72, 56, 94, 19, 23, 98, 1, and 97. The major limitations of this class include erosion, slope, soil depth, drainage and stoniness. It is, therefore, obvious that the soils in Class III have combinations of limitations that reduce the choice of plants or require special conservation practices. This capability class covers a total of 1,352,783.9 hectares which is 8.77 % of the regions land area. Class IV The class consists of soil mapping units 7, 82, 90, 8, 9, 65, 12, 16, 22, 61, 18, 26, 69, 83, 95, 96, 4. The major limitations of this class are soil depth, erosion, slope and salinity. The soils in this class can be used for cultivation, but there are very severe limitations on the choice of crops. Also, very careful management is required. This class covers 2,600,018.8 hectares which is 16.86 % of the ANRS land area. Class V
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This class comprises soil mapping units 45 and 91. The most limiting factor of these soils is poor drainage. Soils in classes V to VIII are generally not suited for cultivation. In some waterlogged areas of this class, drainage is not feasible. Often water loving crops such as rice, dry season grazing or pasture development is feasible on this class of land. The class occupies only 4, 510.8 hectares that counts for 0.03 % of the Regions land area.
41
Class VI This class consists of soil mapping units 2, 86, 88, 36 and 99. The major limiting factors of the class are soil depth, erosion and slope. Soils in this class have extreme limitations that restrict their use other than grazing, forestry and wildlife. This class covers about 196,215.8 hectares which is 1.27 % of the Regions land area. Class VII This class consists of soil mapping units 24, 27, 63, 68, 28, 35, 37, 38, 75, 29, 30, 31. The major limitations of the class are soil depth, slope, and erosion. Soils in this class have very severe limitations which restrict their use to grazing. It can be used for limited forestry and wildlife. This land capability class occupies a vast area which is about 5, 238,631 hectares. It is 33.98 percent of the Regions land area. Class VIII This class consists of soil mapping units 25, 41, 43, 47, 67, 79, 84, 85, 89, 34, 40, 46, 48, 51, 52, and 53. The major limitations of the class are soil depth, erosion and slope. The soils in this land capability class should not be used for commercial tree planting. Their use should be restricted to recreation, wildlife or aesthetic purposes. The major and sub-land capability classes are given in Table 6.1 and distributions of area of land capability classes in Tables 6.2 and 6.3 below. This land Capability class occupies relatively a vast area in the region which is 3, 251,381.8 hectares that accounts for 21% of the ANRS land area.
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Table 6. 1: Capability Sub-Classes
Land capabilit y class I II
III
IV
V VI
VII
VIII
Amhara Region Land Capability Classes Land capabili ty subclas s Soil mapping unit codes Limitations I 32,33,44,,50 IIe 3,5,6,49 Erosion IId 57,92,93 Drainage IId(e) 14,62,70,81 Drainage and erosion II l(e) 42 slope and erosion IIIe 55,58,59,72 Erosion IIIe(l) 56,94 erosion and slope IIIs(d) 19,23 soil depth and drainage IIIs(l) 98 soil depth and slope IIId 1 Drainage IIIs(r) 97 soil depth and stoniness IVs 7,82,90 soil depth IVe 8,9,65 Erosion IVs(E) 12,16,22,61 soil depth and erosion IV l(e) 18 Slope and erosion IV s(l) 26,69 soil depth and slope IVf 83 Salinity IVd,e 4 soil depth and erosion soil depth ,slope and IVs(l,e) 95,96 erosion IVd(e) 4 Drainage and erosion VW 45,91 water logging VIs 2,86,88 soil depth Vie 36 Erosion VIs(l) 99 soil depth and slope VIIs 24,27,63,68 soil depth VIIs(l) 28,35,37,38,75 soil depth and slope VIIe 29,30,31 Erosion 25,41,43,47,67,79,84,85,8 VIIIs 9 soil depth VIIIs(e) 34 soil depth and erosion VIIIs(l) 40,46,48,51,52,53 soil depth and slope
Source: The Soil properties matching exercise carried out by DSA/SCI, 2005 In order to clearly see the distributions of the land capability classes as they are related to soil mapping units, the accompanying hard or soft copy land capability map can be consulted by users of this document.
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Table 6. 2: Land Capability classes distribution in different mapping Areas of ANRS in Hectares Capabili ty Class Mapping Area North North Shewa Western Part of North Gonder 0.0 346,684 ..2 77185.4 77,476. 0 0.0 6,598.7 721,043 .1 361,200 .3 0.0 129,684.. 2 260,196.3 421,292.4 2,328.7 511.0 351,068.4 319,553.0
East Gojam
Soutth Western part of north Gonder 14,460.0 516,807. 1 137,520. 8 558,674. 4 0.0 0.0 907.5 0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.0 457,093.3 141,275.0 146,343.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 674,903.8
Eastern Part of North Gonder And Wag Hemra 0.0 36,598.4 209,188.6 184,037.6 0.0 7,429.7 878,361.1 1,179,293 .3
South Gonder And North Wello 2,479.1 139,883.4 260,008.8 430,317.9 901.5 89474.3 1,093,900 .0 752,605.6
South Wello and Oromia 8,903.1 255,933. 9 129,765. 9 28,294.8 1,280.6 92,202.1 1,129,59 7.4 565,042. 6
West Gojam and Agew Awi 78693.5 786,653. 1 137,643. 1 753,582. 1 0.0 0.0 389,659. 8 73,687.0
Source: Statistics of the Land capability classification GIS Map.

