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Introductory book
Se me st er 1 20 13
Published by University of Southern Queensland Toowoomba Queensland 4350 Australia http://www.usq.edu.au University of Southern Queensland, 2013.1.
Copyrighted materials reproduced herein are used under the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968 as amended, or as a result of application to the copyright owner. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission. Produced by Learning Resources Development and Support using FrameMaker7.1 on a Pentium workstation.
Table of contents
Page Essential information Introduction
Course overview A suggested study strategy Direct lecturer contact Why use a discussion group?
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 7 8 8 8 9 11 15 17
Resources
Textbook Video cassettes
Essential information
The topics in the following list provide important information that will assist you with your study. You can access a handout containing the information on your StudyDesk through the Essential information (study materials) link <http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/1/ sitefiles/DeC/essential_info/essentialhandout.pdf>. You will need your UConnect username and password to access the file. Please make sure you read this information carefully before commencing your study.
Getting started
<http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/1/sitefiles/DeC/essential_info/ getting_started.pdf>
Course specification
<http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/1/sitefiles/DeC/essential_info/ course_specification.pdf>
Support
<http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/1/sitefiles/DeC/essential_info/support.pdf>
UConnect
<http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/1/sitefiles/DeC/essential_info/u_connect.pdf>
Assignment submission
<http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/1/sitefiles/DeC/essential_info/ assignment_submission.pdf>
Grading levels
<http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/1/sitefiles/DeC/essential_info/ grading_levels.pdf>
Course evaluation
<http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/1/sitefiles/DeC/essential_info/ course_evaluation.pdf>
Residential schools
<http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/1/sitefiles/DeC/essential_info/ residential_school.pdf>
Library
<http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/1/sitefiles/DeC/essential_info/library.pdf>
Referencing APA
<http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/1/sitefiles/DeC/essential_info/ apa_referencing_guide.pdf>
Introduction
This introductory book is your guide to studying the course MEC3102 Fluid Mechanics. It contains the course specification and a study programme, documents you should examine closely, as well as general information about the course. The presentation of this course takes the form of a guided study of prescribed text. You will need to purchase the prescribed textbook; Introduction to fluid mechanics, 8th edition, S1 version by Robert W Fox, Philip J Pritchard and Alan T McDonald, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2011. In the study book you will find elaboration on some information and procedures presented in the text. To fulfil the aim of this course you need to have a good understanding of all the information presented in the text. There are some suggested problems after each section and at the end of each module. Attempt as many problems as are required to give you confidence in understanding the material. Keep this book handy and refer to it at regular intervals throughout the course.
Course overview
Fluid Mechanics Static Dynamic
Steady
Unsteady
Density
Viscosity
Compressible = (P,T)
Incompressible = const.
Viscous >0
Non-viscous =0
Recommendation
I know that some of you have some experience with solving engineering problems in practice. If you feel that what you are learning in this course can help in improving the way you tackle these problems or if it clarifies some phenomenon, I encourage you to share these ideas with me or any of the other students enrolled in the course, either by sending an e-mail or by using the discussion group for this course. Information on the discussion group for this course follows.
Ask questions. Share experiences related to the subject. Suggest improvement in any aspect of the printed materials, choice of text book, etc.
Even simple questions, experiences or suggestions may lead to a worthwhile discussion which may enhance your learning and the learning of the whole class. I encourage you all to make use of the discussion group for this course to raise queries, share ideas or just reflect on what you are studying. Many other students will benefit from your query and some may respond using practical applications that can help you to understand your problem better. I will also communicate with you regularly via the discussion group when needed. Hence a regular visit to the Study desk will keep you in touch with me and the other students in the course. Students who are not able to access the discussion group on a regular basis are encouraged to either visit the nearest educational centre when possible to try to catch up on the discussion taking place or to send me, with your assignment, your contribution and I will try to put it on the discussion group and send you a copy or a summary of the discussions. If you cannot access UConnect at all for any reason please inform me early in the semester so you dont miss out on any important communication I may have with the class.
Resources
Textbook
The textbook required for this course (Introduction to fluid mechanics, 8th edition, by Robert W Fox, P J Pritchard and Alan T McDonald, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2011) was chosen because it is a good text for researchers and engineers and it was written mainly for students. It has many examples, practical problems to solve and the answers are given at the back of the book for the even number problems. In this course we are going to cover most of the textbook except chapter ten, which is an application to many of the basics introduced in this subject and a few other sections that you will be told about in the study book. However, it makes an interesting independent reading.
