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    Great Scientists of the World : Charles Darwin
    Great Scientists of the World : Charles Darwin
    Great Scientists of the World : Charles Darwin
    Ebook87 pages1 hour

    Great Scientists of the World : Charles Darwin

    By Savneet kaur

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    About this ebook

    This Biography Series narrates the life stories of the great scientists and about their inventions. These books inspire & motivate children and enhance their knowledge and vocabulary skills as well.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherDiamond Books
    Release dateSep 15, 2022
    ISBN9789355994172
    Great Scientists of the World : Charles Darwin

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      Great Scientists of the World - Savneet kaur

      Preface

      British philosopher and scientist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) is often called the Father of Evolution, but there was much more to man than his scientific papers and literary works. He was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors and, in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.

      Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book on the origin of species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species. By the 1870s, the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favored competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. Darwin’s scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.

      -Savneet Kaur

      Charles Darwin

      [1809-1882]

      Charles Robert Darwin was born on 12th February 1809 in Shrewsbury, the most westerly county in the West Midlands. Before Darwin, the town’s most famous resident was Robert Clive, the man who led the British conquest of India in the eighteenth century. The rural character of the county and Shrewsbury’s importance were two reasons why Darwin’s parents chose to live there. Darwin’s father had a flourishing medical practice that covered the town and the surrounding area by the time Darwin was born. Darwin’s interest in and love of nature can be traced to the surroundings of his early childhood.

      The Darwin family and the Darwin name were famous before Charles Darwin was born. Robert Waring Darwin (1766–1848), Darwin’s father, had married Susannah (1765–1817), the daughter of Josiah Wedgwood, the famous pottery magnate, in 1796. Darwin had four sisters and one brother: Marianne (1798–1858), Caroline (1800–1888), Susan (1803–1866), Erasmus (1804–1881), and Catherine (1810–1866). Darwin was the fifth child of the six. Because the Darwin family was wealthy, the Darwins belonged to the Shropshire gentry. Darwin grew up in a family whose wealth enabled him to become a gentleman, a man of means who did not need a career to support himself or his future family.

      Painting of seven-year-old Charles Darwin in 1816

      Charles Darwin with his sister Catherine

      Being privileged provides no insurance against disappointment or tragedy. This was true of Darwin’s childhood (as well as his adult life). His mother died when Darwin was eight years old: it is the first specific event that Darwin recorded in his autobiography too. Darwin claimed to have little recollection of her—not a surprise given how young he was—but the event probably marked a coming of age for Darwin. His older sisters became surrogate parents as his father was kept busy by his practice. Darwin learnt self-sufficiency at an early age. He also became fond of activities that did not require the company of others: long, solitary walks; fishing; and collecting eggs, shells, and minerals. To say Darwin was destined to be a naturalist is putting too much emphasis on his childhood habits, but his interest in natural history began early.

      Susannah Darwin

      At the age of nine, Darwin became a student at Shrewsbury School. This was unfortunate for Darwin because the main subjects taught at the school were the classics, Latin and Greek language, and culture. These subjects supposedly turned boys into gentlemen, but Darwin was uninterested in the classics. ‘‘Nothing could have been worse for the development of my mind,’’ was Darwin’s assessment of his school days. The experiments he and his brother did in their small chemistry laboratory at the back of their house were far more interesting. When Darwin left Shrewsbury School in 1825, the most that could be said of his abilities was ‘‘ordinary.’’

      Darwin’s father recognized that he needed more purpose in his life and took him out of school two years early. Darwin’s elder brother Erasmus was going to Edinburgh University to complete his studies in medicine: Robert Darwin decided that Charles ought to accompany his brother. Their father’s plan was for Charles to attend the medical lectures with his brother, and when Charles was old enough, he too could take the appropriate examinations for his degree.

      The plan seemed sensible enough. The summer before he went to Edinburgh, Darwin had taken care of about twelve of his father’s patients. He enjoyed the work and his father thought Darwin would make a successful physician. Counterbalancing this was that Robert Darwin was doing the same as his father. The grandfather forced the father to become a doctor and the father intended to do the same for the son. Robert Darwin submitted, grudgingly, to his father’s authority: Charles Darwin, who soon realized that his father would provide financial support sufficient to last his whole life, was less subservient. Darwin found the lectures at Edinburgh ‘‘intolerably dull,’’ and the sight of human blood made him physically sick. He fled from one particularly stomach-churning operation on a child—the regular use of anesthetics did not occur until the 1850s—and his efforts at studying were dilatory at best. Darwin felt no call or inclination to become a doctor when he actually had to study medicine.

      Eramus Darwin

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