Table 6. 3: Total Area of Capability Classes in ANRS in ha
Capability Class I II III IV V VI VII VIII Total Source: Table 6.2
Area in ha of the actual land area 104,535.7 2,669,337.6 1,352,783.9 2,600,018.8 4,510.8 196,215.8 5,238,631.0 3,251,381.8 15,417,415. 41
Percentage of the ANRS land area 0.70 17.31 8.77 16.86 0.03 1.27 33.98 21.08 100.00
In the Amhara National Regional State, land area capable for agriculture accounts for about 43.64 % of the Regional State. However
1
The land capability classes land area given in Table 6.3 misses the land area occupied by water body which is about 315,521 ha since this area was not considered in the land capability classification as it is covered with water permanently.
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class one land which doesnt have environmental limitations is only 0.70% of the region and is distributed in south western part of north Gonder, South Gonder and North Wello, South Wello and Oromia and West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Areas. The remaining part of the region is capable for biological and Physical conservation based development in general since land degradation is the major problem. The following tables (Tables 6.4 to 6.11) provide distributions of land capability classes in ha in different mapping areas and Weredas falling in the 8 mapping areas of the Region. Sources of these tables are statistical informations derived from land capability maps of the 8 mapping areas produced by DSA/SCI
Table 6. 4: Land capability Classes Occurring In different Weredas of East Gojam Mapping Area
WEREDA HULET IJ INESE GONCHA SISONA INESE BIBUGNE INESE SAR MIDIR INARJI INAWGA DEBAY TILATIGIN MACHAKEL INEMAY GOZAMEN SHEBEL BERENTA AWABEL DEJEN BASO LIBEN Total Class_2 6,220.5 2,488.2 9,399.9 9,952.8 9,860.7 25,481.1 122,889. 9 38,751.6 106,670. 5 15,067.5 54,049.4 18,292.9 37,968.2 457,093 .3 Class_3 27,923.2 32,438.9 1,059.8 8,386.2 19,214.5 18,753.7 0.0 10,137.2 4,193.1 0.0 19,168.4 0.0 0.0 141,275.0 Class_4 58,565.1 11,934.2 33,590.8 2,580.4 8,985.2 7,648.9 3,824.5 1,290.2 17,924.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 146,343.6 Class_7 50,731.8 59,302.3 11,104.8 81,143.3 47,045.6 18,753.7 94,552.0 16,542.0 54,602.4 70,222.8 41,654.5 37,277.1 91,971.6 674,903.8 Total 143,440.7 106,163.6 55,155.3 102,062.7 85,106.0 70,637.5 221,266.3 66,720.9 183,390.3 85,290.3 114,872.3 55,570.0 129,939.8 1,419,61 5.8
Table 6. 5: Land Capability Classes Occurring indifferent Weredas of South Western Part of North Gonder Mapping Area
WEREDA QUARA ALEFA Total Class_1 0.0 14,460.0 14,460.0 Class_2 357,505.6 159,301.5 516,807. 1 Class_3 133,285.7 4,235.1 137,520. 8 Class_4 295,793.7 262,880.7 558,674. 4 Class_7 0.0 907.5 907.5 Total 786,585.0 441,784.8 1,228,369.8
Table 6. 6: Land capability classes Occurring in different Weredas of Eastern Part of North Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area
WEREDA ADI ARKAI DEBARIK Class_2 0.0 0.0 Class_3 110.1 385.2 Class_4 7,539.8 7,209.6 Class_6 0.0 0.0 Class_7 104,291. 6 65,436.8 Class_8 145,457.9 79,690.9 Total 257,399.4 152,722.6
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WEREDA BEYEDA JANAMORA DABAT ZIQUALA SEKOTA WEGERA LAY ARMACHIHO BELESA GONDER ZURIA DEHANA DEMBIYA Total Class_2 990.6 825.5 4,567.9 2,641.7 6,549.2 4,733.0 7,319.7 0.0 5,393.4 0.0 3,577.3 36,598. 4 Class_3 0.0 550.4 5,888.8 7,925.1 6,549.2 1,155.7 0.0 54,594.9 34,617.1 0.0 97,412.2 209,188 .6 Class_4 10,731.9 9,521.1 27,242.4 24,270.5 48,541.0 22,069.1 1,761.1 1,596.0 11,667.5 4,512.9 7,374.7 184,037 .6 Class_6 0.0 0.0 495.3 0.0 5,448.5 0.0 715.5 770.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 7,429.7 Class_7 15,630.0 47,330.2 48,430.9 126,966. 1 60,868.9 142,375. 9 75,068.0 106,493. 0 76,113.6 165.1 9,190.9 878,361 .1 Class_8 88,661.6 113,977.8 32,030.5 183,707.3 190,091.4 20,583.1 20,858.3 98,292.8 5,228.3 193,943.9 6,769.3 1,179,29 3.3 Total 116,014.1 172,205.0 118,655.8 345,510.7 318,048.2 190,916.9 105,722.5 261,747.2 133,020.0 198,621.9 124,324.4 2,494,90 8.6
Table 6. 7: Land Capability Classes Occurring in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area
WEREDA GISHE RABEL ANTSOKIA GUMUZ GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL EFRATANA GIDIM WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR KEWET LAY BETNA TACH BET MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA MORETNA JIRU DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO ANKOBER ANGOLELA TERANA ASAFIRT BEREHET HAGERE MARIAM KESEM SHENKORANA MINJAR Total Class_2 0.0 1,551.5 65,161.5 2,424.2 8,242.2 40,532.0 30,350.5 4,945.3 19,005.4 18,714.5 35,877.6 32,386.8 2,812.0 17,550.9 4,848.3 3,199.9 59,343.5 346,94 6.2 Class_3 0.0 0.0 0.0 10,181.5 1,648.4 0.0 20,847.8 0.0 6,399.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,230.2 14,932.8 5,042.3 15,902.5 77,185. 4 Class_4 0.0 0.0 2,715.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 969.7 9,405.8 1,842.4 11,151.2 2,230.0 19,102.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30,059.6 77,476. 0 Class_6 0.0 0.0 0.0 872.7 0.0 193.9 484.8 0.0 97.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4,945.3 6,593.7 Class_7 59,343.5 11,732.9 82,324.6 2,812.0 73,791.5 56,143.6 19,005.4 82,906.4 73,888.5 33,550.4 85,427.5 67,876.6 7,078.6 36,750.3 4,363.5 24,047.7 0.0 721,04 3.1 Class_8 4,460.5 27,344.6 11,926.9 31,029.3 0.0 0.0 11,248.1 0.0 16,969.1 0.0 4,169.6 0.0 54,301.3 46,156.1 65,355.4 50,422.6 37,816.9 361,20 0.3 Total 63,804.0 40,629.0 162,128.0 47,319.7 83,682.1 96,869.6 82,906.4 97,257.4 118,202.2 63,416.1 127,704.7 119,365.8 64,191.8 102,687.6 89,500.1 82,712.4 148,067.9 1,590,44 4.8
Table 6. 8: Land Capability Classes Occurring in different Weredas of Northwestern Part of North Gonder Mapping Area
WEREDA SANJA METEMA CHILGA Classs_ 2 40,002.3 88,232.8 1,449.0 Class_3 117,160. 8 92,010.6 51,025.0 Class_4 320,743. 2 49,006.7 51,542.5 Class_5 2,328.7 0.0 0.0 Class_6 16,611.6 2,484.0 3,415.5 Class_7 144,536.3 94,287.5 112,244.6 Class_8 167,254. 3 51,180.2 101,118. 5 Total 808,637.2 377,201.9 320,795.0
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129,684 .2 260,196 .3 421,292 .4 22,511. 0 351,068. 4 319,55 3.0 1,506,63 4.1
Total
2,328.7
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Table 6. 9: Land capability classes Occurring in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area
WEREDA IBNAT KEMKEM BUGNA KOBO GIDAN LAY GAYINT FOGERA MEKIT FARTA HABRU GUBA LAFTO DERA DAWNTNA DELANTA WADILA TACH GAYINT ESITE SIMADA Total Class_ 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,479. 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,479. 1 Class_2 0.0 6,085.2 4,732.9 11,869. 8 0.0 0.0 9,691.2 15,025. 1 1,427.4 8,188.7 2,103.5 9,240.4 33,280. 5 28,021. 7 0.0 4,207.0 6,010.0 139,88 3.4 Class_3 2,328.9 54,390. 7 5,333.9 27,796. 4 0.0 0.0 50,484. 2 8,789.7 450.8 22,462. 5 11,043. 4 7,662.8 0.0 2,404.0 0.0 38,389. 0 28,472. 5 260,00 8.8 Class_4 300.5 13,747. 9 15,626. 1 2,854.8 12,095. 2 29,749. 6 43,572. 7 13,898. 2 80,910. 0 0.0 18,330. 6 88,122. 0 6,310.5 18,856. 5 15,400. 7 67,838. 2 2,704.5 430,31 7.9 Class_5 0.0 0.0 0.0 601.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 300.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 901.5 Class_ 6 0.0 0.0 1,352.3 1,652.8 8,864.8 0.0 0.0 39,966. 7 0.0 2,328.9 1,652.8 0.0 20,058. 5 13,597. 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 89,47 4.3 Class_7 213,055.4 64,232.2 5,333.9 4,582.6 7,061.8 115,693.0 1,727.9 84,591.1 41,844.8 1,727.9 25,467.5 53,038.5 70,993.4 32,003.4 71,218.8 129,966.8 171,360.9 1,093,90 0.0 Class_8 13,372. 3 24,791. 4 261,135 .7 132,446 .0 85,793. 1 1,352.3 0.0 29,524. 3 3,005.0 133,572 .8 40,342. 3 0.0 22,913. 2 4,357.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 752,60 5.6 Total 229,057.1 163,247.3 293,514.7 184,282.4 113,814.9 146,794.9 105,476.0 191,795.0 127,637.9 168,280.7 99,240.6 158,063.7 153,556.2 99,240.6 86,619.5 240,401.1 208,547.9 2,769,57 0.5
Table 6. 10: Land capability Classes Occurring in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area
WEREDA AMBASEL WERE BABU TEHULEDERE BATI TENTA KUTA BER MEKDELA KALU Class_ 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Class_ 2 0.0 3,232.0 487.8 0.0 30,917. 0 1,158.6 3,232.0 9,086.1 Class_ 3 4,573.5 13,781. 5 21,952. 9 12,866. 8 9,939.8 0.0 2,012.3 7,805.5 Class_ 4 426.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,561. 2 0.0 0.0 Classs _5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Class_ 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Class_7 59,333.7 0.0 1,402.5 12,866.8 85,372.3 78,481.5 140,620. 4 0.0 Class_ 8 29,392. 5 45,613. 2 27,746. 0 72,017. 6 0.0 7,927.4 0.0 112,69 1.4 Total 93,726.6 62,626.7 51,589.3 97,751.3 126,229. 0 90,128.7 145,864. 7 129,582. 9
48