Video cassettes
As a method of increasing your understanding of the phenomenon dealt with in the subject of fluid mechanics, a set of videos are available for you to borrow from the library of USQ. The Distance education student guide contains details of borrowing procedures. A list of these videos and a description of the topic covered in each and the call number is given below.
(1)
Flow visualization
(H-C)
Flow visualization 198085, video recording, National Committee for Fluid Mechanics Films, Chicago. Distributed by Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation, Castle Hill NSW and narrated by Stephen Kline. Demonstrates the use of flow visualisation involving boundary layer separation and transition: vortex generation and turbulence. Also illustrates the kinematic concepts linking visual observations to the velocity field in steady and unsteady flows: streamline, streakline, pathline and time.
(2)
Cavitation
(H-C-A)
Cavitation 198085, video recording, National Committee for Fluid Mechanics Films, Chicago. Distributed by Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation, Castle Hill NSW and presented by Phillip Eisenborg. Cavitation is seen on hydrofoils, marine propellers, pumps, turbines and dam spillways. Flow speed, hydrofoil incidence, ambient pressure and extent of the cavitating region.
(3)
(C)
Pressure fields and fluid acceleration 1963, video recording, National Committee for Fluid Mechanics Films, Chicago. Distributed by Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation, Castle Hill NSW and presented by Ascher Shapiro. Experiments in a small water tunnel demonstrating the connection between velocity and pressure fields, primarily in diffusers, venturis and channel bends.
(4)
(H-C)
The fluid dynamics of drag 1985, video recording, Educational Services. Distributed by Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation, Castle Hill NSW and narrated by Ascher Shapiro. Introduces many of the major concepts of fluid mechanics, building up to similitude. Reynolds Number, laminar and turbulent boundary layers, pressure and friction drag and effects of geometric shape on total drag.
B/W Part 1 Some curious experiments Part 2 Fundamental concepts Part 4 How to reduce drag no. 21601 22 minutes no. 21602 32 minutes no. 21604 29 minutes
Part 3 The laws of drag in fluids of high and low viscosity no. 21603 37 minutes
(5)
Channel flow of a compressible fluid 1965, video recording, National Committee for Fluid Mechanics Films, Chicago. Distributed by Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation, Castle Hill NSW and presented by Donald Coles. Schlieren flow visualisation and simultaneous display of the pressure distribution along a channel of varying area demonstrate the phenomena of choking, blocking and starting.
Study schedule
Week 1 2 3 4 Module
Module 1: Introduction and fundamental concepts Module 2: Fluid statics Module 2: Fluid statics Module 3: Control volume formulation
Assessment
Reminder: End of week 4 is the last date to drop courses without academic or financial penalty.
5 6 7 8
Module 3: Control volume formulation BREAK BREAK Module 4: Differential form formulation
3.4 3.5
4.1 4.3
Reminder: End of week 8 is the last date to drop courses without academic penalty.
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1617
Module 4: Differential form formulation Module 5: Similitude and dimensional analysis Module 6: Internal incompressible viscous flow Module 6: Internal incompressible viscous flow Module 7: External incompressible viscous flow Module 7: External incompressible viscous flow Module 8: Compressible flow Module 8: Compressible flow
4.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.4 8.5 8.6 Assignment 2 (15%) Due: 24 May 2013
Course assessment
Relationship between course objectives and assessment
Course objectives 1. Estimate the forces on submerged bodies in static fluid situation 2. Analyse the transportation of different types of fluids in a variety of applications and be able to avoid unwanted phenomena such as cavitation and water hammer 3. Estimate the forces on moving, or stationary bodies caused by flowing fluids, either internally or externally such as forces on nozzles, elbows, blades and drag forces on chimneys, high rise buildings, different types of constructions, aircraft and ships 4. Analyse the behaviour of high speed flows ie compressible flow in ducts, nozzles and diffusers
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Examination
Assessment
See the course specification for the details of the assessment of this course. In broad terms I believe that students need continual assessment and immediate feedback while they are actually studying so that they can recognise any misunderstandings they might be developing. They also need to do exercises that will develop their self-confidence to handle real problems. This is the purpose of the many activities and self-assessment problems given in the study book. These do not carry any marks towards your final grade. Two summative (i.e. counting towards your final grade) assignments are provided. These are intended primarily to keep you on schedule in your studies but also to let you gauge your progress and to build your self-confidence. The project report is also summative, see the following section. Summative assignments will be returned with mark achieved, appropriate diagnostic comments and model solutions.