SAYINT DESE ZURIA LEGAMBO WERE ILU CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO DEBRE SINA KELELA WEGEDI ARETUMA FURSINA JILE JAMA Total 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6,281. 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,622. 1 0.0 8,903. 1 0.0 4,939.4 7,500.6 43,600. 8 22,989. 5 548.8 29,636. 4 18,781. 9 18,233. 1 61,590. 0 255,93 3.9 0.0 7,317.6 0.0 0.0 8,415.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 41,100. 7 0.0 129,76 5.9 0.0 4,634. 5 0.0 975.7 18,65 9.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,036. 7 0.0 28,29 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,280.6 0.0 1,280. 6 0.0 853.7 64,578. 0 7,561.5 0.0 0.0 17,928. 2 1,280.6 0.0 0.0 92,202 .1 229,651. 5 55,918.9 43,783.8 49,333.0 2,866.1 100,190. 5 115,374. 6 90,067.8 6,829.8 57,504.3 1,129,5 97.4 0.0 68,480. 8 0.0 5,976.1 64,395. 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 130,80 2.5 0.0 565,04 2.6 229,651. 5 142,144. 9 115,862. 4 107,447. 1 123,606. 9 100,739. 3 162,939. 1 110,130. 3 201,905. 5 119,094. 3 2,211,0 20.4
Table 6. 11: Land Capability Classes Occurring in Different Weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area WEREDA BAHIR DAR ZURIA DANGILA ACHEFER MERAWI ADET FAGITA LAKOMA QUARIT SEKELA GWANGWA BANJA DEGA DAMOT ANKASHA JABI TEHINAN BURE WENBERIMA DEMBECHA Total Class 1 211.5 36,314.7 26,019.6 9,942.5 3,243.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,256.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 705.1 0.0 78,693. 5 Class_2 40,545.5 174,310. 4 49,853.3 33,776.2 4,653.9 14,596.4 10,718.1 5,429.6 118,886. 4 29,051.7 37,654.4 41,039.1 75,238.3 92,725.8 58,174.0 786,65 3.1 Class_3 4,371.9 17,699.0 0.0 0.0 59,866.3 0.0 26,019.6 0.0 28,487.6 0.0 0.0 1,198.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 137,64 3.1 Class_4 35,398.0 141,733. 0 159,714. 0 96,815.6 23,904.2 45,411.0 44,212.2 50,840.5 3,384.7 50,064.9 18,051.6 64,026.6 19,038.8 987.2 0.0 753,58 2.1 Class_7 62,616.3 14,948.9 12,481.0 916.7 39,135.2 6,839.8 775.7 0.0 65,789.5 5,993.7 18,827.2 21,154.2 6,134.7 110,777. 3 23,269.6 389,659 .8 Class_8 22,141.4 0.0 2,538.5 21,365.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,621.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10,083.5 15,936.1 0.0 73,687. 0 Total 165,284.6 385,005.9 250,606.4 162,816.6 130,803.3 66,847.2 81,725.6 57,891.9 218,804.7 85,110.3 74,533.2 127,418.6 110,495.3 221,131.6 81,443.6 2,219,91 8.8
6.2. Land Use Potential Areas and Their Distributions

6.2.1. Land Use Potential Areas
Land Use potential Areas in the ANRS were classified based on the land Potential classification criteria showed under section 5 for the major
49
land uses of Crop Production; Livestock production; Farm-forestry/ Agro-forestry; Forestry; Floriculture and Ecotourism using the Arc View GIS software facilities adopted for classification and mapping. During land potential classification for a specific land use type, some of the criteria which were universal and having no potential contribution in separating and delineating potential classes were ignored (for instance Criterion like sparsely and densely populated areas for crop production). As a result, the ANRS was classified only into highly potential areas of different major land uses. In the process, the environmental requirements of which were 100% matched with the selected land properties for the purpose of investments considering that only these land types highly influence investors. Moderately potential, potential, and marginally potential areas of which land properties didnt 100% matched with environmental requirements of the selected major land uses were deliberately not shown on a map for any of the major land uses thinking that these land types do not have much attraction for the investor. Highly potential areas practically met all the major land use requirements indicated in section 5 of this report per each major land use type. Moderately potential areas were restricted by one or two environmental factors; potential areas by three to four factors and marginal areas by 5 factors while not potential areas by more than 5 factors and sometimes by one overriding factor which can not be corrected by using easy and not highly costing management practices. These types of land have development relevance mainly for the farmers and the government using appropriate land ameliorating measures. The highly potential land types suited for each major land use type were mapped at 1: 250,000 scale i.e. independently for each type of land use. For ease of presentation, ANRS was subdivided into 8 Mapping Areas which constituted different neighboring zones and Woredas. Zone and/or Wereda Constituents of each Mapping area are given in Table 6.12.
Table 6. 12: Subdivisions of the ANRS into Mapping Areas for 1:250,000 scale Land Use Potential Classes Mapping
No. 1
Mapping Area North Western Part of Semen Gonder
Included Administrative Areas/ Zones/Weredas Metema, Sanja and Chilga Woredas 50
2 3 4 5
Awi and Mirab Gojam zones Debub Gonder and Semen Wello Zones 6 Debub Wello and Oromya Zone 7 Misrak Gojam Zone Misrak Gojam Zone 8 Semen Shewa Zone Semen Shewa Zone Source: Mapping area map produced by DSA/SCI in 2005
Eastern Part of Semen Gonder and Wag Humra Zone South Western Part Of Semen Gonder Awi and Mirab Gojam Zones Debub Gonder and Semen Wello Zones Debub Wello and Oromiya Zones
Semen Gonder and Wag Humra Quara and Alefa Woredas
6.2.2. Land Use Potential Area Distributions in the ANRS

Distributions of the Land Use potential area classes in the ANRS are shown on the accompanying maps produced at a scale of 1: 250, 000 each representing areas potential for: a) Agriculture(Crop Production); b) Livestock; c) Farm-forestry/Agro-forestry; d) Forestry ; e) Ecotourism; and f) Floriculture Hence, each type of major land use potential area is presented on 8 pieces of maps constituting zones and weredas as indicated in Table 6.12 above. In order to encourage the readers of this document to look at the accompanying 1:250,000 scale maps of the 8 mapping areas, the two mapping areas(Figures LUP 1 and LUP 2) small scale land use potential maps are given here under as inset maps.
51
Figure LUP 1: Land Use potential Map for crop production in the east Cojam Mapping Area
52
Figure LUP 2: Land Use Potential Map for crop production in the West Gojam and Awi Mapping Area
840000
860000
880000
900000
920000
940000
960000
980000
1000000
1020000
1320000
1320000
Kuzela
Y #
Lake Tana
1300000
1300000
Liben
Y #
Zegie
DANGILA
Y #
BAHIR DAR ZURIA

Yesmal
Zenzelma
Y #
Y #
Bahir Dar
Y #
1280000
1280000
ACHEFER
Meshenti
Y #
Merawi Akuri
Y #
Y #
1260000
1260000
Dur Bete
wetet Abbay
Y #
Y #
Debre Mewi
Y #
MERAWI
Dangila
Y #
ADET
CROP POTENTIAL MAP OF WEST GOJAM AND AWI MAPPING AREA, 2006
LEGEND
# Y Roads
Major Towns
1240000
Chara
Gumdir
1240000
Y #
Y #
addis Kidame
FAGTA LAKOMA
1220000 1220000
Y #
All-weather (Asphalt) Dry-Weather All-weather (Gravel