Examination
The final exam will be a 2 hour restricted examination and will cover the whole of the course. Two sample examinations are given in this book. Students may take into the final examination a handwritten A4 sheet (two sides) containing any information that they believe will be relevant for the examination. No other materials are permitted in the examination. Calculators which cannot textual information are permitted. You need not worry about tables and charts for properties of fluids because these will be provided to you with your exam paper and any appropriate data or tables which are necessary for solving the exam problems.
10
11
Assignment 1
Due date: Weighting: 19 April 2013 15% (150 marks)
Note: Always outline your assumptions, draw a sketch of the problem, label important points and provide a detailed solution.
Figure 1
Figure 2
12
Figure 3
Figure 4
13
Figure 5
14
15
Assignment 2
Due date: Weighting: 24 May 2013 15% (150 marks)
Note: Always outline your assumptions, draw a sketch of the problem, label important points and provide a detailed solution.
(a) Assume that viscous effects are negligible (i) Plot this data using appropriate dimensionless groups
(ii) Determine the thrust of a similar aeroplane whose propeller has a 1.3 m diameter, spinning at 1500 rpm while flying at 300 km/hr at 3250 m altitude. (b) Repeat part (a) assuming that viscous effects are dominant.
16
17
Past examinations
18
This examination carries 70% of the total assessment for this course
Moderator: JUNE/JULY, 2004 Perusal Working Ten (10) minutes Three (3) hours
D. BUTTSWORTH
Special Instructions: This is a RESTRICTED examination. Students may taken into the final examination, a handwritten A4 sheet (two sides) containing any information that they believe will be relevant for the examination. No other materials are permitted in the examination. Students are permitted to use programmable and non-programmable calculators in the examination. Students must note the make and model of the calculator used on the front answer book (or the examination paper where applicable). This may be subject to checking by the exam supervisor. Students are permitted to write on the examination paper during perusal time. Sketches and detailed answers are required. All questions are of equal value. Tables and Charts needed are attached. All questions are to be attempted. All examination question papers must be submitted to supervisors at the end of every examination and returned to USQ.
Any non-USQ copyright material used herein is reproduced under the provisions of Section 200(1)(b) of the Copyright Amendment Act 1980.
JUNE/JULY 2004
Page 1
QUESTION 1 (a) A Newtonian fluid having a specific gravity of 0.92 and a kinematic viscosity of 4 104 m2/s flows past a fixed surface. The velocity profile near the surface is shown in Figure 1. Determine the magnitude and direction of the shearing stress developed on the plate. Express your answer in terms of U and , with U and expressed in units of metres per second and metres, respectively. Note that U and are constants. (50 marks)
Figure 1 (b) A radio antenna on a car consists of a circular cylinder 6.5 mm diameter and 1200 mm long. Determine the bending moment at the base of the antenna if the car is driven 90 km/hr through still air. (50 marks) QUESTION 2 A homogenous, 1.2 m wide, 2.4 m long, and 360 kg rectangular gate is held in place by a horizontal flexible cable as shown in Figure 2. Water acts against the gate which is hinged at point A. Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine the tension in the cable.
Figure 2 Page 1 of 4
JUNE/JULY 2004
Page 2
QUESTION 3 Air discharges from a 5 cm diameter nozzle and strikes a curved vane, which is in a vertical plane as shown in Figure 3. A stagnation tube connected to a water U-tube manometer is located in the free air jet. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the force that the air jet exerts on the vane. Neglect the weight of the air and all friction.
Figure 3 QUESTION 4 The stream function for a two-dimensional, incompressible flow field is given by the equation = 2x 2y where the stream function has the units m2/s with x and y in m. (a) Sketch the streamlines for this flow field. Indicate the direction of flow along the streamlines. (b) Is this an irrotational flow field? (c) Determine the velocity and the acceleration of a fluid particle at the point x = 0.3 m, y = 0.6 m. QUESTION 5 An orifice flowmeter uses a pressure drop measurement to determine the flow rate through a pipe. A particular orifice flowmeter, when tested in the laboratory, yielded a pressure drop of 50 kPa for a flow of 0.08 m3/s through a 15 cm diameter pipe. For a geometrically similar system using the same fluid with a 60 cm diameter pipe, what is the required flow if similarity between the two systems is to be maintained? What is the corresponding pressure drop?
Page 2 of 4
JUNE/JULY 2004
Page 3
QUESTION 6 The three water-filled tanks shown in Figure 4 are connected by pipes as indicated. If minor losses are neglected: (a) Write down the equations necessary to determine the flowrate in each pipe. (b) Solve the set of equations derived in (a) to find the flowrates. (80 marks) (20 marks)
Figure 4 QUESTION 7 The stagnation temperature in an airflow is 149C upstream and downstream from a normal shock wave. The absolute stagtnation pressure downstream from the shock wave is 229.5 kPa. Through the wave the absolute pressure rises from 103.7 to 140 kPa. Determine the velocities upstream and downstream from the wave.