Gishabbay
Kosober Dinkara
Motorable Track Main Rivers
Y #
Y #
Y #
Chagni
Kosober
Y #
Y #
BANJA
Zegena Lake
SEKELA
Y #
QUARIT
Feres Bet
Kesa
High Potential Areas Other Areas Wereda Boundary Mapping Area Boundary
1200000
Y #
Menta Wuha
1200000
Tilili
Y #
Y #
DEGA DAMOT
Anjni
Y #
GWANGWA
Gishshinkurta
Y #
Y #
ANKASHA
Bure
JABI TEHINAN
Anjene Finote Selam Jiga
SEME N GONDER
WAG HEMR A
SEME N W EL LO DEB UB GOND ER
Y #
Y #
Y #
MI R AB GOJA M DEB UB W ELL O AWI MI SR AK GOJ AM OR OMIY A
Y #
1180000
1180000
Shindi
Y #
SEMEN SHEWA
N
Yechereka
Y #
50
50
100 Kilometer s
Dembecha
Y #
DEMBECHA
Scale: 1 : 250,0000 Shul
1160000
BURE WENBERIMA
Y #
1160000
10
10
20 Kilometers
Source:
Mapping and Analysis Ba sed on: - Altitude Ranges; - Slope Gradient ; - Existing Land U se/Land Cover; - Lengt h of Growing Period; - Rainfal l; - M ean Annual Tem pe rature; - Soil Depth; - Land Capabil ity Other F eat ures are Based o n EMA Topographic Maps of 1:250,000 Scale and Woody Biom ass Inventory and Strategic Plannin g Project (1995-2002).
1140000
Prepared By Developm ent S tudie s Associates (DSA) and DEL TA Deve lopment M anagement Consultancy S ervices (Au gust 2006)
1140000
840000
860000
880000
900000
920000
940000
960000
980000
1000000
1020000
Ill ipsoid: WGS_984 Proj ect ion: U TM Zone : 3 6
53
In the ANRS highly potential areas for agriculture/crop production occupy 1,190,076 hectares land; (Table 6.13). Crop production in the remaining portions of the region is constrained by many environmental factors that are difficult to correct. Some of these factors are shortage of moisture, steep slopes, shallow soil depth etc. Highly potential land areas for Livestock production cover about 3,951,744 hectares which of course overlaps with the other land use potential areas too(Table 6.13). The figure indicates as the regional state is fairly conducive for improved livestock production. Highly Potential land area for farm-forestry occupies 1,915,122 hectares as shown in Table 6.13. These areas are naturally steep and susceptible to soil degradation that requires good vegetation cover to save the soil and water resources of the region if the system is properly practiced. Areas highly potential for forestry cover 868,768 ha as per the criteria used for classification (table 6.13). Areas potential for agriculture, livestock and agro-forestry are also naturally potential for trees but forestry production in the region has to be restricted on steep slopes including existing forest areas to save more land for other non soil protecting land uses. Potential areas for Ecotourism development in the ANRS occupy 2,611,370 hectares. These areas mainly occur in the North eastern, north western and eastern part of Semen Gonder and East Gojam Mapping Areas. This is a vast area of land that needs special attention of the government for development through favorable investment policy. Highly potential areas for Floriculture occupy about 1,665,877 ha overlapping on highly potential lands for other major land uses. However, comparing the investment cost and long and short term benefits with the present use of land, it can be converted to such high value product. Distributions of highly potential land areas for major land uses falling within each Mapping Area of ANRS and Weredas are given in Tables 6.13 to 6.54. Highly Potential areas were classified based on principles of FAOs Framework for land evaluation 1976. Accordingly, highly potential areas provide about 80-100% of the expected production without incurring any major inputs and land improvement and management activities.
54
Table 6. 13: Highly potential land area distribution for different major land uses in different mapping areas in hectares in the ANRS Mapping Area Crop production 338,028.3 63,829.5 Ecotouris m 310,621.3 735,311.5 Major Land Use Types Farm Forestry 453,177.3 208,266.7 Forestry 23,499.8 361,498.8 Livestock 374,829.7 411,394.8 Floricultur e
East Gojam South Western part of North Gonder Eastern Part of North Gonder & Wag Hemra North Shewa North Western Part of North Gonder South Gonder & North Wello South Wello & ,Oromia West Gojam & Agew Awi Total
13,869.9
522,371.7
294,43.8
221,076.3
435,713.6
166,245.4 6,934.4
28,506.0 544,769.7
215,614.7 19,250.8
6,498.5 235,201.4
430,647.5 305,115.0
60,176.5
191,368.6
94,563.0
10,839.2
990,407.6
158,975.4 382,017.5
91791.1 186,629.9
205,320.4 689,485
0.0 101,54.0
409,909.0 593,727.1
1,190,076. 9
2,611,369. 8
1,915,121. 7
868,768. 0
3,951,744. 3
1,665,817. 1
Source: Major land use potential maps produced by DSA/SCI in 2005 The following Tables (Tables 6.14-6.54) provide information on highly potential area distribution of major land uses in different Weredas. These potential areas spatial distributions in different zones of the ANRS and Weredas are mapped at 1: 250, 000 scale map produced by the consultant accompanying this technical report. The 8 mapping
55
areas thematic maps are part and parcel of this Technical report to be used by the Investment Office and other development actors in the ANRS. Note: Source of in formations given in tables 6.14-6.54 are statistics of the land use potential maps produced by DSA/SCI in 2005 for crop, livestock, farm-forestry, forestry, ecotourism, and floriculture.
Table 6. 14: Highly potential Land Area Distribution for crop production in different Weredas of east Gojam Mapping Area Wereda HULET IJ INESE GONCHA SISONA INESE BIBUNGNE INESE SAR MIDIR INARJI INAWGA DEBAY TILAIGEN MACHAKEL INEMAY GOZAMEN SHEBEL BERENTA AWABEL DEJEN BASO LIBEN Total Area In Ha 5,160.7 1,797.0 276.5 7,326.4 5,713.7 20,412.6 95,704.0 31,010.5 74,508.2 12,487.1 44,787.8 11,243.0 27,600.7 338,028.3
Table 6. 15: Highly Potential land area distribution for Ecotourism in Different Weredas of East Gojam Mapping Area Wereda HULET IJ INESE GONCHA SISONA INESE BIBUGNE INESE SAR MIDIR INARJI INAWGA DEBAY TILATGEN MACHAKEL INEMAY GOZAMEN SHEBEL BERENTA AWABL DEJEN BASO LIBEN Total Area in ha 15,389.9 18,241.0 7,767.4 5,306.2 9,979.7 14,964.1 70,391.7 0.0 59,756.2 35,428.3 15,939.7 7,194.6 50,262.4 310,621.3
56
Table 6. 16: Highly potential land area Distribution for Farm forestry based production in different Weredas of East Gojam Mapping Area Wereda HULET IJ INESE GONCHA SISONA INESE BIBUNGNE INESE SAR MIDIR INARJI INAWGA DEBAY TILATGEN MACHKEL INEMAY GOZAMEN SHEBEL BERENTA AWABEL DEJEN BASO LIBEN Total Area in ha 6,266.6 2,257.8 9,353.8 9,906.8 9,630.3 25,527.2 122,751.8 38,521.2 103,767.7 14,929.3 53,819.1 18,385.1 38,060.4 453,177.3
Table 6. 17: Highly potential land area distribution for forest production in Different Weredas of East Gojam Mapping Area
Wereda HULET IJ INESE GONCHA SISONA INESE BIBUGNE INESE SAR MIDIR INARJI INAWGA DEBAY TILATGEN MACHAKEL INEMAY GOZAMEN SHEBEL BERENTA AWABEL DEJEN BASO LIBEN Total
Area in ha 46.1 0.0 1,013.7 0.0 783.3 7,096.0 3,732.3 0.0 9,492.1 0.0 1,336.3 0.0 0.0 23,499.8
57

Table 6. 18: Highly potential Land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of east Gojam Mapping Area Area In Ha 88,781.5 45,424.2 29,073.3 23,378.1 47,261.3 43,495.1 45.9 50,522.3 0.0 46,802.0 45.9 0.0 0.0 374,829.7
Wereda HULET IJ INESE GONCHA SISONA INESE BIBUGNE INESE SAR MIDIR INARJI INAWGA DEBAY TILATIGI MACHAKEL INEMAY GOZAMEN SHEBEL BERENTA AWABEL DEJEN BASO LIBEN Total
Table 6. 19: Highly potential land area distribution for crop production in different Weredas of Southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area Wereda QUARA ALEFA Total Area in Ha 1,694.1 62,135.4 63,829.5
Table 6. 20: Highly potential land area distribution for ecotourism in different Weredas of Southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area Wereda Area in ha QUARA 409,097.5 ALEFA 326,214.0 Total 735,311.5 Table 6. 21: Highly Potential land area distributions for Farm Forestry based production in different Weredas of southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area Wereda QUARA ALEFA Total Area in ha 71,457.6 136,809.2 208,266.7
Table 6. 22: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different weredas of South Western Part of North Gonder Mapping Area Wereda QUARA ALEFA Area in ha 314,670.3 46,828.5
58

Total 361,498.8 Table 6. 23: Highly potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of Southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area Wereda QUARA ALEFA Total Area in ha 106,400.4 304,994.4 411,394.8
Table 6. 24: Highly potential land area distribution for Crop production in different Weredas of Eastern part of North Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area Wereda ADI ARKAI DEBARIK BEYEDA JANAMORA DABAT ZIQUALA SEKOTA WEGERA LAY ARMACHIHO BELESA GONDER ZURIA DEHANA DEMBIYA Total Area in ha 0.0 0.0 165.1 165.1 990.6 1,100.7 0.0 495.3 4,733.0 0.0 2,696.7 0.0 3,522.3 13,868.9
Table 6. 25: Highly potential land areas for Ecotourism in different Weredas of Eastern part of North Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area Area in ha 128,626.3 67,226.4 59,044.1 56,046.4 23,860.0 67,532.4 35,548.1 26,297.8 1,508.9 20,388.3 36,293.0 0.0 0.0 522,371.7
Wereda ADI ARKAI DEBARIK BEYEDA JANAMORA DABAT ZIQUALA SEKOTA WEGERA LAY ARMACHIHO BELESA GONDER ZURIA DEHANA DEMBIYA Total
59

Table 6. 26: Highly Potential land area distribution for Farm forestry in eastern part of North Gonder and Wag emra Mapping area
Wereda ADI ARKAI DEBARIK BEYEDA JANAMORA DABAT ZIQUALA SEKOTA WEGERA LAY ARMACHIHO BELESA GONDER ZURIA DEHANA DEMBIYA Total Area in ha 0.0 0.0 990.6 715.5 2,476.6 2,696.7 5,723.7 1,265.8 6,714.3 0.0 5,338.4 0.0 3,522.3 29,443.8
Table 6. 27: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different eredas of Eastern part of North Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area
Wereda ADI ARKAI DEBARIK BEYEDA JANAMORA DABAT ZIQUALA SEKOTA WEGERA LAY ARMACHIHO BELESA GONDER ZURIA DEHANA Total Area in ha 51,072.7 13,428.6 27,517.6 30,709.6 5,558.6 61,089.1 5,393.4 19,922.7 4,623.0 1,761.1 0.0 0.0 221,076.3
Table 6. 28: Highly Potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of North east Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area
Wereda ADI ARKAI DEBARIK BEYEDA JANAMORA DABATn ZIQUALA SEKOTA WEGERA Area in ha 9,135.8 7,539.8 7,374.7 8,750.6 42,542.2 27,352.5 24,270.5 87,285.8
60

Wereda LAY ARMACHIHO BELESA GONDER ZURIA DEHANA DEMBIYA Total Area in ha 21,463.7 30,764.7 56,796.3 4,292.7 108,144.1 435,713.6
Table 6. 29: Highly Potential land area distribution for crop production in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area
Wereda GISHE RABEL ANTSOKIA GUMUZ GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL EFRATANA GIDIM WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR KEWET LAY BETNA TACH BET MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA MORETNA JIRU DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO ANKOBER ANGOLELA TERANA ASAGIRT BEREHET HAGERE MARIAM KESEM SHENKORANA MINJAR Total Area in ha 0.0 485.0 42,773.8 872.9 4,073.7 25,994.0 6,013.5 3,491.7 10,184.2 0.0 21,629.4 194.0 1,066.9 15,615.8 0.0 2,327.8 31,522.6 166,245.4
Table 6. 30: Highly potential land area distribution for ecotourism in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area
Wreda GISHE RABEL ANTSOKIA GUMUZ GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL EFRATANA GIDIM WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR KEWET LAY BETNA TACH BET MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA MORETNA JIRU DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO ANKOBER ANGOLELA TERANA ASAFIRT BEREHET HAGERE MARIAM KESEM Area in ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,668.9 13,959.2 12,877.9 0.0
61

SHENKORANA MINJAR Total 0.0 28,506.0
Table 6. 31: Highly potential area distributions for farm forestry based production in different Weredas of North shewa Mapping Area
Wereda GISHE RABEL ANTSOKIA GUMUZ GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL EFRATANA GIDIM WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR KEWET LAY BETNA TACH BET MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA MORETNA JIRU DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO ANKOBER ANGOLELA TERANA ASAFIRT BEREHET HAGERE MARIAM KESEM SHENKORANA MINJAR Total Area in ha 0.0 1,842.9 42,482.8 2,521.8 8,147.4 24,345.2 17,846.7 5,043.6 19,398.5 0.0 32,104.6 291.0 2,812.8 17,846.7 1,842.9 3,006.8 36,081.3 215,614.7
Table 6. 32: Highly potential land area distribution for forestry in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area
Wereda GISHE RABEL ANTSOKIA GUMUZ GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL EFRATANA GIDIM WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR KEWET LAY BETNA TACH BET MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA MORETNA JIRU DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO ANKOBER ANGOLELA TERANA ASAFIRT BEREHET HAGERE MARIAM KESEM SHENKORANA MINJAR Total Area in ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 97.0 0.0 3,103.8 0.0 3,297.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6,498.5
Table 6. 33: Highly Potential land area for livestock production in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area
62
Wereda GISHE RABEL ANTSOKIA GUMUZ GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL EFRATANA GIDIM WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR KEWET LAY BETNA TACH BET MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA MORETNA JIRU DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO ANKOBER ANGOLELA TERANA ASAFIRT BEREHET HAGERE MARIAM KESEM SHENKORANA MINJAR Total
Area in ha 0.0 1,454.9 64,500.1 13,385.0 11,251.1 37,051.2 39,670.0 22,502.3 26,382.0 10,863.2 37,536.2 19,398.5 2,715.8 19,786.5 19,398.5 8,438.4 96,313.7 430,647.5
Table 6. 34: Highly potential land area distribution for floriculture in different Zones and Weredas of ANRS Wereda ACHEFER ADET ALEFA ANKASHA ANTSOKIA GUMUZ AWABEL BAHIR DAR ZURIA BANJA BASO LIBEN BEYEDA BIBUN BUGNA BURE WENBERIMA CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO DANGILA DEBAY TILATIGIN DEGA DAMOT DEJEN DEMBECHA DEMBIYA DERA EFRATANA GIDIM FAGITA LAKOMA FOGERA GOZAMEN ZONE AWI AWI AWI AWI AWI DEBUB GONDER DEBUB GONDER DEBUB GONDER DEBUB WELLO DEBUB WELLO DEBUB WELLO DEBUB WELLO MIRAB GOJAM MIRAB GOJAM MIRAB GOJAM MIRAB GOJAM MIRAB GOJAM MIRAB GOJAM MIRAB GOJAM MIRAB GOJAM MIRAB GOJAM MIRAB GOJAM MISRAK GOJAM MISRAK GOJAM MISRAK GOJAM Area in ha 543.0 543.0 4,343.7 3,800.8 5,972.6 8,144.5 543.0 1,628.9 4,343.7 169,405.1 114,565.7 206,869.7 1,628.9 107,507.1 543.0 99,362.6 5,972.6 30,406.0 2,171.9 16,831.9 9,773.4 1,085.9 180,807.4 25,519.4 29,320.1
63