________________________________________________________________________________
Page 3 of 4
JUNE/JULY 2004
Page 4
Page 4 of 4
This examination carries 70% of the total assessment for this course
Moderator: JUNE/JULY, 2005 Perusal Working Ten (10) minutes Three (3) hours
D BUTTSWORTH
Special Instructions: This is a RESTRICTED examination. Students may taken into the final examination, a handwritten A4 sheet (two sides) containing any information that they believe will be relevant for the examination. No other materials are permitted in the examination. Students are permitted to use programmable and non-programmable calculators in the examination. Students must note the make and model of the calculator used on the front answer book (or the examination paper where applicable). This may be subject to checking by the exam supervisor. Students are permitted to write on the examination paper during perusal time. Sketches and detailed answers are required. All questions are to be attempted. All questions are of equal value. Tables and Charts needed are attached. All examination question papers must be submitted to supervisors at the end of every examination and returned to USQ.
Any non-USQ copyright material used herein is reproduced under the provisions of Section 200(1)(b) of the Copyright Amendment Act 1980.
JUNE/JULY 2005
Page 1
QUESTION 1 (a) The pressure difference between an oil pipe and water pipe is measured by a double-fluid manometer, as shown in Figure 1. For the given fluid heights and specific gravities, calculate the pressure difference P = P B P A . (b) A steel sphere (s.g. 7.82) of 51 mm diameter is released in a large tank of oil (s.g. 0.82, viscosity 0.95 Pa.s). Calculate the terminal velocity of this sphere.
Oil SG = 0.88 B
Figure 1 QUESTION 2 Find the magnitude and point of application of the resultant force acting on the inclined 2 m diameter circular gate of figure 2. The tank is closed and has a layer of compressed air at 34 kPa gauge as shown in figure 2.
Figure 2 Page 1 of 4
JUNE/JULY 2005
Page 2
QUESTION 3 Water flows into and discharges from a pipe U-section as shown in Figure 3. At flange (1), the total absolute pressure is 200 kPa, and 30 kg/s flows into the pipe. At flange (2), the total absolute pressure is 150 kPa. At location (3), 8 kg/s of water discharges to the atmosphere, which is at 100 kPa. Determine the x- and z-forces on the U-section.
8 kg/s 3 2 22 kg/s 10 cm 3 cm
z x 30 kg/s 5 cm 1
Figure 3 QUESTION 4 A steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow field in the xy-plane has the following stream function: = ax 2 + bxy + cy 2 , where a, b and c are constants. (a) Obtain expressions for velocity components u and v. (b) Verify that the flow field satisfies the incompressible continuity equation. (c) Is this an irrotational flow if a = 0.50 s1, b = 1.3 s1 and c = 0.50 s1?
Page 2 of 4
JUNE/JULY 2005
Page 3
QUESTION 5 An explosion occurs in the atmosphere when an anti-aircraft missile meets its target (Figure 4). A shock wave (also called a blast wave) spreads out radially from the explosion. The pressure difference across the blast wave P and its radial distance r from the centre are functions of time t, speed of sound c, and the total amount of energy E released by the explosion. (a) Generate dimensionless relationships between P and the other parameters and between r and the other parameters. (b) For a given explosion, if the time t since the explosion doubles, all else being equal, by what factor will P decrease?
Figure 4
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JUNE/JULY 2005
Page 4
QUESTION 6 Water at 15C is to be discharged from a reservoir at a rate of 18 L/s using two horizontal cast iron pipes connected in a series and a pump between them. The first pipe is 20 m long and has a 6 cm diameter, while the second pipe is 35 m long and has a 4 cm diameter. The water level in the reservoir is 30 m above the centreline of the pipe. The pipe entrance is sharp-edged, and losses associated with the connection of the pump are negligible. Determine the required pumping head and the minimum pumping power to maintain the indicated flow rate.
Figure 5 QUESTION 7 A normal shock occurs at the inlet (diffuser) of a jet engine with the engine travelling at a Mach number of 1.8 at an altitude where the ambient pressure is 30 kPa. Determine the Mach number, static pressure, and stagnation pressure of the flow leaving the diffuser. The area ratio of the diffuser is 3 to 1. Assume isentropic flow in the diffuser downstream of the shock.
Figure 6 ________________________________________________________________________________
Page 4 of 4