Wereda GWANGWA HABRU HAGERE MARIAM KESEM HULET IJ INESE INARJI INAWGA INEMAY INESE SAR MIDIR JABI TEHINAN JAMA JANAMORA KALU KELELA KEMKEM KEWET LAY BETNA TACH BET MACHAKEL MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA MEKIT MERAWI QUARIT SEKELA SHEBEL BERENTA SHENKORANA MINJAR WERE ILU Total ZONE MISRAK GOJAM MISRAK GOJAM MISRAK GOJAM MISRAK GOJAM MISRAK GOJAM MISRAK GOJAM MISRAK GOJAM MISRAK GOJAM OROMIYA SEMEN GONDER SEMEN GONDER SEMEN GONDER SEMEN GONDER SEMEN GONDER SEMEN GONDER SEMEN SHEWA SEMEN SHEWA SEMEN SHEWA SEMEN SHEWA SEMEN SHEWA SEMEN SHEWA SEMEN WELLO SEMEN WELLO SEMEN WELLO Area in ha 1,085.9 90,675.2 5,429.7 51,038.7 96,104.8 2,714.8 5,972.6 1,085.9 3,257.8 115,108.6 52,667.6 9,773.4 72,757.3 2,171.9 14,660.1 543.0 36,921.6 18,460.8 10,859.3 1,085.9 37,464.6 2,714.8 1,085.9 543.0 1,665,817.1
Table 6. 35: Highly potential area distribution for crop production in different Weredas of North Western part of North Gonder Mapping Area Wereda Area in ha SANJA 6,106.4 METEMA 0.0 CHILGA 828.0 Total 6,934.4 Table 6. 36: Highly potential ares distributions for ecotourism in different weredas of Northwestern part of North Gonder Zone Mapping Area Wereda SANJA METEMA CHILGA Total Area in ha 266,022.8 188,690.7 90,056.2 544,769.7
64

Table 6. 37: Highly potential area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of Northwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area Wereda SANJA METEMA CHILGA Total Area in ha 18,371.1 0.0 879.7 19,250.8
Table 6. 38: Highly Potential land areas distributions for forestry in different Weredas of Northwestern part of north Gonder mapping area Wereda SANJA METEMA CHILGA Total Area in ha 147,175.5 84,765.7 3,260.2 235,201.4
Table 6. 39: Highly Potential land area distribution for livestock production in the Northwestern part of North Gonder Mapping area Wereda SANJA METEMA CHILGA Total Area in ha 118,092.3 38,656.9 148,365.8 305,115.0
Table 6. 40: Highly potential area distribution for crop production in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area Wereda Area in ha IBNAT 0.0 KEMKEM 2,392.1 BUGNA 4,709.5 KOBO 0.0 GIDAN 0.0 LAY GAYINT 0.0 FOGERA 224.3 MEKIT 7,923.9 FARTA 0.0 HABRU 4,036.7 GOBA LAFTO 0.0 DERA 1,046.5 DAWNTNA DELANTA 16,371.0 WADILA 21,304.7 TACH GAYINT 0.0 ESITE 0.0 SIMADA 2,167.8 Total 60,176.5 Table 6. 41: Highly potential land area distribution for ecotourism in different Weredas of south Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area
65
Wereda IBNAT KEMKEM BUGNA KOBO GIDAN LAY GAYINT FOGERA MEKIT FARTA HABRU GOBA LAFTO DERA DAWNTNA DELANTA WADILA TACH GAYINT ESITE SIMADA Total
Area in ha 10,764.5 43,057.9 74.8 60,326.0 11,287.8 0.0 1,345.6 0.0 2,616.4 28,107.3 1,569.8 598.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31,620.7 0.0 191,368.6
Table 6. 42: Highly Potential land area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area Wereda Area in ha IBNAT 0.0 KEMKEM 5,905.5 BUGNA 11,512.0 KOBO 4,485.2 GIDAN 0.0 LAY GAYINT 0.0 FOGERA 224.3 MEKIT 14,203.1 FARTA 0.0 HABRU 7,923.9 GOBA LAFTO 0.0 DERA 1,644.6 DAWNTNA DELANTA 26,238.4 WADILA 18,090.3 TACH GAYINT 0.0 ESITE 0.0 SIMADA 4,335.7 Total 94,563.0
66

Table 6. 43: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area Wereda IBNAT KEMKEM BUGNA KOBO GIDAN LAY GAYINT FOGERA MEKIT FARTA HABRU GOBA LAFTO DERA DAWNTNA DELANTA WADILA TACH GAYINT ESITE SIMADA Total Area in ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 598.0 0.0 0.0 2,915.4 0.0 6,578.3 0.0 448.5 0.0 0.0 299.0 0.0 10,839.2
Table 6. 44: Highly potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area Wereda IBNAT KEMKEM BUGNA KOBO GIDAN LAY GAYINT FOGERA MEKIT FARTA HABRU GOBA LAFTO DERA DAWNTNA DELANTA WADILA TACH GAYINT ESITE SIMADA Total Area in ha 2,990.1 72,959.3 26,911.2 119,007.4 19,585.4 31,620.7 82,677.2 35,358.4 68,698.4 110,709.8 42,160.9 106,224.6 46,870.4 54,271.0 19,510.6 112,728.1 38,124.2 990,407.6
67

Table 6. 45: Highly potential land area distribution for crop production in different weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area Wereda AMBASEL WERE BABU TEHULEDERE BATI TENTA KUTA BER MEKDELA KALU SAYINT DESE ZURIA LEGAMBO WERE ILU CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO DEBRE SINA KELELA WEGEDI ARETUMA FURSINA JILE JAMA Total Area in ha 0.0 61.0 61.0 0.0 16,464.7 243.9 2,439.2 3,171.0 0.0 1,890.4 1,341.6 27,258.2 18,720.9 304.9 14,940.2 12,622.9 10,671.5 48,784.2 158,975.4
Table 6. 46: Highly Potential land area distribution for Ecotourism in different Weredas of South Welo and Oromia Mapping Area
Wereda AMBASEL WERE BABU TEHULEDERE BATI TENTA KUTA BER MEKDELA KALU SAYINT DESE ZURIA LEGAMBO WERE ILU CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO DEBRE SINA KELELA WEGEDI ARETUMA FURSINA JILE JAMA Total Area in ha 0.0 174.0 3,704.0 24,477.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 16,787.6 16.0 13.0 0.0 0.0 32,353.6 1.0 57.0 20.0 14,187.3 0.0 91,791.1
68

Table 6. 47: Highly Potential land area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area
Wereda AMBASEL WERE BABU TEHULEDERE BATI TENTA KUTA BER MEKDELA KALU SAYINT DESE ZURIA LEGAMBO WERE ILU CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO DEBRE SINA KELELA WEGEDI ARETUMA FURSINA JILE JAMA Total Area in ha 0.0 2,195.3 487.8 0.0 17,623.3 975.7 3,171.0 8,781.2 0.0 4,512.5 3,414.9 36,039.3 19,025.8 365.9 29,270.5 16,403.7 15,793.9 47,259.7 205,320.4
Table 6. 48.: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area Area in ha
Wereda AMBASEL WERE BABU TEHULEDERE BATI TENTA KUTA BER MEKDELA KALU SAYINT DESE ZURIA LEGAMBO WERE ILU CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO DEBRE SINA KELELA WEGEDI ARETUMA FURSINA JILE JAMA
69

Table 6. 49: Highly potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area Area in ha 3,475.9 15,976.8 21,343.1 12,074.1 39,210.3 3,475.9 5,183.3 16,952.5 0.0 16,586.6 7,317.6 43,235.0 53,967.5 5,183.3 30,917.0 35,368.5 39,820.1 59,821.6 409,909. 0
Wereda AMBASEL WERE BABU TEHULEDERE BATI TENTA KUTA BER MEKDELA KALU SAYINT DESE ZURIA LEGAMBO WERE ILU CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO DEBRE SINA KELELA WEGEDI ARETUMA FURSINA JILE JAMA Total
Table 6. 50: Highly Potential land area distribution for crop production in different weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area Wereda BAHIR DAR ZURIA DANGILA ACHEFER MERAWI ADET FAGITA LAKOMA QUARIT SEKELA GWANGWA BANJA DEGA DAMOT ANKASHA JABI TEHINAN BURE WENBERIMA DEMBECHA Total Area in ha 18,194.6 79,076.7 30,860.9 27,082.0 3,009.1 5,178.5 5,808.3 2,589.2 16,515.1 15,675.4 6,088.2 24,072.9 38,558.6 70,049.4 39,258.4 382,017.5
70

Table 6. 51: Highly potential land area distribution for Ecotourism in different Weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area Area in ha 65,098.1 40,962.9 19,282.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31,361.8 0.0 1,160.8 3,659.3 0.0 19,107.2 5,997.8 186,629.9
Wereda BAHIR DAR ZURIA DANGILA ACHEFER MERAWI ADET FAGiTA LAKOMA QUARIT SEKELA GWANGWA BANJA DEGA DAMOT ANKASHA JABI TEHINAN BURE WENBERIMA DEMBECHA Total
Table 6. 52: Highly potential land area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area Wereda BAHIR DAR ZURIA DANGILA ACH EFER MERAWI ADET FAGITA LAKOMA QUARIT SEKELA GWANGWA BANJA DEGA DAMOT ANKASHA JABI TEHINAN BURE WENBERIMA DEMBECHA Total Area in ha 17,910.5 169,021.8 55,706.0 37,090.3 6,205.2 11,987.4 10,013.0 4,301.3 104,219.6 25,032.4 31,872.3 34,622.3 69,526.7 66,706.2 45,269.9 689,485.0
Table 6. 53: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area Wereda BAHIR DAR ZURIA DANGILA ACHEFER MERAWI Area in ha 0.0 10,154.0 0.0 0.0
71

ADET FAGITA LAKOMA QUARIT SEKELA GWANGWA BANJA DEGA DAMOT ANKASHA JABI TEHINAN BURE WENBERIMA DEMBECHA Total 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10,154.0
Table 6. 54: Table 6.54: Highly Potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area Wereda BAHIR DAR ZURIA DANGILA ACHEFER MERAWI ADET FAGITA LAKOMA QUARIT SEKELA GWANGWA BANJA DEGA DAMOT ANKASHA JABI TEHINAN BURE WENBERIMA DEMBECHA Total Area in ha 60,924.0 70.5 198,990.2 89,834.7 63,603.5 53,379.0 40,334.0 8,250.1 0.0 30,321.0 47,949.5 0.0 0.0 70.5 0.0 593,727.1
72
7. Conclusions and Recommendations

The Amhara National Regional State is endowed with vast different capabilities and potentials of natural resources occurring at different places and sites that can be utilized for various economic developments. The land capability class one land is suitable for any kind of development. However, land uses that can be economically attractive can be decided by the government with full involvement of the present rural land users. This type of land is a choice of all land users since it has no limitation as far as the environment is considered. Other classes of lands could also be developed through involvement of the government in ameliorating the existing limitations and arrangement of attractive incentives for investors and the current land users such as tax reduction and exemption for a certain period of time. Highly potential areas of different land uses are also attractive for all land users. These land types are not currently idle. They are being used by farmers for different purposes. Since these types of lands have no environmental limitations for the land uses they had been evaluated, their productions can be maximized by incurring improved technologies of productions with minimum costs. The production capacities of these land types can be maximized by developing and establishing options for lease agreements between the government, potential national and international investors and the current land users whereby the current land users obtain the opportunities of labour provision, sharing the land lease and being share holders of the project in the name of the family in the long run. The vast and highly potential land resources of the National Regional State can only bring fast economic development if the government focuses on development of rural road net works and social services such as telecommunications, electric power supplies, schools and health services which highly attract National and International investors.
73
References
1. Beek K. J (1978). Land Evaluation for Agricultural Development. Wageningen the Netherlands: ILRI. 2. DHV (2002). Guidelines for Land Use Planning. ANRS, Bahir Dar: ESP Component 2. MOWR, MOA. 3. FAO & ITC (1990). Land Evaluation and Farming Systems Analysis for Land Use Planning. FAO Guidelines. Working Document. Rome: FAO. 4. FAO (1976). A Framework for Land Evaluation. Soils Bulletin No. 32. Rome and Wageningen: FAO and ILRI. 5. FAO (1993). Development Series No. 1 Guidelines for Land Use Planning. Rome, Italy: FAO. 6. FAO/UNEP (1999). The Future of Our Land Facing the Challenge: Guidelines for Integrated Planning for Sustainable Management of Land Resources. 7. MOA & FAO (1988). Land Classification for Use in Soil Conservation. Addis Ababa. 8. DSA/SCI (2005). Land Cover and Land Use Study in the Amhara National Regional State. Addis Ababa/ (Map and Technical Report). 9. DSA/SCI (2005). Soil Survey in the Amhara National Regional State. Addis Ababa/ (Map and Technical Report). 10. DSA/SCI (2005) Climate Resource in the Amhara Regional State. Addis Ababa/ (Map and Technical Report).
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Land Use&Classicfication Report Final

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Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

vi. vii. viii. ix. x.

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

1.3. Objectives and Methods

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

2.3. Current Land Cover and Land Use

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI) 10

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

2.4. Current Land Utilization Types

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI) 11

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

5001500 (n=10) 60.0 10.0 50.0 20.0 10.0 10.0

>3200 (n=5) 80.0

20.0 60.0 20.0 20.0 40.0 40.0

15.4 7.7 20.0 7.7

10.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0

85.7 3.6 10.7 10.7 10.7

92.3 7.7 23.1

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI) 12

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

NA 120-150 Deep, Medium textured, Well-drained 5.5-7 >3 0-2

16 - 20 500 -800 1800 2000 1-2 -

27 35 400 - 500 1500 2000 2-4 -

<8, >35 <400, >1800 <1500, >2500 >4 Saline soils

Loams with less water 5.5-5 3-2

Silty clay loam 7-8.5 2-1

<5, >8.5 <1

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI) 13

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) Suitability Class S2 S3

NA 90-120 Friable, deep

Perfectly Well Drained 5.5 6 >3 0-2

Well Drained 5 5.5 3-2 2-5

Drained 6 7.5 2-1 5-8

24 - 28 14501500 350-400 NA 80-90 Sandy Drained 5.5-6 3-2

28 -30 14001450 300-350 NA 75-80 Clay Poorly drained 7-8 2-1

30-35 450-500 800-900 NA NA Medium textured Drained 4.5-5